전남 서부 지역의 운율 구조와 특성 ―비종결 음운구를 중심으로―

하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2021 民族文化硏究 Vol.90 No.-

이 연구는 전남 서부 지역의 비종결 음운구에서 나타나는 특성과 음운구의 구조를 결정짓는 음운론적 조건을 체계화하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구 결과 어두의 장음 실현은 세대와 성별에 따라 달라졌다. 노년층은 특정 조건에서 어두 장음이 실현되는 데 비해 청소년층은 단음으로 일원화되는 경향을 보였다. 또한 노년층 내에서 남성이 여성에 비해 어두 장음의 실현 비율이 유의하게 높았다. 한편 어두 장음의 실현은 주로 종성의 유형에 영향을 받았다. 어두 장음은 ‘종성 없음, 비음 종성’ 환경에서 나타날 확률이 높으며, ‘장애음 종성, 유음 종성’인 환경에서는 나타나지 않았다. 어두 장음은 LH형에서만 예외적인 HH형이 나타났을 뿐만 아니라 어두 LH 조건에서 2음절의 L 역시 H로 나타나기도 했다. LH형에서 나타나는 예외적 현상은 전체 음운구의 음높이 형성 과정에 영향을 받은 것으로 해석하였다. 마지막으로 음운구 끝음절은 본래 L로 고정되지만 청소년층은 H로의 변화를 보였으며, 변화 속도는 청소년층 남성보다 여성이 더 빨랐다. This study aims to investigate the non-terminal phonological phrase structure of the South Jeonnam Dialect based on reading experiment. The results of the study are as follows: the realization rate of length of word-initial depends on generation and gender. Older generations tended to pronounce length of word-initial under specific conditions while younger generations tended not to pronounce length of word-initial. In addition, the length of word-initial ratio of older men were significantly higher than older women. Meanwhile, the realization of length of word-initial was mainly influenced by the syllable final types. Word-initial length tend to appear when the syllable final is nasal or syllable final is not exist. Unlike HH type of word-initial, LH type of word-initial is sometimes realized as HH. And L for the second syllable was exceptionally H in the LH-type. The exceptional phenomenon in the LH type was interpreted as being influenced by the pitch structure of the entire phonological phrase. Finally, the end syllables of phonological phrase were originally fixed to L, but the younger generations showed a change to H, and the rate of change was faster in younger generations of female.

메신저 대화에 나타난 전남 방언 사용 양상과 특징

하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ) 한말연구학회 2023 한말연구 Vol.64 No.19

The purpose of this study is to examine the dialect usage patterns and characteristics of Jeonnam dialect speakers in messenger conversation situations from a quantitative perspective. For the purpose of this study, based on the messenger corpus, the list and distribution of Jeonnam dialects used by speakers of the Jeonnam dialect in messenger conversations were analyzed. As a result of the study, in the Jeonnam dialect used in messenger conversation situations, grammatical morphemes such as sentence-final endings, conjuntive endings, and prefinal endings showed high frequency of occurrence. However, the use of Jeonnam dialect was not biased only in grammatical morphemes, and lexical morphemes such as verbs/adjectives and adverbs also appeared at a certain rate or more. In addition to this, the Jeonnam dialect frequently appearing in messenger conversation situations were mainly direct components of sentence-final position predicates such as verbs, adjectives, and final endings, or types related to sentence-final position predicates like adverbs. For example, sentence-final endings and conjuntive endings, which belong to the same category but show differences in the position of the end of sentences, showed a large difference in the number of types and frequency of occurrence. And verb/adjective, which functions as a main verb or predicate itself, has a much higher frequency than auxiliary verb, which plays an auxiliary role to the main verb. In the same context, adverbs that mainly modify predicates had a higher use of dialect than connecting adverbs. Also, unusual dialect variants appeared in messenger conversation situations, which are thought to be mainly due to the registers and notations.

『제주방언성경』의 형태·통사론적 특징 연구

하영우(Young-Woo Ha),신우봉(Woo-Bong Shin) 동남어문학회 2022 동남어문논집 Vol.1 No.54

본고는 『제주방언성경』에서 나타나는 어휘형태소와 문법형태소의 대역 양상과 특성을 살피고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 『제주방언성경』에서의 어휘형태소의 실현 양상을 『제주어사전』과 비교하여 분석하였으며, 문법형태소의 실현 양상은 선어말어미, 연결어미, 종결어미를 중심으로 검토해 보았다. 연구 결과 『제주방언성경』은 어휘형태소를 대역하는 데 있어 제주방언의 특성이 두드러지는 고형이나 전형적 형식을 선호하는 경향을 보였다. 이 과정에서 기존 『제주어사전』에 등재되지 않은 어휘형태소의 형식과 사용 양상을 찾아낼 수 있었다. 문법형태소의 대역 역시 제주방언 문법 기술과 관련하여서는 몇 가지 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째, 선어말어미 ‘엄시’는 ‘고 있다’와 ‘ㄴ다’에 대응하고 있었다. 둘째, 연결어미 ‘엔/엥’은 기능적 차이가 아닌 수의적 교체를 보인다는 기존 견해를 뒷받침하는 결과가 나타났다. 아울러, ‘안/언, 앙/엉’은 인용어미를 제외하고 두 계열의 연결어미가 확실히 구분되었다. 셋째, 의문형 종결어미의 경우 표준어와는 달리 판정의문문과 설명의문문에 따라 명확히 구분하여 대역하였다. The purpose of this study is to examine the translation aspects and characteristics of lexical and grammatical morphemes in the 『Jeju Dialect Bible』. For this purpose, the translation pattern of lexical morphemes in the 『Jeju Dialect Bible』 was analyzed by comparing it with the 『Jeju dictionary』, and the translation pattern of grammatical morphemes was examined focusing on the ending type. As a result of the study, 『Jeju Dialect Bible』 tended to prefer typical forms with prominent characteristics of the Jeju dialect in transposing lexical morphemes. In this process, the form and usage patterns of lexical morphemes that were not registered in the existing 『Jeju dictionary』 were found. The translation of grammatical morphemes also confirmed some characteristics of the grammar of the Jeju dialect. The Prefinal Ending ‘엄시’ corresponds to ‘고 있’ and ‘ㄴ다’, and the connective ending ‘엔/엥’ is a optional alternation rather than a functional difference. In the case of interrogative final endings, unlike standard language, they were used in clear transliteration according to yes-no questions and wh-questions.

아나운서의 단모음 실현 양상과 특징

하영우(Ha Young-Woo),오재혁(Oh, Jeahyuk) 한국음운론학회 2017 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.23 No.1

This study examines the pronunciation of announcers, who are articulatory experts, with the aim of pragmatically resolving the argument over the Korean monophthongal system, which has variously been proposed to consist of seven to ten vowels. If monophthongs are not observed to occur in the standard pronunciation of announcers, then what has traditionally been viewed as ‘standard pronunciation’ is nothing but a pronunciation system of the past that has disappeared. As for the pattern of articulation of /ㅚ/, /ㅟ/, it was found that no announcers articulated both of these vowels as monophthongs. Though there were two announcers who articulated /ㅚ/ as a monophthong, and two other announcers who articulated /ㅟ/ as a monophthong, there were not any announcers who articulated both vowels as monophthongs. These results reflect the difficulty of maintaining the argument for the monophthongal status of these vowels any longer. As for /ㅔ/, /ㅐ/, a process of confluence was conspicuously observed in the speech of announcers as indicated in previous studies. The difference appeared clearly only for announcers in their 50s or older who pronounced the vowels after concentrating on monophthongs in isolation. It was difficult to observe the difference clearly when announcers in their 50s spoke full words, or when announcers in their 40s or younger spoke. As for /ㅗ/, /ㅜ/, a phonetic characteristic was discovered that the tendency contrasted by the height of the tongue changed into a contrast in the backness of the tongue. Compared to the loss of auditory perceptive discrimination of /ㅔ/, /ㅐ/ due to their confluence, there was a shift in the position of articulation for /ㅗ/, /ㅜ/, but in that it maintains auditory perceptive discrimination, it can be predicted that the discriminative characteristics of /ㅗ/, /ㅜ/ may change the backness of the tongue in a phonetic manner.

자유 발화 자료에 나타난 {그래가지고}의 접속 부사화

하영우(Youn Woo Ha),신지영(Ji Young Shin) 한국어학회 2014 한국어학 Vol.64 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study the morphemization of {Geuraegajigo} based on a spontaneous speech corpus. For this purpose, the distributions, the semantic functions, and the intonational phrase pattterns of the connective {Geuraegajigo} have been analyzed based on the corpus. The results are as follow; at first, coalescence that comes with a morphemization process was found, resulting in many variations. Secondly, there are three functions of it: [Direct/Indirect interrelationship], [Enumerate conjunction], and [Discourse marker]. And this semantic/functional diversity has many similarities with conjunctive adverbs. Lastly, intonational phrase patterns of {Geuraegajigo} accord with those of conjunctive adverbs. Especially, the discourse strategic IP pattern is connected with the short variation type. In conclusion, {Geuraegajigo} has finished turning into a conjunctive adverb through morphemization.

자유발화 자료에 나타난 {-어가지고}의 문법 범주와 의미 기능

하영우(Young Woo Ha),신지영(Ji Young Shin) 한국어학회 2012 한국어학 Vol.55 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study the distribution and grammatical category of {-eokajigo} based on spontaneous speech and also to compare {-eokajigo} with {-eosoe} in the aspect of semantic functions. The results are as follows; At first, {-eokajigo} becomes an ending category through grammaticilization process. However, it is hard to say that {-eokajigo} is perfect ending category because it is only used in spontaneous speech. Secondly, {-eokajigo} is used in order of ``[Cause] > [Sequence] > [Manner] > [Enumerate]``, similar to {-eoseo}. But in case of {-eokajigo}, there is a much more gap in the frequency of usage between [Cause] and [Sequence] when we compare with {-eoseo}. And also {-eokajigo} is usually used as [Enumerate] not as [Manner] because it is periphrasis.

`-더-` 계열 어미의 감쇄 경향과 기제 -형태소 분포 특징을 중심으로-

하영우 ( Ha Young-woo ) 겨레어문학회 2016 겨레어문학 Vol.57 No.-

본고는 `-더-` 계열 어미에서 나타나는 감쇄 경향성과 감쇄의 주요 변인, 그리고 감쇄의 기제를 밝히기 위해 구어 말뭉치를 바탕으로 `ㅓ >ㅡ` 감쇄 양상을 계량적으로 살펴보았다. 이후 어미 유형이 감쇄의 주요변인이 된 원인을 기능의 변화 측면에서 해석해 보았다. 연구 결과 성별, 연령, 어미 유형이 `-더-` 계열 어미의 감쇄에 일정하게 영향을 주는 것으로 드러났으며, 빈도는 감쇄에 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. `-더-` 계열 어미의 감쇄의 가장 큰 변인은 어미 유형이었다. 관형사형 어미 {-던}은 감쇄율이 낮은 데 비해 연결 어미 {-더니}와 종결 어미{-더라고}는 상대적으로 감쇄율이 높게 나타났다. 또한 종결 어미 {-더라고}의 감쇄율은 연결 어미 {-더니}에 비해 통계적으로 유의미하게 높게 나타났다. `-더-` 계열 어미에서 나타나는 감쇄 현상이 어미 유형에 따라 달리 나타나는 것은 시상 체계의 재편에 따른 통시적 변화 과정에 기인한 것으로 보았다. 중세국어 시기에 과거 비완망상을 표시하던 `-더-`는 `-엇-`의 문법화 이후 시상 체계의 재편에 따라 어미별로 기능의 변화를 보였다. 시상 체계의 재편 과정에서 시제적 기능이 약화된 {-더니}, {-더라고}는 기능 약화와 함께 형식의 삭감이 동반되는 데 비해, 기능이 그대로 유지되었던 {-던}은 형식 감쇄의 대상이 되지 않았다고 보았다. 동일하게 증거 양태의 기능을 하는 {-더니}와 {-더라고}의 감쇄율에 차이가 발생하는 것은 서로 다른 시상 체계의 재편 과정과 {-었-} 결합형에서 나타나는 기능적 차이로 해석하였다. The aim of this paper is to study the aspects of the acoustic reduction of the `ㅓ > ㅡ` based on spoken language corpus in order to reveal the reduction tendency which appears within the `- 더-` class, the main factor of the reduction and the reduction mechanism. Then it attempts to interpret the main factor, which is due to its ending type in terms of change in functions. The results from the research revealed that gender, age and ending type have affected the reduction of the `-더-` class and the frequency of the usage does not have affected reduction of the `- 더-`. The major factor of the reduction of the `-더-` class is its ending type. Adnominal endings {-던} are being used frequently and its reduction rate is low. In comparison, connective endings {- 더니} and final endings {-더라고} have shown to have higher reduction rates. In addition, the reduction rate of the final endings {-더라고} appeared to have statically meaningful higher rate than that of the connective endings {-더니}. The reduction tendency of the `-더-` class differ between the ending types. This resulted from the diachronic change following the reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System. `-더-` which expressed imperfective aspect in the past during the time of Middle Korean has shown change of function according to its endings following the reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System after the grammaticalization of `-엇-`. The tense function in the words {-더니} and {-더라고} have weakened during the process of the reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System. Together with their weakened function, their forms have also been reduced. On the other hand, {-던} which had maintained its function was seen to not be subject to the reduction of form. The reason for the difference of the reduction rate between {-더니} and {-더라고} which similarly carry the function of evidential modality has been interpreted to be of a functional difference created during the different processes of reorganization of the Tense-Aspect-Mood System and its combination with {-었-}.

구어 문어 사용역에 따른 접속부사의 특성 연구 - "그러-" 계열 접속부사를 중심으로

하영우 ( Young Woo Ha ) 영주어문학회 2015 영주어문 Vol.29 No.-

본고에서는 구어 자료와 문어 자료에 나타난 접속부사의 분포와 기능, 형태특성을 살펴 구어ㆍ문어 사용역에 따른 접속부사의 특징에 대해 논의하였다. 구어 자료에서 특징적인 분포를 보이는 접속부사는 {그래서}, {그러니까}, {그런데}, {또}, {그리고} 등이었으며, 문어 자료에서 특징적으로 나타나는 접속부사는 {하지만}, {그러나}, {또한} 등이었다. 접속부사의 기능 분포 역시 구어.문어 사용역에 따라 일정한 차이를 보였다. 구어에서 접속부사는 주로 [단순 접속]의 쓰임이 두드러진 데 비해, 문어에서는 [양보 대립]이 특징적으로 높게 나타나는 양상을 보였다. 마지막으로 구어자료에서 나타나는 접속부사의 변이형을 유형화하고 형태ㆍ기능 간 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 의미 기능의 일반화 정도성과 음운론적 감쇄의 정도성이 일정한 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 드러났다. 의미기능의 일반화에 따른 감쇄의 정도성은 ‘{그러니까} > {그런데} > {그래서} > {그리고}’의 순서를 보였다. The aim of this paper is to study how to use connective adverbs depending on to spoken and written regitster by comparing spoken language corpus with written language corpus. For this purpose, the distributions, the semantic functions, and the allomorphs of the connective adverbs have been analyzed based on the spoken and written language corpus. As a result, connective adverbs have a higher token frequency and the percentage of {Geureo-} type connective adverbs is also higher in spoken language. {geuraeseo}, {geureonikka}, {geureonde}, {tto}, {geurigo} are used a lot in spoken language corpus, and {hajiman}, {geureona}, {ttohan} are used a lot in written language corpus. In a function of connective adverbs, a distinctive type is [Unmarked Connective] appearing in spoken language. Connective adverbs are often used to increase cohesion in spoken language. I assume that [Unmarked Connective] is frequently used because it become desemanticization. Meanwhile, the allomorph of connective adverbs appears in spoken register because of grammaticalization. {geureonikka} and {geureonde} create a variety of allomorph by influence of grammaticalization.

롤투롤 공정의 이해 및 동향

하영우 ( Yeong-woo Ha ),김기환 ( Gi-hwan Kim ),임동찬 ( Dong-chan Lim ) 한국전기전자재료학회 2024 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.37 No.1

롤투롤 공정은 제조 환경에서 필수적인 위치를 차지하고 있으며, 그 중요성은 수많은 산업에 걸쳐 반향을 일으키고 있다. 이 다목적 기술 플랫폼은 다양한 공정 방법을 포괄하고 광범위한 재료 범주를 수용하여 현대 생산의 초석이 되고 있다. 이 광범위한 영역에서 일반적으로 사용되는 두 가지 코팅 기술인 슬롯 다이와 그라비아 코팅 방식은 완벽한 코팅을 구현하는 정밀도와 효율성으로 각광받고 있다. 또한 건조 공정은 열 건조, 적외선(IR) 건조, 자외선(UV) 건조 방식에 크게 의존하여 재료를 액체 또는 반액체 상태에서 바로 사용할 수 있는 고체 제품으로 신속하게 전환한다. 롤투롤 공정의 중요성은 제조 공정을 간소화하고 비용을 절감하며 제품 품질을 향상시킬 수 있다는 점이 있다. 이 글에서는 이러한 일반적인 롤투롤 공정 방법의 복잡성에 대해 자세히 살펴봄으로써 이러한 중요성의 깊이를 파악하고자 한다. 엄격한 연구와 세심한 데이터 수집을 통해 이러한 기술이 다양한 산업을 형성하고 제조 세계를 발전시키는 데 중추적인 역할을 하는 것을 조명하고자 한다. 롤투롤 공정의 중요성을 이해함으로써 롤투롤 공정의 잠재력을 최대한 활용하고 생산 혁신과 우수성을 위한 기반을 마련할 수 있을 것이다. Roll-to-roll processing holds an integral position within the manufacturing landscape, and its significance reverberates across numerous industries. This versatile technology platform encompasses a diverse array of process methods and accommodates a wide spectrum of material categories, making it a cornerstone of modern production. Within this expansive domain, two commonly employed coating techniques, namely the slot die and gravure coating methods, have earned their prominence for their precision and efficiency in delivering flawless coatings. Additionally, the realm of drying processes relies heavily on thermal drying, infrared (IR) drying, and ultraviolet (UV) drying methods to expedite the transformation of materials from their liquid or semi-liquid states to solid, ready-to-use products. The undeniable importance of roll-to-roll processing lies in its ability to streamline manufacturing processes, reduce costs, and enhance product quality. This article embarks on a comprehensive journey to fathom the depth of this importance by delving into the intricacies of these common roll-to-roll process methods. Through rigorous research and meticulous data collection, we aim to shed light on the pivotal role these techniques play in shaping various industries and advancing the world of manufacturing. By understanding their significance, we can harness the full potential of roll-to-roll processing and pave the way for innovation and excellence in production.

초등학생의 접속부사 사용 양상과 특성

하영우(Ha, Young-Woo) 한국어학회 2015 한국어학 Vol.69 No.-

The aim of this paper is to study usage pattern and distribution of conjunctive adverbs of elementary students based on a spontaneous speech corpus. Elementary students are lower token frequency and higher distribution preponderance of conjunctive adverbs by comparison with adult. In particular, token frequency of {Geurunde} and {Geurigo} are high and {Geurunikka} is low. Elementary students use the various function of conjunctive adverbs in the same way as adults but usage preponderance of [unmarked conjunctive] is higher than adult. Also, they use less discourse marker functions of {Geurunikka}. Elementary students show the reduction pattern of conjunctive adverbs the same as adults, but it takes less conjunctive adverbs reduction of elementary students compared to adults. It is also for discourse strategic intonational phrase pattern using the access conjunctive adverbs to be showed the same pattern with adults but used relatively less.