pH 변화에 따른 클로라민 생성과 분해 특성

조관형,김평청,우달식,조영태 한국환경과학회 2002 한국환경과학회지 Vol.11 No.4

본 연구의 시료는 현재 서울특별시와 수도권 도시들에서 상수원수로 이용하고 있는 한강수를 대상으로 수행되었다. 배·급수계통의 2차 소독을 위한 클로라민소독의 특성에 관하여 고찰하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 25 ℃, Cl_2 / NH_3-N비 1:1 ~ 14:1에서 pH6, 7, 8의 불연속점은 각각 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비 11:1, 9:1, 10:1이었다. pH6의 경우, Cl_2 / NH_3-N비가 9:1일 때 총 잔류염소량이 최대인 반면, pH7, 8의 경우 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비가 각각 6:1, 5:1일 때 최대가 되었다. 2) pH가 6, 7, 8로 증가함에 따라 모노클로라민이 최대로 생성되는 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비는 7:1에서 5:1로 이동하였으며, pH6 ~ 8 범위에서 pH가 증가함에 따라 모노클로라민의 생성량이 많았다. 3) 클로라민의 분해는 Cl_2 / NH_3-N비가 증가하고 pH가 낮을수록 증가하였다. 클로라민의 잔류성은 유리염소보다 월등히 좋았다. pH6에서 모노클로라민과 디클로라민이 생성된 이후, 접촉시간이 경과함에 따라 디클로라민의 분포비가 증가하였다. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of chloramination as a secondary disinfection in a drinking water distribution system. At the range from pH 6 to pH 8, monochloramine was predominant with a trace of dichloramine, and the free chlorine was detected after breakpoint. At 25℃, the breakpoints of pH 6, 7 and 8 appeared when the weight ratios of chlorine to ammonia nitrogen were 11:1, 9:1 and 10:1 respectively, and the peak points on the breakpoint curves at pH 6, 7 and 8 were in the Cl_2 / NH_3-N ratio of 9:1, 6:1 and 5:1 respectively. As pH increased from 6 to 8, maximum point of monochloramine on the breakpoint curve was moved from 7:1 to 5:1 in the weight ratio of chlorine to ammonia nitrogen. The maximum concentration of monochloramine was formed at the pH values of 7~8 and in the Cl_2 / NH_3-N ratio below 5:1. As the Cl_2 / NH_3-N ratio increased and the pH lowered, chloramines decay proceeded at an increased rate, and residual chloramines lasted longer than the residual free chlorine. The monochloramine and the dichloramine were formed at pH 6, and then the dichloramine continued increasing with contact lime.

단상 혐기성 소화공정에서의 동력학적 연구

조관형,조영태 한국환경과학회 2000 한국환경과학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Kinetic data for the acid phase anaerobic digestion were presented in this study and the constants were determined with acid production rate and gas production rate. Process models based on continuous culture theory were used to describe the characteristics of the acid forming microorganisms and to enable further development toward utilization of the process in a more rational manner. Acid phase digestion can be separated with appropriate manipulation of hydraulic retention time in anaerobic digestion. Kinetic analysis of data from the various hydraulic retention times using a phase specific model obtained from the acid phase indicated maximum specific growth rate of 0.40/h, saturation constant of 2,000㎎COD/ℓ, yield coefficient of 0.35 ㎎VSS/㎎COD utilized and decay constant of 0.04/h for the acid production rate. Similar analysis of data for the gas production rate indicated maximum specific growth rate of 0.003/h, saturation constant of 2,200㎎COD/ℓ, yield coefficient of 0.0035 ㎎VSS/㎎COD utilized and decay constant of 0.06/h.

적조생물구제농도의 Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl)의 노출에 따른 조피볼락 및 바지락의 조직학적 영향

한조희,김영석,허민도,정해진,박관하 한국환경독성학회 2001 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.16 No.2

In a previous study by Kim et al. (2000), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI) has been demonstrated to be effective against algae that cause red tides. To secure the environmental safety of the chemical in practical use, effect of NaOC1, at concentrations. required for algicidal activity, on the histology of rockfish and little neck clam was examined. When the animals were exposed to NaOCI at concentrations of 0.5 or 2 ppm for I hr, there was no exposure-associated histological change in either animal. As the experimental exposure condition was set in consideration of the use, our results provide safety information necessary for practical application to marine fields.

스포츠 현장에서 사고 분쟁해결을 위한 법적 구조 및 그 효용성 분석

박형상,육조영,김우규,이재봉,유관호,이무연,박태민,이신언 한국스포츠리서치 2005 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.16 No.2

1. The purpose of this study is to reflect reality of sports to legal structure. This author classified types of sports related accidents as match accidents, school accidents, leisure and living sports accidents. Out of such accidents common factors such as 'the provider of virtue' and 'user' could be deduced and this author reviewed what kinds of obligations must be shouldered by these people respectively. In particular this author stressed the fact that disproportionate emphasis is placed on malfeasance in disposition of dispute over the sports accidents. Malfeasance is a method for seeking relief through money after the accident. However default in an obligation enables supplementary completion when it is not performed or imperfectly performed. Thus if object which must be performed is providing safety then it is possible to secure safety prior to accident. Furthermore at such time mistake of the debtor can not become a factor. For this reason this line of thinking has the following merits: (1) In comparison with constitution of malfeasance default of an obligation has long prescription. It seems that such fact was a motivation for saving obligation for safety consideration by making it fall under the principle of faith. (2) Default of an obligation is not an obligation for ordinary attention which is cause of malfeasance but it takes up issue with obligation for attention required for performance. Game organization, sponsor and spectators etc. shares certain sense of identity and are demanded to have manners. As method for evaluation of such relationship of faith it may be possible to impose a special kind of obligation for attention and it will be close to constitution of default of an obligation. (3) Imposing obligation for provision clarifies that such responsibility belongs to game organizations promoting sports to which anyone can participates or to national or public organizations, sponsor, schools which induced such sports as a part of its educational programs, installer who made people use it as leisure facility or person in charge for its management. (4) It is also applicable to umpires, players or spectators who use field of sports. It is possible to reflect reality whereby these people specifically relate themselves to sports. In consequence it will be possible to make people feel the necessity of expanding the principals of sports from 'doers' to 'watchers.' (5) The obligation of provision is an obligation under the principle of faith therefore mutual negotiation may be expected to clarify such fact. It may be also evaluated by effectuation of users' self-determining right. 2. If the above mentioned structure is provided then, although it is limited to sports, students who are subjects of instruction, seminar attendants, and furthermore players who finished games may be obligated to bear responsibility for safety consideration under the principle of faith. Accordingly level of relief for considerable number of victims may be increased as cases of treating even borrowed materials as default of obligation being expanded. 3. As scope of responsibility becomes more clearer it will be possible to prevent disputes while securing more safety as rules and regulations become more clearly enacted or new contract is signed or existing contract is revised.

Sports에서 Rule의 본성과 성격 분석

박형상,육조영,유관호,박태민 한국스포츠리서치 2005 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.16 No.2

This study begins with the following questions. Why should athletes keep rules of sport? What occurs in sport when cheaters break the rules? In relation to these questions, which explore basis or foundation of the rules. there are some precedent theories. Those are 1) rule absolutism of game formalism. 2) contextual contractualism, 3) externalism. Through my research on 1) and 2), a very important issue. namely, the ethos of the game rose. That is, an internal purpose of the game achieved as a result of realization of the game. and at the same time the basis of the rules. Furthermore, with regard to 3), it is not able to point out the basis of the rules because of denying the existence of this ethos: "internal purpose of sport". All things considered, the ethos of game is to make a decision of victory or defeat. Therefore, a norm "Keel) rules" itself is not always an absolute command, a categorical imperative, but a relative one. a hypothetical imperative. Consequently, all cheating, rule breaking, doesn't act on the game destructively. The rules of sport is fundamentally restricted by the ethos of sport under all circumstances. In other words. only this ethos: "the spirit of the sport", forms the basis or foundation of the rules of sport.

만성 B형 간염에서 라미부딘 치료중 발생한 Viral Breakthrough 예의 임상 결과

안수현,장윤정,오성남,최도원,백수정,정원석,최창원,김경오,임형준,조남영,박종재,김재선,박영태,이명석,연종은,변관수,이창홍 대한간학회 2002 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.8 No.4

목적: 만성 B형 간염의 치료 중 발생하는 약제 내성 변이종은 임상적으로는 치료 중 음전되었던 혈청 HBV DNA가 다시 양전되는 viral breakthrough 로 진단할 수 있다. 현재 약제 내성 변이종이 발생했을 경우라도 라미부딘 치료를 계속 유지하는 것을 권장하고 있으나, viral breakthrough 발생 예들의 장기적 임상경과가 아직도 불명확하여 이것을 일반화하기는 어려운 상황이다. 이에 라미부딘 사용 중 viral breakthrough 가 발생한 예들을 대상으로 그 임상경과를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 9개월 이상 라미부딘을 투약한 만성 B형 간염 환자로 viral breakthrough가 발생한 74명을 대상으로 하였다(남/여 54/20, 평균연령 42세). Viral breakthrough 후 혈청 ALT치, 총 빌리루빈치, HBV DNA 역가, HBeAg, anti-HBe를 정기적으로 검사하면서 임상경과를 관찰하였다. Viral breakthrough 후 라미부딘의 투약기간은 평균 13개 월(1-41개월)이었다. 결과: Viral breakthrough 발생후 혈청 ALT치가 정상으로 유지되었던 환자는 8예(11%)에 불과했고 나머지 66예(89%)에서는 ALT치가 증가하였으며, 이중 30예(41%)에서 급성 악화(ALT 정상 상한치의 5배 이상 상승)를 보였다. 급성악화는 viral breakthrough 후 3개월 내에 19예 (63%)에서 발생하여 3개월 내에 발생한 예가 많았으나 12개월 이상 지나서 나타나는 예도 약 20%에서 있었다. 비대상성 악화는 6예에서 관찰되었다. Viral breakthrough 후 급성악화가 일어난 예와 없었던 예의 비교에서 급성악화를 예측할 수 있는 인자는 발견할 수 없었다. Viral breakthrough 후 발견할 수 없었다. Viral breakthrough 후 HBeAg이 음전된 예는 8예(11%)였으나 그 임상경과는 양호하지 않았다. 결론: 만성 B형 간염 환자 에서 라미부딘 투여 중 발생한 viral breakthrough 예 중 상당수에서 급성악화가 발생하였으며, HBeAg 이 소실되더라도 그 임상경과는 양호하지만은 않았다. Viral breakthrough 발생 후 주의 깊은 임상경과 의 관찰이 요구되며, 앞으로 viral breakthrough 후 급성악화 예에 대한 대규모 연구와 적절한 치료방향의 제시가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다. Background/Aims: Long-term lamivudine therapy can induce the emergence of lamivudine resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants. Clinically emergence of the mutant is expressed by the reappearance of disappeared HBV DNA in serum. Continued lamivudine treatment has been usually recommended in cases of viral breakthrough. However, the clinical outcome in patients with viral breakthrough is not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical course of chronic hepatitis B patients after viral breakthrough during lamivudine therapy. Methods: A total of 74 patients with chronic hepatitis B who showed viral breakthrough after at least 6 months of lamivudine treatment were included in this study. They had positive HBeAg and HBV DNA before treatment. The median follow-up duration after breakthrough was 13 months. Results: After viral breakthrough, only 8 patients (11%) maintained normal ALT levels and 66 patients (89%) showed elevation of ALT. 30 patients (41%) showed acute exacerbation of hepatitis (ALT increase over five-times upper normal limit). These acute exacerbations occurred within three months after breakthrough in 19 patients (63%). In the cases of acute exacerbation, 6 patients showed decompensated progression such as elevation of serum total bilirubin. One of them died of hepatic failure. A predictive factor for acute exacerbation was not found. HBeAg seroconversion occurred in 8 patients after viral breakthrough but their clinical course was highly variable. Conclusions: Chronic hepatitis B patients who had viral breakthrough during lamivudine therapy should be followed carefully and regularly in mind of potential clinical deterioration. New strategies are needed to manage the cases of acute exacerbation after viral breakthrough.(Korean J Hepatol 2002;8:389-396)

Prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in ticks from Deogyusan National Park

Young Sun Jo,Jun Gu Kang,Jeong Byoung Chae,Yun Kyung Cho,Weon Hwa Jheong,Yong Kwan Kim,Ji Young Won,Joon Seok Chae 대한수의학회 2017 대한수의학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2017 No.-

The Korean Society of Gastroenterology & SIDDS 2044 : Slide Session ;K-LG-15 : Lower GI Tract ; Melatonin Ameliorates Colitis with Sleep Deprivation and Modulates Adiponectin Pathway

( Young Sook Park ),( Tae Kyun Kim ),( Jun Bong Kim ),( Sook Hee Chung ),( Jin Hyun Jun ),( Eun Kyung Kim ),( Seong Hwan Kim ),( Yun Ju Jo ),( Sang Bong Ahn ),( Byoung Kwan Son ),( Young Kwan Jo ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background:There are many report about anti-infi ammatory potentials of melatonin on experimental colitis and ulcerative colitis in human. So we aimed to evaluate the anti-infi ammatory mechanism of melatonin on DSS induced colitis with and without sleep deprivation by gene expression after melatonin treatment. Methods: We used the 5 groups of C57BL/6 mice. Group I: control, Group II: 2% DSS induced colitis for 7days, Group III: 2% DSS induced colitis and melatonin (10mg/kg) treatment, Group IV: 2% DSS induced colitis with sleep deprivation(SD, 20hr/d) and Group V: 2% DSS induced colitis with SD and melatonin treatment. RNA was isolated from the colon of mice to analyze by microarray. We confi rmed signifi cant changes of expression of important genes by RT-PCR. Based on microarray result, we planned to perform immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. Results: Sleep deprivation worsens body weight reduction of mice and exacerbate the severity of colonic infi ammation. Administration of melatonin reduced the rate of weight loss and severity of mucosa injury compared with saline injection group. 68 genes were signifi cantly changed by 2% DSS, sleep deprivation and melatonin in microarray. In RT-PCR there are signifi cant change of adipoq gene, which are related with adiponectin protein. We also confi rmed adiponectin expression by melatonin injection using immunohistochemical stain and Western blotting. Conclusions: Sleep deprivation acts as an aggravating factor, whereas melatonin acts as an improving factor of infi ammation. Besides sleep control, Melatonin has potent anti-infi ammatory effects on colonic mucosa. It is known that adiponectin also had an anti-infi ammatory effects by inhibiting Nuclear Factor-kappa B, TNF-a and IL-6 and inducing anti-infi ammatory cytokines such as IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonists. Adiponectin mRNA was decreased in infi amed colonic mucosa of murine colitis and restored by melatonin. This study showed melatonin directly affect mucosal healing and indirectly modulate adiponectin pathway

Transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated flow in a submarine channel (the Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation, southern Chile)

( Young Kwan Sohn ),( Moon Young Choe ),( Hyeong Rae Jo ) 대한지질공학회 2002 대한지질공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2002 No.1

Transition from debris flow to hyperconcentrated flow in a submarine channel : the Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation, southern Chile

Young Kwan Sohn,Moon Young Choe,Hyeong Rae Jo 대한지질학회 2002 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2002 No.