맹자의 윤리적 감정관과 그 인지주의적 성격

황호식(Hwang Ho sik) 한국동양철학회 2014 동양철학 Vol.0 No.42

중국의 전국시대 유학자였던 맹자는 윤리적 행위와 관련하여 감정, 특히 네 가지 도덕 감정으로서 '사단'(四端)이 수행하는 역할과 그 의미에 대하여 체계적인 사유를 전개하였다. 맹자가 윤리적 행위의 동기와 근거로서 감정을 이해하는 관점은 합리적 행위 여부와 관련하여 감정에 내포된 인지적 요소를 주목하는 인지주의(cognitivism) 입장과 닮은 것으로 보인다. 이 글에서는 맹자의 감정에 관한 입론이 인지주의 감정 이론과 상통하는 면모를 지니고 있다는 점에 착안하여 맹자의 윤리적 감정관에 대한 인지주의적 접근을 시도하고자 한다. 먼저 인지주의적 접근을 위한 출발점으로서 과연 현대의 감정 연구자들이 전형적으로 설정해온 '감정'(emotion) 범주가 맹자의 철학에서 찾아질 수 있는지를 탐색한다. 이어서 맹자의 사유에서 드러나는 감정 범주가 어떤 점에서 인지주의 감정 이론과 유사성을 지니고 있는지를 분석한 다음, 맹자가 윤리적 행위의 원천적 기반으로 제시하는 '사단' 가운데 '측은지심'(惻隱之心)[또는 '불인인지심'(不忍人之心)]에 초점을 맞춰 그에 내포된 인지적 요소를 규명해본다. 결과적으로 이러한 시도는 맹자의 윤리적 감정관과 인지주의 감정 이론 사이에서 발견되는 흥미로운 유사성을 밝혀줄 수 있을 것이며, 나아가 도덕 감정으로서 '측은지심'이 지닌 합리적 성격을 재확인할 기회를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. Mencius, one of Chinese philosophers during the Warring States period, had thought systematically on the role and meaning that the emotion concerned with ethical behavior, i.e. the four moral sentiments, so to speak, the four sprouts(四端) can play and suggest. It seems to me that Mencius' argument about regarding the emotion as the motive and ground of ethical behavior has resemblance with cognitivism which focuses on the cognitive elements of emotion that enables us to act rationally. I think that Mencius' viewpoint of emotion can be close to the cognitive theory of emotion. So in this paper, I try to approach Mencius' ethical position of emotion from a perspective of cognitivism. Before we start to analyze Mencius' ideas of emotion, we should examine first whether Mencius established the category of 'emotion' that contemporary specialists of emotion have paid attention to. Second, I will show that the category of emotion in Mencius' ideas can be similar with the cognitive theory of emotion in some respects. Third, I want to analyse the compassion(惻隱之心) or 'the feeling of not being able to endure other people's suffering harm'(不忍人之心) among the four sprouts that Mencius proposes as the basic foundation of ethical action and to point out the cognitive elements in it. After all, I hope that we can disclose an interesting similarity between Mencius' ethical position of emotion and cognitive theory of emotion by means of this course.

Air puff에 의한 각막 변형의 주파수 영역 분석

황호식,이병하,이창수,Hwang, Ho-Sik,Lee, Byeong Ha,Lee, Chang Su 한국전기전자학회 2014 전기전자학회논문지 Vol.18 No.2

안압의 측정은 각막에 air puff 후 각막의 변형 즉, 각막의 두께나 변위 등 생역학적 성질을 관찰함으로써 이루어진다. 본 논문에서는 녹내장이나 라식의 진단을 위하여 사용되는 안압계의 air puff에 의한 각막의 변형을 주파수 영역에서 분석하였다. Air puff 후 각막의 중심부 주변의 변위에 대한 진동 주파수를 측정함으로써 환자와 정상인을 구별한다. 동영상으로부터 이진 영상을 구하고, 상하 변위 데이터와 곡선 정합의 차를 구하여 시간에 따른 각막 상하 진동 프로파일 데이터를 추출하였다. Fourier 변환으로 비정상인의 진동 주파수는 479.2Hz를 얻었고 정상인의 경우 단단함으로 인하여 702.8Hz의 고주파 성분을 볼 수 있었다. 또한 Hilbert-Huang 변환의 EMD 방법을 이용, 고유 모드 함수로 분해하여 국소적, 비선형, 비정상성을 가지는 데이터를 얻고 주파수와 전력을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 특정 고유 모드 함수에 대한 환자와 정상인의 전력비가 6배 이상 차이가 나는 것을 확인하였다. Intraocular pressure is measured after a cornea air puff by observing biomechanical properties such as thickness or displacement of the cornea. In this paper, we deal with a frequency domain analysis of corneal deformation in the air puff tonometry that is used to diagnose glaucoma or lasik. We distinguish the patient from the normal by measuring the oscillation frequency in the neighborhood of the central cornea section. A binary image was obtained from the video images, and cornea vertical oscillation profile was extracted from the difference between the vertical displacement data and the curve fitting. In terms of Fourier transform, a vibration frequency of 479.2Hz for the patient was obtained as well as more higher 702.8Hz for the normal due to stiffness. Hilbert-Huang transform's empirical mode decomposition generally describes local, nonlinear, and nonstationary data. After the data were decomposed into intrinsic mode functions, a spectrum and power were analysed. Finally, we confirm that the patient has 6 times more higher power ratio for the specific intrinsic mode function between the patient and the normal.

양안 각막이식에서 먼저 수술한 눈과 나중에 수술한 눈의 이식거부반응의 비교

황호식,김수영,김만수.Ho Sik Hwang. M.D.. Su Young Kim. M.D.. Man Soo Kim. M.D. 대한안과학회 2007 대한안과학회지 Vol.48 No.9

Purpose: To compare graft rejection of the first and second eyes after bilateral penetrating keratoplasty. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the cases of 16 patients who underwent bilateral penetrating keratoplasty. Nonparametric Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to account for variable follow-up among patients. Results: The mean age of the 16 patients (12 M, 4 F) was 39.1 years. Mean follow-up was 89.8 months after surgery in the first eye and 42.8 months after surgery in the second eye. The average time interval between surgery on the first and second eyes was 47.0 months. The indications for surgery were keratoconus (37.5%), corneal dystrophy (25.0%), pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (12.5%), band keratopathy (12.5%), and inflammatory corneal opacity (12.5%). Endothelial rejection occurred in five of the first eyes but was treated successfully, remaining clear until the last follow-up. Endothelial rejections were seen in five of the second eyes, two of which failed. Survival analysis of endothelial rejection showed no significant difference between the first and second eyes; however, survival analysis of the graft failure showed a decreased survival rate of the second eyes compared with that of the first eyes. The best corrected visual acuity at the last follow-up of the second eyes seemed to be worse than that of the first eyes. Conclusions: Survival analysis of the endothelial rejections showed no significant difference between the first and second eyes. Survival analysis of the graft failure showed decreased survival rate of the second eyes. At the last follow-up the best corrected visual acuity of the second eyes appeared to be worse than that of the first eyes.

전신성 홍반성 루푸스에서 발생한 심한 결막부종을 동반한 일과성 근시

황호식,김도현,Ho Sik Hwang,Do Hyun Kim 대한안과학회 2007 대한안과학회지 Vol.48 No.10

Purpose: To report a transient myopia with severe chemosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: A 31-year-old woman was referred for decreased visual acuity of both eyes for 1 week. The patient came to the emergency medical center for facial edema and fever. She was examined and treated for systemic lupus erythematosus. Three years previously the patient underwent LASIK in both eyes, and maintained emmetropia postoperatively. Results: At admission, spherical equivalent was -0.75D in the right eye and -6.5D in the left eye. On the 3rd day, the spherical equivalent was -11.0D in the right eye and -10.0D in the left eye and progressively decreased to -2.0D both eyes by the 12th hospital day. The mean corneal power was 39.8D in the right eye and 39.9D in the left eye on the 2nd hospital day and decreased to 38.8D in the right eye and 38.9D in the left eye by the 12th hospital day. The axial length change was not parallel with myopic changes. The anterior chamber depth was 2.14 mm in the right eye and 1.94 mm in the left eye on the 3rd hospital day and increased to 2.96 mm in the right eye and 2.84 mm in the left eye by the 12th hospital day. Under cycloplegic refraction, ciliary spasm was not evident. The bulbar conjunctivas were markedly chemotic on the 3rd hospital day, but after systemic steroid therapy the chemosis subsided and the conjunctivas became normal by the 12th hospital day. The patient was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus and after medical treatment, was discharged from the hospital. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 48(10):1445-1448, 2007

공초점주사레이저편광계와 빛간섭단층촬영기의 결과가 일치하지 않는 경우의 녹내장 진단

박명희,황호식,문정일,Myoung-Hee Park,M,D,Ho-Sik Hwang,M,D,Jung-Il Moon,M,D 대한안과학회 2005 대한안과학회지 Vol.46 No.12

Purpose: To investigate the coincidence of visual field loss in cases with different GDx VCC and Stratus OCT results, and to analyze the cause of these differences. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who had visited our hospital for glaucoma evaluation from September 2003 to August 2005 for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive rate, and negative predictive rate of GDx and OCT. In order to analyze the cause of discrepancy between the GDx and OCT results, we divided patients into Group A, consisting of GDx abnormal and OCT normal eyes, and Group B, consisting of GDx normal and OCT abnormal eyes. We compared optic disc tilting, peripapillary atrophy, and cup-disc ratio between the two groups. Results: In cases of differing results between GDx and OCT, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive rate and negative predictive rate were higher in Stratus OCT than in GDx. Peripapillary atrophy did not represent a statistically significant difference between group A and group B (p=0.601), where as the difference in cup-disc ratio between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusions: OCT parameters coincided better than GDx with cases having different results on GDx and OCT. In cases with a large cup/disc ratio, there was a tendency to be normal according to GDx and abnormal by OCT.

비특이성안와염 환자에서 적외선 체열 촬영 검사의 결과

류정완,백지선,황호식,양석우,Jeong Wan Ryu,Ji Sun Paik,Ho Sik Hwang,Suk Woo Yang 대한안과학회 2012 대한안과학회지 Vol.53 No.12

Purpose: The present study assessed the diagnostic significance of digital infrared thermal imaging (DITI) in determining the inflammatory state of patients with nonspecific orbital inflammation. Methods: The present study included 11 patients diagnosed with nonspecific orbital inflammation between December 2009 and March 2011 and who were followed-up for more than 6 months. All patients were all diagnosed based on computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance image (MRI) and tissue biopsy. The grade of eyelid swelling was classified as 5 and severe compared with the temperature of location. The temperature of the upper eyelid, caruncle, medial conjunctiva, lateral conjunctiva, lower eyelid, cornea and lateral orbit were measured with DITI. Results: When comparing the normal eye with the diseased eye in patients with nonspecific orbital inflammation, the temperature of the upper eyelid and cornea were statistically significant (p = 0.003, p = 0.038, respectively, Mann-Whitney test). The correlation between the grade of eyelid swelling and the temperature of location was most highly related in the temperature of the upper eyelid (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, r = 0.55, p = 0.008) and cornea (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, r = 0.45, p = 0.037). Conclusions: DITI may aid in evaluating the inflammatory state of nonspecific orbital inflammation. In particular, the temperature of the upper eyelid and cornea can be very useful indicator. Future studies, including larger study population are necessary in order to confirm DITI as a diagnostic tool which can assess the results of medical treatment by comparing temperature before and after treatment.

전층각막이식술을 받은 반점각막이상증 환자의 장기 임상성적

이지명,황규연,황호식,김만수,Ji Myung Lee,Kyu Yeon Hwang,Ho Sik Hwang,MS,Man Soo Kim 대한안과학회 2012 대한안과학회지 Vol.53 No.10

Purpose: To report the long term clinical results of penetrating keratoplasty as a treatment for corneal macular dystrophy. Methods: Retrospective review of the medical record of 46 eyes (31 indivisuals) who underwent primary PK for corneal macular dystrophy at the Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital between November, 1986 and December, 2011. Data extracted preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), postoperative complications (including graft rejection episodes, and recurrent dystrophy), change of endothelial cell density at 1, 6, 12, 24, 36 months and yearly thereafter. Results: After a mean follow-up period of 91.59 ± 3.2 months, the mean BCVA was significantly improved after penetrating keratoplasty. Endothelial cell loss rate was marked during the 1st year after penetrating keratoplasty. Graft survival was 40 graft (89.7%) at 8yrs. There was a statistically significant increased likelihood of graft failure if the patient was older than 40 years at the time of surgery (p = 0.03). Glaucoma as postoperative complication was 17.4%. Clinically significant recurrence was 2%. Conclusions: Penetrating keratoplasty is associated with a good visual outcome and prognosis for graft survival of long-term efficacy with a low complication rate in eyes with macular corneal dystrophy. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2012;53(10):1425-1431

각막에 의한 수정체전낭절개의 확대효과

성윤미,주천기,황호식.Yoon Mi Sung. Choun Ki Joo. Ho Sik Hwang 대한안과학회 2014 대한안과학회지 Vol.55 No.3

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to measure the magnification of the capsulorhexis by the cornea using open ring guided capsulorhexis (ORGC) during cataract surgery. The study also investigated the magnification changes according to anterior chamber depth and corneal power. Methods: The subjects comprised 40 eyes from 37 patients whose astigmatism was lower than 0.25 D and who had cataract surgery using ORGC from December 2011 to April 2012. ORGC was set on the anterior capsule and photographs were obtained using a camera connected to a surgical microscope after attaching a ruler around the limbus. The pixel number of 5 mm gradations on a ruler and the inner diameter of ORGC were measured using ImageJ. The inner diameter of ORGC was known to be 5.30 mm and the size of ORGC in the snapshot was therefore calculated by proportional expression. After corneal power and anterior chamber depth were identified, the magnification effect was evaluated. Results: The 37 subjects were composed of 19 males and 21 females, and their average age was 64.8 years. The average depth of the anterior chamber was 3.28 mm, and the average corneal power was 43.534 D. The measured inner diameter of ORGC was 6.14 mm (SD: ±0.16 mm) and the average magnification of the capsulorhexis was 115.9% (SD: ±3.1%). The results showed that in the case of shallow anterior depth and low corneal power, the magnification was low equivalent to 110%. However, when the anterior chamber was deep and the corneal power was high, the magnification was greatly increased to 120%. Conclusions: The capsulorhexis was magnified to an average of 115.9% by the cornea during cataract surgery. In particular, it is necessary to consider capsulorhexis size in cases with deep anterior chamber and high corneal power, because the magnification will be greater in those cases. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2014;55(3):374-378

인공수정체 영상에서의 자동 촛점 평가 함수의 분석

이창수(Chang Su Lee),황호식(Ho Sik Hwang) 제어로봇시스템학회 2017 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.23 No.9

Five autofocusing evaluation functions were compared for monofocus and multifocus intraocular lenses. In order to find the region of interests in an images, a cross-correlation coefficient between the template and target image was computed. We used autofocusing evaluation function i.e. regional spectral weights (SPEC), wavelet transform (WAV), variance (VAR), gradient (GRAd), and Laplacian filter (LAP). Experimental results show that LAP sensitively discriminates the characteristics of multifocus IOL. The shape of the evaluation function was further spreaded outward from the LAP, SPEC, GRAd, WAV, and VAR.

마이봄샘촬영술을 이용한 콩다래끼절개술 전후의 마이봄샘 변화 관찰

정세윤(Se Yoon Chung),황호식(Ho Sik Hwang),신민철(Min Chul Shin),조범주(Bum-Joo Cho),한소영(So Young Han) 대한안과학회 2018 대한안과학회지 Vol.59 No.2

Purpose: To examine changes in meibomian glands by indirect meibography after incision and curettage of the chalazion, and to examine the relationship between meibomian gland drop out and meibomian gland dysfunction. Methods: We performed a prospective study of 16 patients, <5 years of age, who underwent incision and curettage of the chalazion between March 2017 and June 2017. We performed indirect meibography before incision and curettage of the chalazion, and 1 week and 1 month after the procedure. Photographs of meibomian glands were rated according to their meiboscore, the break-up time (BUT) was measured, and Schirmer’s test was performed. Results: Sixteen eyes of 16 patients were included in this study. Fifteen patients visited 1 week after incision and curettage of the chalazion, and eleven patients visited at 1 month after the procedure. The mean patient age was 32.9 ± 21.9 years. There were no significant changes in the meiboscore (p = 0.092), BUT (p = 0.068), and Schirmer’s test results (p = 0.972) after incision and curettage of the chalazion. In meibography, there were inflammatory changes and partial meibomian gland drop outs at the chalazion lesion before its incision and curettage. At 1 month after the procedure, only scarring remained in the chalazion lesion, and normal surrounding meibomian glands were found near the old lesions. When comparing meibography of the baseline with meibography at 1 month after incision and curettage of the chalazion, the normal area of the meibomian gland significantly increased(p = 0.041). Conclusions: In patients with chalazions, scarring was found after incision and curettage of the lesions, and surrounding meibomian glands were well preserved when determined by indirect meibography. There was no significant correlation between meibomian gland changes after incision and curettage of the chalazion and meibomian gland dysfunction.