태안반도 갯벌 참굴( Crassostrea gigas ) 양식장 주변 퇴적물의 유기물 및 미량금속 분포

황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ),이인석 ( In Seok Lee ),최민규 ( Min Kyu Choi ),최희구 ( Hee Gu Choi ) 한국수산과학회 2014 한국수산과학회지 Vol.47 No.6

We measured the concentrations of various geochemical parameters [grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, As, Zn, and Hg)] in the surface sediments of two intertidal oyster Crassostrea gigas farming areas (Iwon and Mongsan tidal flats) on the Taean Peninsula, Korea, to evaluate the pollution level of organic matter and trace metals in sediment. The intertidal sediments in the study region comprise mostly sand with a mean grain size of 2.5-3.5 Ø. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS, and trace metals in the sediment of two study regions were either similar or lower in oyster farming areas relative to non-farming areas, apparently due to biological uptake or physical and biological sediment reworking. Based on the results for the pollution evaluation of organic matter and trace metals derived from sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factor, and geoaccumulation index, our results suggest that the sediment in these two intertidal oyster farming regions is not polluted by organic matter and trace metals.

지화학적 평가기법을 이용한 전남 서해 도서갯벌 퇴적물내 중금속 오염도 평가

황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ),김성길 ( Seong Gil Kim ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2011 한국수산과학회지 Vol.44 No.6

We measured grain size, organic matter, and metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Mn, Hg, and As) in intertidal sediments collected from six islands in the western part of Jellanam Province in order to evaluate heavy metal contamination in the tidal flat sediments of coastal islands. The evaluation of metal contamination was carried out using geochemical assessment techniques such as sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo). Surface sediments were classified into four sedimentary facies: sand, gravelly muddy sand, slightly gravelly mud, and silt. The concentrations of heavy metals in intertidal sediments from Jaeun, Amtae, Biguem, and Docho islands showed good positive correlations with mean grain size and ignition loss, indicating that the concentrations of metallic elements in these sediments were dependent on grain size and the organic matter content. The concentrations of heavy metals in sediments from almost all of the stations were lower than two criterion values proposed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States. Based on the EF and Igeo results, surface sediments were a little polluted for Cr and were moderately polluted for As. Our results suggest that more intensive studies are necessary in the future in order to determine the major source of As in intertidal sediment and to evaluate the As pollution level in macrobenthos.

한반도 주변 연안 해저를 통한 담지하수의 유출: 미래 수자원으로서의 중요성

황동운,김규범,이재영,Hwang, Dong-Woon,Kim, Gue-Buem,Lee, Jae-Young 한국해양학회 2010 바다 Vol.15 No.4

해저지하수 유출은 최근 전 지구적인 혹은 지역적인 규모에서 육상의 담수, 영양염류 및 다른 용존 화학원소들을 해양으로 공급하는 중요한 역할을 담당하는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 특히, 해저를 통한 육상 담지하수의 해양으로의 유출은 해양환경학적 측면뿐만 아니라 미래 수자원 확보측면에서 매우 중요한 의미를 가진다. 일반적으로 해저를 통한 담지하수 유출은 전 세계 연안해역에서 일어나고 있으며, 그 양은 지역 또는 측정 방법에 따라 강물 유출량의 0.01-17% 범위인 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서 조사 및 계산된 한반도 주변 해저 담지하수의 유출량은 제주도, 영일만, 마산만, 여자만 지역에서 주변 강물 유출량의 약 50%, 57%, 89%, 420%로 다른 나라의 연안 해역에 비해 상당히 양이 많고 지역적으로 큰 차이를 보였다. 하지만, 본 연구에서 이용한 담지하수 유출량 계산 방법은 연안해역에서의 기초적인 물수지 방법을 이용한 것으로, 보다 정확한 담지하수 유출량 평가를 위해서는 앞으로 연안해역에서 물수지에 영향을 미치는 여러가지 요인들(강수량, 조석, 증발, 물의 체류시간 등)의 시공간적 변화에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. 또한, 여전히 해저 담지하수 유출량을 평가하는데 있어서 방법적인 문제가 많이 제기되고 있는 만큼, 수리역학적인 방법 및 seepage meter를 이용한 실제측정 등을 통한 상호비교가 요구된다. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been recognized as a provider for freshwater, nutrients, and dissolved constituents from continents to the oceans and paid more attention with regard to the mass balance of water or dissolved constituents on local and global scales. The submarine discharge of fresh groundwater (fresh SGD) through seepage or springs in coastal ocean may be especially important in aspects of water resource and marine environment managements in the future. Based on the worldwide compilations of observed fresh SGD, our review reveals that fresh SGD occurs in various marine environments along most shoreline of the world and the global estimates of fresh SGD were approximately 0.01-17% of surface runoff. In addition, the input of fresh SGD calculated and investigated in this study were about 50%, 57%, 89%, and 420% of total river discharge in Jeju Island, Yeongil Bay, Masan Bay, and Yeoja Bay, respectively. These inputs from fresh SGD along the shoreline of Korea Peninsula are much higher than those of the whole world, greatly vary with the region. However, since these estimates are based on the water balance method mainly used in coastal ocean, we have to perform continuous monitoring of various parameters, such as precipitation, tide, evapotanspiration and water residence time, which have an impact on the water balance in a lot of areas for evaluating the precise input of fresh SGD. In addition, since the method estimating the input of fresh SGD has brought up many problems, it is required to make an intercomparison between various methods such as hydrogeological assumption, numerical modeling, and seepage meter.

울산 태화강 하구역 퇴적물의 유기물 및 미량금속 오염도 평가

황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ),이인석 ( In Seok Lee ),최민규 ( Minkyu Choi ),김청숙 ( Chung Sook Kim ),김형철 ( Hyung Chul Kim ) 한국수산과학회 2015 한국수산과학회지 Vol.48 No.4

Grain size, the content of ignition loss (IL), and the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) in surface sediments from the Taehwa River estuary, Ulsan, were measured to evaluate pollution levels and potential ecological risks of organic matter and trace metals in estuarine sediment. The mean grain size (Mz) of sediments in the study region ranged from -0.8-7.7 φ (mean 2.8 ± 2.4 φ). Surface sediments in the upstream region of the Taehwa River were mainly composed of coarse sediments compared to the downstream region. The concentrations of IL, COD, AVS and trace metals in the sediment were much higher at downstream sites of Myeongchon Bridge in the vicinity of industrial complexes than at upstream sites of those in the vicinity of the residential areas due to the anthropogenic input of organic matter and trace metals by industrial activities. On the basis of several geochemical assessment techniques [sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI)], the surfaces sediments in the study region are not highly polluted for trace metals, except for As. However, the higher concentrations in downstream study regions of the Taehwa River could impact benthic organisms including shellfish (i.e. Manila clam) in sediments.

함평만 조간대 해조류 분포지역의 퇴적 및 저서환경 특성

황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ),고병설 ( Byoung Seol Koh ) 한국수산과학회 2012 한국수산과학회지 Vol.45 No.6

To understand the characteristics of sedimentary and benthic environments in habitats of naturally-occurring intertidal benthic macroalgae, various geochemical parameters of sediment (grain size, ignition loss [IL], chemical oxygen demand [COD], and acid volatile sulfur [AVS]) and pore water (temperature, salinity, pH, and nutrients) were measured in the southern intertidal zone of Hampyeong Bay at two month intervals from April to October 2009. Ecological characteristics including the distribution and biomass of benthic macroalgae were also investigated. Benthic macroalgae were distributed below 4 to 5 m depth from mean sea level near the lower portion of the intertidal zone where air exposure time is relatively short. The distribution area and biomass of benthic macroalgae gradually decreased during the study period. The surface sediments in the benthic algal region were mainly composed of finer sediments, such as slightly gravelly mud and mud. The temperature, salinity, pH, and nutrient concentrations (except dissolved inorganic nitrogen) in pore water did not differ in regions with and without benthic macroalgae, whereas the mean grain size and the concentrations of IL, COD, and AVS in sediments were much higher in regions harboring benthic macroalgae. The correlation between mean grain size and IL in sediments displayed two distinct gradients and the slope was much steeper in regions harboring benthic macroalgae, indicating that the content of organic matter in benthic algal region is not solely dependent on mean grain size. Our results indicate that the benthic macroalgae in the southern intertidal zone of Hampyeong Bay play an important role in the accumulation of organic matter in sediment.

제주도 사질 조간대 공극수중 영양염류의 시·공간적 변화

황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ),김형철 ( Hyung Chul Kim ),박지혜 ( Ji Hye Park ),이원찬 ( Won Chan Lee ) 한국수산과학회 2012 한국수산과학회지 Vol.45 No.6

To examine temporal and spatial variation in salinity and nutrients in the shallow pore water of intertidal sandflats, we measured salinity and nutrient concentrations (dissolved inorganic nitrogen [DIN], phosphorus [DIP], and silicate [DSi]) in pore water of the intertidal zone along the coastline of Jeju Island at two and/or three month intervals from May 2009 to December 2010. Geochemical parameters (grain size, ignition loss [IL], chemical oxygen demand [COD], and acid volatile sulfur [AVS]) in sediment were also investigated. The surface sediments in intertidal sandflats of Jeju Island were mainly composed of sand, slightly gravelly sand and gravelly sand, with a range of mean grain size from 0.5 to 2.5 Ø. Concentrations of IL and COD in sediment were higher along the eastern coast, as compared to the western coast, due to differences in biogenic sediment composition. Salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water were markedly different across time and space during rainy seasons, whereas concentrations were temporally and spatially more stable during dry seasons. These results suggest that salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water depend on the advective flow of fresh groundwater. We also observed an imbalance of the DIN/DIP ratio in pore water due to the influence of contaminated sources of DIN. In particular, nutrient concentrations during rainy and dry seasons were characterized by high DIN/DIP ratios (mean-127) and low DIN/DIP ratios (mean-10), respectively, relative to the Redfield ratio (16) in offshore seawater. Such an imbalance of DIN/DIP ratios in pore water can affect the coastal ecosystem and appears to cause outbreaks of benthic seaweed along the coastline of Jeju Island.

통영-거제 연안 어류 양식장 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물 및 중금속 오염 평가

황동운,황현진,이가람,김선영,박소현,윤상필,Hwang, Dong-Woon,Hwang, Hyunjin,Lee, Garam,Kim, Sunyoung,Park, Sohyun,Yoon, Sang-Pil 해양환경안전학회 2021 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.27 No.4

어류 양식장 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 오염상태를 파악하기 위하여 통영-거제 연안 어류 양식장 퇴적물 중 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN), 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)을 조사하였다. 양식장 퇴적물 중 TOC와 TN의 평균농도는 각각 22.7 mg/g과 3.4 mg/g로 남해안의 반폐쇄적인 내만보다 높았다. 퇴적물 중 중금속의 평균농도는 비소(As) 10.5 mg/kg, 카드뮴(Cd) 0.37 mg/kg, 크롬(Cr) 82.9 mg/kg, 구리(Cu) 127 mg/kg, 철(Fe) 4.19 %, 수은(Hg) 0.041 mg/kg, 망간(Mn) 596 mg/kg, 납(Pb) 39.5 mg/kg, 아연(Zn) 175 mg/kg였으며, 이중 Cd, Cu의 농도는 인접한 남동해 연안의 패류양식해역보다 3배 이상 높았다. 퇴적물 기준을 이용한 오염평가 결과, 대부분의 어류 양식장에서 TOC와 중금속 중 Cu 농도가 기준을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 전체 중금속 농도를 고려한 오염부하량지수(PLI)와 생태계위해 도지수(ERI) 결과는 일부 어류 양식장 퇴적물이 저서생물에 극심한 부정적인 생태 영향을 줄 수 있는 상태(disastrous risk)인 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서, 어류 양식장 퇴적물은 유기물 및 일부 중금속에 의한 오염된 상태를 보이고 있어, 양식장 퇴적환경을 개선하고 퇴적물내 유기물 및 중금속의 주된 오염원을 파악하는 한편 오염부하량을 저감하는 종합적인 관리대책이 필요하다. To understand the status of organic matter and heavy metal pollution in surface sediment of a fish farming area, we have measured the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments of a fish farming area near Tongyoung-Geoje coast. The mean concentrations of TOC and TN were 22.7 mg/g and 3.4 mg/g, respectively, and were much higher than those in surface sediments of a semi-enclosed bay in the southern coast of Korea. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn were 10.5 mg/kg, 0.37 mg/kg, 82.9 mg/kg, 127 mg/kg, 4.19%, 0.041 mg/kg, 596 mg/kg, 39.5 mg/kg, and 175 mg/kg, respectively, and the mean concentrations of Cd and Cu were three times higher than those in surface sediments of shellfish farming area in the southeastern coast of Korea. In addition, the concentrations of TOC and corrected Cu exceeded the values of sediment quality guidelines applied in Korea, and pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk index (ERI) showed that the metal concentrations in the sediments of some fish farming area have a strongly negative ecological impact on benthic organisms, although most metal concentrations did not exceed the sediment quality guidelines. Based on overall assessment results, the surface sediments of fish farming areas in the study region are polluted with organic matter and some heavy metals. Thus, a comprehensive management plan is necessary to improve the sedimentary environments, identify primary contamination sources, and reduce the input of pollution load for organic matter and heavy metals in the sediments of fish farming areas.

한산거제만 주변 퇴적물의 유기물과 미량금속 분포 특성

황동운 ( Dong-woon Hwang ),이인석 ( In-seok Lee ),최민규 ( Minkyu Choi ),심정희 ( Jeonghee Shim ) 한국환경분석학회 2015 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.18 No.3

The grain size, the content of ignition loss (IL), and the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg) in surface sediments around the Hansan-Geoje Bay were measured in order to understand the pollution level and potential ecological risk of organic matter and trace metals in sediments around fish and shellfish farming areas. The combined content of silt and clay in sediments was more than 90% and the sediment types were mainly mud and clay, which implies that organic matter and trace metals were easily accumulated in the sediments of the study region. There was no spatial difference for the IL content in sediments around the Handsan-Geoje Bay. However, the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr and Cu were relatively higher in channels around the Hansan Island, whereas the concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn were relatively higher in the Geoje Bay. The results of three assessment techniques (sediment quality guidelines [SQGs], pollution load index [PLI] and ecological risk index [ERI]) suggested that the surface sediments in the study region were not polluted with organic matter and trace metals.

압해도 조간대 표층퇴적물의 유기물 및 금속원소 오염도 평가

황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ),박성은 ( Sung Eun Park ),김평중 ( Pyoung Jung Kim ),고병설 ( Byoung Seol Koh ),최희구 ( Hee Gu Choi ) 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) 2011 한국수산과학회지 Vol.44 No.6

We evaluated the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic element (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, As, and Hg) in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island using several sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and assessment techniques for sediment pollution. Based on the textural composition of sediment, the surface sediments were classified into two main sedimentary facies: slightly gravelly mud and silt. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) in the sediments ranged from 4.6-9.9 (mean 7.4±1.1) mgO2/g·dry and from ND-0.53 (mean 0.04±0.10) mgS/g·dry, respectively. These values were considerably lower than those reported from a farming area in a semi-enclosed bay of Korea and for SQGs in Japan. The metallic element concentrations in the sediments varied widely with the mean grain size and organic matter content, implying that the concentrations of metallic elements are influenced mainly by secondary factors, such as bioturbation, the resuspension of sediment, and anthropogenic input. The overall results for the comparison with SQGs, enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicate that the surface sediments are slightly polluted by Cr and Ni, and moderately polluted by As. Our results suggest that the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island are not polluted by organic matter or metallic elements and the benthic conditions are suitable for healthy organisms.

퇴적물 오염기준을 이용한 금강 하구역 표층 퇴적물내 유기물 및 미량금속 오염 평가

황동운 ( Dong Woon Hwang ),이인석 ( In Seok Lee ),최민규 ( Min Kyu Choi ),김숙양 ( Sook Yang Kim ),최희구 ( Hee Gu Choi ) 한국수산과학회 2013 한국수산과학회지 Vol.46 No.6

We evaluated contamination with organic matter and trace metals by analyzing grain size, ignition loss (IL), chemical oxygen demand (COD), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and trace metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Mn, Hg, and As) in surface sediments at 28 stations around the Geum River estuary in July 2008. The surface sediments in the estuary were mainly composed of coarse sediment (sand and muddy sand), with mean grain size (Mz) ranging between 2-4 Ø. The high concentrations of IL, COD, and trace metals were mainly found at stations in front of the Gusan outer port and industrial complex, and near the Seocheon coast with relatively fine sediments. In addition, the concentrations of IL and all trace metals, except Pb and As, showed good positive correlations with Mz, indicating that the concentrations of organic matter and trace metals were mainly dependent on sediment grain size. The concentrations of COD, AVS, and trace metals in most sediments did not exceed the sediment quality guideline (SQGs). Although the sediments in the study region are not polluted with organic matter and trace metals, there are many point sources of pollutants, such as Gusan port and industrial complex, Janghang refinery, and a thermoelectric power plant around the Geum River estuary. Thus, the management of coastal environments through periodic monitoring of organic matter and trace metals is required in the future.