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ICP 표면 처리된 Si 기판 위에 성장된 Ge 층의 초기 성장 상태 연구
양현덕,길연호,심규환,최철종,Yang, Hyun-Duk,Kil, Yeon-Ho,Shim, Kyu-Hwan,Choi, Chel-Jong 한국결정성장학회 2011 韓國結晶成長學會誌 Vol.21 No.4
We have investigated the effect of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) treatment on the early growth stage of heteroepitaxial Ge layers grown on Si(100) substrates using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD), The Si(100) substrates were treated by ICP process with various source and bias powers, followed by the Ge deposition, The ICP treatment led to the enhancement in the coalescence of Ge islands, The growth rate of Ge on Si(100) with ICP surface treatment is about 5 times higher than that without ICP surface treatment. A missing dimer caused by the ICP surface treatment can act as a nucleation site for Ge adatoms, which could be responsible for the improvement in growth behavior of Ge on Si(100) substrates. Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP)를 이용하여 다양한 조건으로 표면 처리한 Si(100) 기관 위에 Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition(LPCVD)를 이용하여 Ge 층을 이종접합 성장하고, Ge 층 성장 초기의 표면 상태를 Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)을 통해 분석하였다. ICP를 이용하여 표면 처리된 Si(100) 기판 위에 성장된 Ge 층의 경우 ICP 처리하지 않은 시편보다 Ge 성장율이 약 5배 이상 증가되었다. ICP 처리된 시편의 Ge 성장률 증가는 ICP 표면 처리 공정으로 Si 기관 표면에서 떨어져 나간 missing dimer가 Ge adatom들에 핵을 형성할 자리를 제공하여 Ge island의 형성과 융합을 촉진시키는 것으로 사료된다.
Wallenberg`s syndrome 치험(治驗) 1례(例)를 통해 본 동(東).서협진(西協診) 유형(類型) 연구(硏究)(1)
장현호 ( Hyun Ho Jang ),양현덕 ( Hyun Duk Yang ),민양기 ( Yang Ki Min ),손일홍 ( Il Hong Son ),석승한 ( Seung Han Suk ),민상준 ( Sang Joon Min ),류영수 ( Yeoung Su Lyu ),이건목 ( Geon Mok Lee ),강형원 ( Hyung Won Kang ) 대한한방신경정신과학회 2001 동의신경정신과학회지 Vol.12 No.1
담배 니코틴에 의한 사람 태아 성상세포에서 종양괴사인자(TNF-α)의 발현 억제작용
손일홍,이성익,양현덕,한선정,석승한,이재규,김재현,박주영,문형인,이성수,Son, Il-Hong,Lee, Sung-Ik,Yang, Hyun-Duk,Han, Sun-Jung,Suk, Seung-Han,Lee, Jai-Kyoo,Kim, Jae-Hyun,Park, Joo-Young,Moon, Hyung-In,Lee, Sung-Soo 대한화학회 2007 대한화학회지 Vol.51 No.3
니코틴은 사람 대식세포에서 interleukin 2 (IL-2)와 종양괴사인자 (tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNF-α) 가 생성되는 것을 억제하는데, 이러한 억제작용은 cytokine 유전자 발현 중 전사단계에서 전사인자의 활성을 억제함으로써 일어난다. 이러한 니코틴의 면역반응 억제작용은 아프타성궤양 및 궤양성대장염, 알레르기성폐 포염, 건초열 등에서도 보고되고 있다. 만일 중추신경계에서도 위와 같은 니코틴의 면역억제 작용이 일어난 다면 다발성경화증과 같은 면역반응 매개질환의 치료에 새로운 전기가 마련될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서 는 중추신경계의 여러 면역반응 매개질환의 병태생리에 대한 이해를 넓히고자, 이미 알려진 니코틴의 cytokine 생성억제가 사람 중추신경계의 성상세포에서도 일어남을 확인하고 그 억제기전을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위 하여 사람 태아 성상세포에 다양한 농도의 니코틴과 IL-1β를 처리한 다음 TNF-α mRNA의 발현 정도와 NF- κB의 활성을 비교, 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 사람 태아 성상세포를 0.1-20 μg/ml의 니코틴으로 처리해 본 결과 10 μg/ml 이상의 농도에서 세포독성능이 나타나기 시작하였다. 2. 사람 태아 성상세포에 IL- 1β를 처리하면 2시간만에 TNF-α mRNA가 최대로 발현되었으며 그 이후로는 점진적으로 감소하였다. 3. 사 람 태아 성상세포를 1 및 0.1 μg/ml의 니코틴으로 전처리한 후 IL-1β로 자극한 군에서는 IL-1β 단독 처리군에 비해 TNF-α mRNA의 발현이 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 1 μg/ml의 니코틴을 처리한 경우에는 8시간 이후부터 TNF-α mRNA의 발현이 현저하게 감소하여 12시간에 최대로 감소하였다. 또한 0.1 μg/ml의 니코틴을 처리한 군에서는 24시간에 가장 현저하게 감소하였다. 4. 성상세포에 IL-1β로 처리한 군에서는 강력한 NF-κB의 활성 을 확인할 수 있었으며, 니코틴을 전처리하고 IL-1β 자극한 군에서는 NF-B의 활성이 감소하였다. 결론적으로 일정농도 이상의 니코틴은 세포독성효과를 나타내나 적정한 농도와 시간 경과후 니코틴은 사람 태아 성상세포에서 IL-1β에 의해 유도되는 TNF-α의 발현 감소를 유도하며, 이는 NF-κB의 활성을 감소시킴으로써 나타난다고 생각된다. The Tumor necrosis factor-α, (TNF-α), is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and contributes to the degeneration of oligodendrocytes as well as neurons. Nicotine has been found to have immunosuppressive and inflammation-suppressing effects. Astrocytes, the major glial cells in the CNS, are capable of producing TNF-α at both the mRNA and protein levels in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) or TNF-α. Nicotine has been shown to influence glial cell functions. To order to explore the role of astrocytes in the production of TNF-α, astrocytes were pretreated with nicotine and are stimulated with IL-1β to determine their effects on TNF-α production. The results are as follows. Cytotoxic effects of nicotine on human fetal astrocytes were noted above 10 μg/ml of nicotine. The effect of IL-1β on TNF-α mRNA expression in primary cultured human fetal astrocytes was maximal at 2 h after IL- 1β(100 pg/ml) treatment. Human fetal astrocytes were pretreated with 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/ml of nicotine and then stimulated with IL-1β (100 pg/ml) for 2 h. The inhibitory effect of nicotine on expressions of TNF-α mRNA in human fetal astrocytes with pretreated 0.1 μg/ml of nicotine is first noted at 8 hr, and the inhibitory effect is maximal at 12 h. The inhibitory effect at 1 μg/ml of nicotine is inhibited maximal at 24 h. Nicotine at 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/ml concentrations significantly inhibits IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation. Collectively, this study indicates that nicotine might inhibit the expression of TNF-α in activated human fetal astrocytes.
이고은 ( Go Eun Lee ),양현덕 ( Hyun Duk Yang ),전원경 ( Won Kyung Jeon ),강형원 ( Hyung Won Kang ) 대한한방신경정신과학회 2013 동의신경정신과학회지 Vol.24 No.3
Objectives : This report describes the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of Collaborative Practice between Korean Traditional Medicine and Western Medicine for two dementia patients. Furthermore, through these cases, we suggest a model of collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine for the treatment of dementia. Methods : Two patients suffering from several symptoms related to dementia received collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine. Physicians of deparment which paient first visit interviewed patient and patient`s guardians, discussed the symptoms and the status of the patient. Since then, the medical team made a differential diagnosis based on the results of brain imaging, hematology, urine test. and apprehended the status of dementia by the neuropsychological test. Korean traditional physicians examined the physical symptoms and identified the pattern of dementia in Korean traditional medicine. Following this, they decided on the method of acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping and herbal treatment. Western physicians decided on the type of medication after consideration of the patient`s other medical conditions. Every intervention was decided by both Korean traditional physicians and western physicians after discussion. The medical team provided education on dementia and counseled the guardians. They also wrote the paper for using the long-term care insurance for the aged. Results : Two patients showed no improvement on the neuropsychologic and activity of daily living tests. However, the patients` subjective physical symptoms were improved. The collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine improved the patients` and guardians` satisfaction. Conclusions : Through these cases, we propose a model of collaborative practice between Korean traditional medicine and western medicine for dementia categorized diagnosis-test, treatment, prevention, management. More specifically, we supplement qigong and psychotherapy which was inadequate in these cases.
이고은 ( Go Eun Lee ),박장호,양현덕 ( Hyun Duk Yang ),허은정 ( Eun Jung Heo ),전원경 ( Won Kyung Jeon ),류영수 ( Yeoung Su Lyu ),강형원 ( Hyung Won Kang ) 대한한방신경정신과학회 2012 동의신경정신과학회지 Vol.23 No.2
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain some knowledge concerning the scalp acupuncture treatment on patients with dementia for the future practice and research from clinical studies in China. Methods: The literatures were searched using the data base-China Academic Journals (CAJ) (2001-2011). Results: We found out 1 case study, and 17 randomized controlled trials (RCT) which met the inclusion criteria in most studies. There were 3 types of scalp acupuncture-applying method, cho-si scalp acupuncture(焦氏頭鍼法), combination of using ordinary acupoints(正經鍼) and extraordinary acupoints(經外寄穴), standard method of scalp acupuncture(標準頭鍼法). The often used acupoints are Yundongqu(運動區), Ganjuequ(感覺區), Yuntingqu(暈聽區), Zuyunganqu(足運感區), Sishencong (HN23), Baihui(GV20), Shenting(GV24), Fengchi(GB20), Dingnieqianxiexian(MS6), and Dingniehouxiexian(MS7). Conclusions: There were significant improvements on the scalp acupuncture-treated groups, compared to the control groups (western medication group or other acupuncture treatment group). Results of this study could be used for future studies concerning the scalp acupuncture for dementia.