Terrestrial n-alkanes and their carbon isotope records from the Hanon paleo-maar sediment, Jeju Island, Korea: Implications for paleoclimate and paleovegetation over the last 35 kyrs

Hyun, S.,Shin, K.H.,Lee, S.C.,Chang, S.W.,Nam, S.I. Pergamon Press 2017 QUATERNARY INTERNATIONAL Vol.441 No.1

<P>The carbon isotope of total carbon (delta C-13(org)), long-chain n-alkanes, and their compound-specific carbon isotope ratios (delta C-13(ALK)) were investigated in the Hanon paleo-maar sediment, Jeju Island of Korea to understand paleoclimate variabilities and their paleovegetation linkages. Based on the organic geochemical data (TOC (%), TN (%), and their delta C-13(org) and delta N-15), the core column stratigraphy was divided into three units, namely from the bottom to 14.5 ka (Unit I), from 14.5 ka to 3.01<a (Unit II), and from 3.0 ka to the core top (Unit III), respectively. In particular, delta C-13(org) showed marked fluctuation from -17.31%o to -28.68%o, suggesting different organic carbon sources. A relatively narrow range of variation in delta C-13(org) was observed in Unit III, and drastic changes in delta C-13(org) were observed from Unit I to Unit II. This may indicate a predominance of C-4 plants in Unit I, and drastic changes from terrestrial C-4 to C-3 in Unit II and predominance of C-3 plants in Unit III. The distributions of n-alkane were characterized by a continuous predominance of odd-numbered n-alkanes, particularly nC(29) and nC(31), and by high fluctuation of the total n-alkanes concentration. The average chain length (ACL), carbon preferences index (CPI), and paleoplant proxy (Paq) showed high fluctuation and glacial-interglacial variations with distinctive a high and low ratio at about 9.2 ka, corresponding to the switching points of delta C-13(org) and a high concentration of nalkane distribution. Individual n-alkane odd-numbered isotopes of delta C-13(Auc) ranged between -11.80%o in delta C-13n(21) and -34.93%o in delta C-13n(31), suggesting different sources of n-alkanes. The distribution of n-alkanes and their individual delta C-13(Auc), in particular delta C-13n(21), support paleovegetation changes, and their time dependent variations matched well with glacial-interglacial paleoclimate variations. Therefore, organic geochemical proxies recorded in Hanon paleo-maar sediment reflects paleoclimate variabilities as well as paleovegetation changes for the last 35 kyr in Jeju Island, Korea. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.</P>

오대산 신갈나무림의 낙엽생산과 유기탄소 동태

장미나 ( Mi Na Jang ),김성용 ( Sung Yong Kim ),( Azyleah C. Abino ),김창현 ( Chang Hyun Kim ),이중효 ( Jung Hyo Lee ),이영진 ( Young Jin Lee ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 백두대간에 위치하고 있는 오대산 국립공원 신갈나무림을 대상으로 2012년 6월부터 2013년 5월까지 지상부와 지하부 현존량, 낙엽생산량, 낙엽층의 낙엽량과 토양의 유기탄소 분포를 조사하였으며, 탄소수지를 파악하기 위하여 토양호흡을 측정하였다. 오대산 신갈나무림에서 조사된 총유기탄소량은 93.07 ton C/ha으로, 지상부와 지하부의 유기탄소량은 각각 72.36 ton C/ha, 18.09 tonC/ha이었으며, 낙엽층과 토양의 유기탄소량은 각각 4.39 ton C/ha, 42.28 ton C/ha이었다. 오대산 신갈나무림에서 연간 광합성을 통하여 식물체에 고정되는 유기탄소량은 5.46 ton C/ha/yr로 임내 층위에 따라 교목층 4.26 ton C/ha/yr, 관목층 0.24 ton C/ha/yr, 초본층 0.95 ton C/ha/yr의 유기탄소가 고정되어 있다. 또한 조사기간 동안 낙엽을 통하여 임상으로 유입되는 유기탄소량은 2.840 tonC/ha/yr이었다. 토양호흡을 통하여 방출되는 탄소량은 5.52 ton C/ha/yr으로 이 중 미생물호흡을 통해 방출되는 탄소량은 2.98 ton C/ha/yr이고, 뿌리호흡을 통하여 방출되는 탄소량은 2.54 tonC/ha/yr이었다. 그 결과, 오대산 신갈나무림에서 연간 대기로부터 순 흡수하는 유기탄소는 2.48 tonC/ha/yr로 조사되었다. This study was conducted to estimate Litter Production and carbon budget of Quercus mongolica stands in the Mt. Odae National Park. Above and below ground standing biomass, litter layer, soil organic carbon, and soil respiration were measured to estimate the amount of carbon and the carbon budget from June 2012 through May 2013. Total amount of carbon was 93.07 ton C/ha attributed to above (72.36 ton C/ha) and below (18.09 ton C/ha) ground biomass, litter layer (4.39 ton C/ha) and soil organic carbon (42.28 ton C/ha). This was equivalent to 5.46 ton C/ha/yr where 4.26 ton C/ha/yr is from above and below ground biomass, 0.24 ton C/ha/yr from shrub and 0.95 ton C/ha/yr from herb. In addition, the amount of organic carbon returned to the forest through litterfall was 2.840 ton C/ha/yr. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 5.52 ton C/ha/yr to which 2.98 ton C/ha/yr was accounted for microbial respiration while the remaining 2.54 ton C/ha/yr was due to root respiration. Based on the estimation of the difference between Net Primary Production and microbial respiration, the amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered by Quercus mongolica stands was 2.48 ton C/ha/yr.

오대산 소나무림의 유기탄소 분포 및 수지

장미나 ( Mi Na Jang ),김성용 ( Sung Yong Kim ),( Azyleah C. Abino ),김창현 ( Chang Hyun Kim ),이중효 ( Jung Hyo Lee ),이영진 ( Young Jin Lee ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 백두대간에 위치하고 있는 오대산 국립공원 소나무림을 대상으로 2012년 6월부터 2013년 5월까지 지상부와 지하부 현존량, 낙엽생산량, 낙엽층의 낙엽량과 토양의 유기탄소 분포를 조사하였으며, 탄소수지를 파악하기 위하여 토양호흡을 측정하였다. 오대산 소나무림에서 조사된 총 유기탄소량은 230.11 ton C/ha으로, 지상부와 지하부의 유기탄소량은 각각 182.78 ton C/ha, 45.70 tonC/ha이었으며, 낙엽층과 토양의 유기탄소량은 각각 5.98 ton C/ha, 45.40 ton C/ha이었다. 오대산 소 나무림에서 연간 광합성을 통하여 식물체에 고정되는 유기탄소량은 17.76 ton C/ha/yr로 임내 층위에 따라 유기탄소가 고정되어 있다. 또한 조사기간 동안 낙엽을 통하여 임상으로 유입되는 유기탄소 량은 3.233 ton C/ha/yr이었다. 토양호흡을 통하여 방출되는 탄소량은 5.76 ton C/ha/yr으로 이 중미생물호흡을 통해 방출되는 탄소량은 3.11 ton C/ha/yr이고, 뿌리호흡을 통하여 방출되는 탄소량은2.65 ton C/ha/yr이었다. 그 결과, 오대산 소나무림에서 연간 대기로부터 순 흡수하는 유기탄소는 14.65 ton C/ha/yr로 조사되었다. This study was conducted to estimate carbon sequestration and carbon budget of Pinus densiflora stands in the Mt. Odae National Park. Above and below ground standing biomass, litter layer, soil organic carbon, and soil respiration were measured to estimate the amount of carbon and the carbon budget from June 2012 through May 2013. Total amount of carbon was 230.11 ton C/ha attributed to above (182.78 ton C/ha) and below (45.70 ton C/ha) ground biomass, litter layer (5.98 ton C/ha) and soil organic carbon (45.40 ton C/ha). This was equivalent to 17.76 ton C/ha/yr from above and below ground biomass, shrub and herb. In addition, the amount of organic carbon returned to the forest through litterfall was 3.233 ton C/ha/yr. The amount of carbon evolved through soil respiration was 5.76 ton C/ha/yr to which 3.11 ton C/ha/yr was accounted for microbial respiration while the remaining 2.65 ton C/ha/yr was due to root respiration. Based on the estimation of the difference between Net Primary Production and microbial respiration, the amount of atmospheric carbon sequestered by Pinus densiflora stands was 14.65 ton C/ha/yr.

산란계 사료내 CLA 함유 Oil (CLAzen 80) 첨가가 난황내 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향

황보종,장종수,정일병,이병석,김동운,조성백,김희도,배해득,손진혁,홍의철,최낙진,Hwangbo J.,Chang J. S.,Chung I. B.,Lee B. S.,Kim D. U.,Cho S. B.,Kim H. D.,Bae H. D.,Son J. H.,Hong U. C.,Choi N. J. 한국가금학회 2005 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 oil 형태의 conjugated linoleic acid(CLAzen 80)를 산란계 사료에 수준별로 첨가 급여하였을 때 산란율과 난황내 지방산 조성의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 59주령의 산란계 72수를 완전임의배치법으로 4개 처리구에 6주간 공시하였다. 처리구는 CLAzen 80를 첨가하지 않은 대조구와 각각 1, 2 및 $3\%$를 첨가구를 두었다. 연구 결과를 살펴보면 산란율은 처리구별 통계적 유의차가 없었지만, 난황내 지방산 조성은 CLAzen 80 첨가에 의하게 크게 영향을 받았다. 난황내 C16:0과 C18:0과 같은 포화 지방산 함량은 CLAzen 80 첨가에 의하여 증가하였으나, 일가불포화지방산인 C18:1 함량은 오히려 감소하였다. 한편, 난황내 C18:2와 C18:3와 같은 다가불포화지방산은 CLAzen 80 급여 2$\~$4주사이에는 모든처리구들에 있어서 그 함량이 일정하게 유지되었다. 그러나, 대조구와 비교하여 CLAzen 80 급여 6주 째에는 난황내 C18:2 함량이 감소하였다. 불포화지방산:포화지방산 비율과 n-6:n-3 불포화지방산 비율은 2$\~$4주 사이에는 처리구별간에 통계적 유의차가 없었고, 6주째 불포화지방산:포화지방산 비율이 CLAzen 80 첨가에 의하여 감소하였다. 한편, 난황내 CLA 함량은 CLAzen 80 첨가수준에 비례하여 증가하였다. 따라서, 산란계 사료 내 CLAzen 80 첨가는 난황내 CLA 함량을 증진시키는 것으로 요약할 수 있다. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of varying levels of dietary oil containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the egg production and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. Seventy-two 59-wk-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments, each consisting of three replicates with six birds per replicate. There were four treatments that consist of diets containing 0, 1, 2, or $3\%$ commercial CLA-containing oil. Egg production was not significantly different among the dietary treatments at 0, 2, 4, and 6 week. The proportion of saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 in egg yolk were increased, but that of monounsaturated fatty acid C18:1 was decreased by feeding CLA-containing oil supplementation. However, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C18:2 and C18:3 in egg yolk were not different among dietary treatments at 2 and 4 wk of the experiment. At 6 week, the proportion of C18:2 in egg yolk was decreased by feeding CLA-containing oil compared with the control. Polyunsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid (P:S) ratio and n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio were similar across the treatments between 2 and 4 week. The P:S ratio was decreased by dietary CLA-containing oil supplementation at 6 week. The proportion of CLA in egg yolk was linearly increased with increasing levels of CLA-containing oil supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CLA-containing oil to laying hens increased beneficially increased CLA content in their egg yolk.

Preparation, Ferroelectric and Electrical Properties of Lead Germanate Pb5Ge3O11 thin films prepared by sol-gel methods

C.H. Chang,J.S. Kim,H.S. Lee,J.K. Kim,S.S. Kim,T.K. Song 한국물리학회 2005 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.46 No.1

Lead germanate Pb5Ge3O11 (PGO) thin flms were prepared by sol-gel methods and their electrical properties were obtained. Single phase of prepared PGO thin flm was confrmed by X-ray diraction peaks. PGO thin lms with c-axis oriented grains were prepared on (111) Pt-coated Si substrates when heat treated at 450C 600C for 1 h. Grains showed a plate like shape and grain size was increased with increasing annealing temperature. PGO thin lms were found to be ferroelectric at room temperature, and remanent polarization was about 4 C/cm2 at a coercive feld of 100 kV/cm. In this work, preparation, ferroelectric and electrical properties of PGO thin flms were investigated.

Rice C2-Domain Proteins Are Induced and Translocated to the Plasma Membrane in Response to a Fungal Elicitor

Kim, Cha-Young,Koo, Yoon-Duck,Jin, Jing-Bo,Moon, Byeong-Cheol,Kang, Chang-Ho,Kim, Sun-Tae,Park, Byung-Ouk,Lee, So-Young,Kim, Man-Lyang,Hwang, In-Hwan,Kang, Kyu-Young,Bahk, Jeong-Dong,Lee, Sang-Yeol,,C Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research 2003 Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research Vol.2003 No.-

ABSTRACT: Hundreds of proteins involved in signaling pathways contain a Ca^(2+)-dependent membrane-binding motif called the C2-domain. However, no small C2-domain proteins consisting of a single C2-domain have been reported in animal cells. We have isolated two cDNA clones, OsERG1a and OsERGIb, that encode two small C2-domain proteins of 156 and 159 amino acids, respectively, from a fungal elicitor-treated rice cDNA library. The clones are believed to have originated from a single gene by alternative splicing. Transcript levels of the OsERG1 gene are dramatically elvated by a fungal elicitor prepared from Magnaporthe grisea or by Ca^(2+) ions. The OsERG1 protein produced in Escherichia coli binds to phospholipid vesicles in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner and is translocated to the plasma membrane of plant cells by treatment with either a fungal elicitor of a Ca^(2+)-ionophore. These results suggest that OsERG1 proteins containing a single C2-domain are involved in plant defense signaling systems.

Functional Characterization of Mammary Gland of Holstein Cows under Humid Tropical Summer Climates

Lu, C.H.,Chang, C.J.,Lee, P.N.,Wu, C.P.,Chen, M.T.,Zhao, X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.7

Physiological parameters were measured on six primiparous, non-pregnant Holstein cows prior to peak lactation over a 3-month summer season in southwestern Taiwan. The objectives were to characterize heat stress-induced change in functionality of mammary gland under natural climates of tropical summer and to establish physiological indices applicable to this environment in referring to this change. Environmental and physiological readings, milk and blood samples were taken at 15:00 h biweekly for totally five time points during the study. Climate readings showed that the afternoon humidex value reached the highest (53.5) around mid summer. Rectal temperature of cows taken simultaneously varied between $38.26^{\circ}C$ and $40.02^{\circ}C$ in parallel to humidex. Milk production declined drastically from 29.2 to 22.2 kg/d the first month entering summer but leveled up at end of the summer season suggesting effects exerted by heat stress rather than stages of lactation. Lactose content decreased linearly (p<0.05) with times in summer, from 4.69 to 4.38%. On the other hand, activity of N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGase) in milk increased linearly to over two folds (p<0.05) during the same intervals. Elevations of fractional constituent of BSA in whey protein and serum cortisol level were also noticed in the course. Measurement of arteriovenous concentration (A-V) difference across the mammary gland demonstrated net uptake of glucose and net release of urea throughout the study period. The amount of urea released from mammary gland increased (p<0.05) progressively from 1.54 to 7.76 mg/dl during summer. It is concluded that gradual regression of mammary gland occurred along the humid tropical summer season. This regression is likely initiated through elevation of body temperature, which is irreversible above certain point. The increased release of urea from mammary gland during heat stress suggests its potential role as an early indicator of suboptimal mammary function.

참깨의 모자이크 증상에서 분리한 수박${\cdot}$모자이크 바이러스에 관한 연구

장무웅,이창은,Chang M.U.,Lee C.U. 한국응용곤충학회 1980 한국식물보호학회지 Vol.19 No.4

참깨, 호박, 오이의 모자이크 증상주에서 전자현미경 및 즙액접종에 의하여 분리한 바이러스에 대하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 본 바이러스를 즙액접종 하였을 때 P. vutgaris, P. sativum, S. indicum, C. melo, C. maxima, C. pepo는 전신감염, C. amaranticolar는 국부감염 되었다. 2. 본 바이러스는 M. persicae로 쉽게 전반되었고, 종자전염은 하지 않았다. 9. 조즙액중의 물리성은 내열성이 $55\~60^{\circ}C$(10분), 희석성이 $10^{-3}\~10^{-4}$, 내보존성이 $10\~14$일$(22^{\circ}C)$이었다. 4. 본 바이러스의 형태는 길이 $750\~800nm$의 사상립자이고, 본 바이러스의 감염에 의해 세포질내에서 세포질봉입체가 만들어진다는 것이 확인되었다. 5. 본 바이러스에 감염된 S. indicum, C. amaranticolor의 병엽초박절편을 전자현미경으로 관찰하였던바, 각종세포의 세포질내에 사상립자가 병행배열 또는 산재해 있고, 또 사상립자와 함께 반드시 세포질내입체(pinwheel, boundles, laminated aggregates)가 확인되었다. 6. 이상의 결과를 종합해서 참깨 모자이크병의 병원바이러스를 Watermelon mosaic virus(WMV)로 동정하였다. This paper deals with the studies on the occurence of a new virus disease of sesame and the identification of the causal virus. The virus disease of sesame has been regarded as a widespread disease in the sesame-growing areas in the southern part of Korea. The disease was found to be caused by watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). During the years since 1978, stunting of sesame plants, with yellow mosaic, necrotic spot, and malformation, were collected from 17 different places. Virus isolates from 27 out of 32 samples were identified as WMV. Natural infection of squash, pumpkin, cucumber, and watermelon by WMV as well as sesame was proved. The virus is inactivated at temperatures of 55 to $60^{\circ}C$, at dilution of $10^{-3}\;to\;10^{-4}$, and in the aging of 10 to 14 days at about $20^{\circ}C$. Sesame, Chenopodium amaranticelor, pea, bean, as well as many plants of the Cucurbitaceae, are susceptible to the sesame-isolates of WMV. In negatively stained preparations, particles of the virus appear under the electron microscope as flexible filaments of about $750\~800nm$ in length. Cylindrical inclusions and virus particles were found in the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells by ultra-thin sections of WMV infected tissues.

Suppression of c-Myc induces apoptosis via an AMPK/mTOR-dependent pathway by 4-O-methyl-ascochlorin in leukemia cells

Shin, J. M.,Jeong, Y. J.,Cho, H. J.,Magae, J.,Bae, Y. S.,Chang, Y. C. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Apoptosis Vol.21 No.5

<P>4-O-Methyl-ascochlorin (MAC) is a methylated derivative of the prenyl-phenol antibiotic ascochlorin, which was isolated from an incomplete fungus, Ascochyta viciae. Although the effects of MAC on apoptosis have been reported, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that MAC promoted apoptotic cell death and downregulated c-Myc expression in K562 human leukemia cells. The effect of MAC on apoptosis was similar to that of 10058-F4 (a c-Myc inhibitor) or c-Myc siRNA, suggesting that the downregulation of c-Myc expression plays a role in the apoptotic effect of MAC. Further investigation showed that MAC downregulated c-Myc by inhibiting protein synthesis. MAC promoted the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibited the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its target proteins, including p70S6 K and 4E-BP-1. Treatment of cells with AICAR (an AMPK activator), rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor), or mTOR siRNA downregulated c-Myc expression and induced apoptosis to a similar extent to that of MAC. These results suggest that the effect of MAC on apoptosis induction in human leukemia cells is mediated by the suppression of c-Myc protein synthesis via an AMPK/mTOR-dependent mechanism.</P>

Post annealing effect of flexible polymer solar cells to improve their electrical properties

Gong, S.C.,Jang, S.K.,Ryu, S.O.,Jeon, H.,Park, H.H.,Chang, H.J. Elsevier 2010 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.10 No.4

Flexible polymer solar cells with an ITO/PEDOT/P3HT:PCBM/Al structure were fabricated using regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3TH) polymer:(6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) fullerene polymer as the photovoltaic (PV) bulk hetero-junction layer. The P3HT and PCBM used as the electron donor and electron acceptor materials were spin cast on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates. The optimum mixing concentration ratio of the P3HT:PCBM PV layer was found to be 4:4 wt.%, at which the maximum short circuit current density (J<SUB>SC</SUB>), open circuit voltage (V<SUB>OC</SUB>), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) values were about 3.8 mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, 427 mV, 36.6% and 0.66%, respectively. To investigate the effects of the post annealing treatment, the as-prepared flexible polymer solar cells were post annealed at temperatures ranging from 150 <SUP>o</SUP>C to 180 <SUP>o</SUP>C for 5 min. The J<SUB>SC</SUB> and V<SUB>OC</SUB> values increased with increasing post annealing temperature from 150 <SUP>o</SUP>C to 170 <SUP>o</SUP>C, which may be due to the improvement of the light absorption coefficient of P3HT and improved ohmic contact between the PV layer and Al electrode film. The maximum J<SUB>SC</SUB>, V<SUB>OC</SUB>, FF and PCE values of the flexible polymer solar cell, which was post annealed at 170 <SUP>o</SUP>C for 5 min, were found to be about 4.3 mA/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, 616 mV, 32.6% and 0.86%, respectively.