“free unforced judgements”: Envisioning the Ideal Republic through Freedom of Speech in The Tragedy of Cicero

천동환 한국고전중세르네상스영문학회 2017 중세근세영문학 Vol.27 No.2

In 1641, after the Star Chamber was abolished, the printing market in early modern England enjoyed an unprecedented freedom. This increased the production of publications until the officials decided to implement regulations to control the press in 1643 and 1647. In 1649, another ordinance was decreed, mobilizing the army to suppress the press. Soon, the matters of censorship became a heated topic, and many found the regulations alarming. I read The Tragedy of that Famous Roman Orator Marcus Tullius Cicero, a play published anonymously in 1651, through this historical context. In particular, I examine how the play envisions an ideal republican society on the basis of freedom of speech. I argue that by doing so, the play implicitly criticizes the Cromwellian Commonwealth. The play underlines the actual threat posed by the recent suppressions of the press by demonstrating how censorship works to undermine the fundamental republican principle of liberty. Also, the play enables us to measure the importance of the classical tradition in early modern English culture. It reaches back to its classical past to challenge the present state of England and offer an alternative society for the future. Ultimately, I find the play to be essential in understanding the complexities surrounding the matters of censorship and the significance of classical knowledge in the mid-seventeenth century England.

편마비 환자의 계단과 경사로 보행 동안 하지의 운동학적 분석

천동환,Cheon, Dong-Whan 대한물리치료학회 2013 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.25 No.5

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to investigate the kinematic gait parameter of lower extremities with different gait conditions (level walking, stair, ramp) in hemiplegic patients. Methods: Ten hemiplegic patients participated in this study and kinematic data were measured using a 3D motion analysis system (LUKOtronic AS202, Lutz-kovacs-Electronics, Innsbruk, Austria). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated measure of ANOVA in order to determine the difference of lower extremity angle at each gait phase with different gait conditions. Results: Affected degree of ankle joint in the heel strike phase showed significant difference between level walking and climbing stairs, and toe off phase showed significant difference between level walking and climbing stairs, ramps, and climbing stairs. Affected degree of knee joint showed no significant difference in all attempts. Affected degree of hip joint in the toe off phase showed significant difference between level walking, ramps and stairs, and climbing ramps. Swing phase showed significant difference between sides for level walking and stairs, climbing ramps. Affected ankle joint of heel strike and toe off, and affected hip joint of toe off and the maximum angle of swing phase in the angle was increased. Unaffected side of the ankle joint, knee joint, and hip joint showed a significant increase in walking phase. Conclusion: These findings indicate that compared with level walking, different results were obtained for joint angle of lower extremity when climbing stairs and ramps. In hemiplegia patient's climbing ramps, stairs, more movement was observed not only for the non-affected side but also the ankle joint of the affected side and hip joint. According to these findings of hemiplegic patients when climbing stairs or ramps, more joint motion was observed not only on the unaffected side but also on the affected side compared with flat walking.

Effect of palladium contents on the photocatalytic activity of 3D printed Pd/TiO2 catalyst

천동환,김예은,김판성,제정호,이만식 한국공업화학회 2023 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2023 No.0

지역사회 주민의 정기적 암검진 수검율 향상을 위한 정보시스템 구축 및 효과평가

정인숙,천동환,김일,배은숙,최은옥 한국간호과학회 2004 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol.34 No.3

편마비 환자의 계단과 경사로 오르기 동안 하지의 근 활성도 분석

박승규,천동환,Park, Seung-Kyu,Cheon, Dong-Whan 대한물리치료학회 2012 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of muscle activities during level walking, stairs and ramp climbing in hemiplegic patients. Methods: Eight hemiplegic patients were recruited and agreed to participate in this study. Muscle activity was measured by MP100 system (BIOPAC System Inc., Santa Barbara, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was used as a one-way repeated measure of ANOVA to know the difference according to the gait conditions (level walking, stairs and ramp ascending). Results: In the swing phase, muscle activity of rectus femoris muscle, with the side lower extremities affected, were generally significantly different in the stair and ramp ascending. In addition, biceps femoris muscle with unaffected side lower extremity was generally significantly different in the ramp ascending. In the swing phase, muscle activity of tibialis anterior muscle with unaffected side lower extremities was generally showed a significant difference in the ramp ascending. In the stance phase, climbing stairs and ramps showed an increase in the muscle activities. Further, climbing the stairs increased muscle activities of the gastrocnemius muscle. Conclusion: These findings indicate that compared with the level walking climbing stairs, ramps and muscle activities of lower extremity during each showed different results. It can be seen that in accordance with the terms of gait are different muscles group recruitment.

도시 지역 노인의 인지 기능 장애와 관련된 요인

천경아,조병만,천동환 대한보건협회 2001 대한보건연구 Vol.27 No.2

Purpose: To contribute health promotion of the elderly residents in an area by means of identifying some factors related to cognitive impairment, we conducted this study. Subjects and methods: A random sample of 5% of the total population aged 65 years and older was selected in a district of Pusan City. Cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K), and sociodemographic characteristics, smoking, drinking and chronic diseases were examined by structured questionnaire. Complete data (n=372) among the available data (n=387) was analyzed by chi-square test, and adjusted prevalence rate ratio was estimated using Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The proportion of cognitive impairment (defined as below 19 of MMSE-K score) was increased with aging(P for trend=0.001) and also increased in female, illiteracy, persons who had never taken formal education(P=0.001 respectively), current smokers(P=0.028) and current drinkers(P=0.002). Adjusted prevalence rate ratio of cognitive impairment was 2.8 (95% CI 1.5-5.2) in aging 5 years, 3.6 (95% CI 0.8-16.2) in female, 0.2 (95% CI 0.1-0.6) in literacy, 0.6 (95% CI 0.2-1.7) in current smokers and 2.3 (95% CI 1.2-4.4) in current drinkers. Conclusion: It seems likely that cognitive impairment may be related to aging, illiteracy and drinking in this study population.

부산시 일개구 지역주민의 위암선별검사 수검 및 반복수검 실태 및 관련요인조사

정인숙,배은숙,천동환,전진호,이화자,박남희 韓國保健敎育.健康增進學會 2003 보건교육건강증진학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The importance of repeat screening for stomach cancer is well known to decrease deaths from stomach cancer. This study was aimed at assessing practice behaviors and to identify related factors in the aspects of demographic factors, health status and cancer risk recognition, attitude to cancer screening, health behaviors, and inhibiting or facilitating factors to stomach cancer screening in an urban area. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires from 403 people aged 40 to 69 years from April 23th to May 15th, 2002. Practice behaviors were classified as :"ver"r "ver"and "peat"r "t repeat"rouped based on a recent 5 year screening history. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 403 subjects: "e ever group"as 23.8% and "e repeat group"as 4.0%. The rates of screening were 20.5% for men, 27.8% for those women, and 27.3% for aged 40-49, 24.5% for those aged 50-59, 19.0% for those aged 60-69. The rates of repeat screening were 4.0% for men, 4.1% for women, and 2.9% for those aged 40-49, 6.3% for aged 50-59, 2.5% for those aged 60-69. 2. The main factors associated with adherence to gastric cancer screening were education(post high school vs below : OR=2.44), previous cancer screening(yes vs no : OR=2.61), belief in personal health(no vs yes : OR=2.72), health status(unhealthy vs healthy : OR=3.40), possibility of cancer compared to others(low vs not low : OR=2.56), and regular exercise(yes vs no : OR=2.94). The main factor associated with adherence to gastric cancer repeat screening was other cancer screening (yes vs no : OR=6.33). Consequently, there is a need to change the recognition of the importance and necessity of stomach cancer screening in healthy conditions through health education, and to perform multiple screening tests each visit.

출엽속도 추정에 의한 벼 발육단계 예측모델의 적용성 검토

이충근,김준환,손지영,윤영환,양원하,김연규,천동환 한국작물학회 2010 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.04

출엽속도 추정에 의한 발육단계 예측모델은 평균발육속도 추정에 의한 기존 발육단계 예측모델에 비하여 예측 정확도가 높은 편이다. 그러나 대부분의 작물모형은 평균발육속도 추정에 의한 발육단계 모델을 사용하 는데, 이는 출엽속도에 비해 평균발육속도를 추정하는 것이 쉽고, 작물모형의 서브모델로써 다른 서브모델과 연결시키기 쉽기 때문이다. 본 연구는 출엽속도 및 평균발육속도 추정에 의한 발육단계 예측모델을 여러 벼 품종 및 재배조건에서 비교 검토하여 출엽속도 추정모델의 장점과 한계 구명을 통해 적용성을 검토하고자 하였다. 시험품종은 조생종 오대벼, 중생종 화성벼, 중만생종 일품벼로 하여 2002년과 2003년에는 직파재배와 육묘기 무보온 이앙재배 조건에서, 2004년, 2005년, 2006년에는 육묘기 부직포 보온 이앙재배 조건에서 수행 하였다. 직파재배는 육묘기 보온과정에서 발생하는 불규칙한 온도 변화와 이앙기 활착스트레스의 영향 없이, 육묘기 무보온 이앙재배는 이앙기 활착스트레스만 고려될 때, 육묘기 부직포 보온 이앙재배는 육묘기 보온과 정에서의 온도변화와 활착스트레스 모두 고련된 조건에서 발육단계 예측능력을 검토하기 위하여 수행되었 다. 추정방법에 관계없이 오대벼는 화성벼 및 일품벼에 비해 발육단계 예측 정확성이 불량하였다. 출엽속도 추정에 의한 발육단계 예측모델은 담수직파와 육묘기 무보온 이앙재배에서 기존모델에 비하여 출수일수를 잘 예측하였다. 육묘기 부직포 보온 이앙재배 시 출엽속도 추정에 의한 모델은 출수일수를 과소 추정하는 경향이었으나, 기존모델에 비해 결정계수가 0.94로 매우 높으며, 추정값과 실측값과의 단순회귀선인 1:1선에 평행하였다. 따라서 출엽속도 추정에 의한 발육단계 예측모델의 적용성을 높이기 위해서는 육묘기 보온에 의한 온도상승 효과를 반영시킬 수 있는 알고리즘 개발이 필수적이라 할 수 있겠다.

Causes of Death and Risk Factors for Mortality among HIVInfected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Korea

이선희,정주섭,곽임수,김계형,이승근,Heerim Cho,천동환,조곤재 대한의학회 2013 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.28 No.7

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the mortality, causes and risk factors for death among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Korea. The outcomes were determined by time periods, during the first year of ART and during 1-5 yr after ART initiation, respectively. Patients lost to follow-up were traced to ascertain survival status. Among 327 patients initiating ART during 1998-2006, 68 patients (20.8%) died during 5-yr follow-up periods. Mortality rate per 100 person-years was 8.69 (95%confidence interval, 5.68-12.73) during the first year of ART, which was higher than 4.13(95% confidence interval, 2.98-5.59) during 1-5 yr after ART. Tuberculosis was the most common cause of death in both periods (30.8% within the first year of ART and 16.7%during 1-5 yr after ART). During the first year of ART, clinical category B and C at ART initiation, and underlying malignancy were significant risk factors for mortality. Between 1 and 5 yr after ART initiation, CD4 cell count ≤ 50 cells/μL at ART initiation, hepatitis B virus co-infection, and visit constancy ≤ 50% were significant risk factors for death. This suggests that different strategies to reduce mortality according to the time period after ART initiation are needed.

편마비 환자의 반 무릎서기 자세가 일어서기 동작 수행에 미치는 영향

양대중,장일용,박승규,이준희,강정일,천동환,Yang, Dae-Jung,Jang, Il-Yong,Park, Seung-Kyu,Lee, Jun-Hee,Kang, Jung-Il,Chun, Dong-Hwan 대한물리치료학회 2011 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.23 No.5

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematic characteristics and muscle activities during the following two conditions: transition from half-kneel to standing on the affected leg and non-affected leg. Methods: Twenty-one hemiplegic patients participated in the study. A motion analysis system was used to record the range of motion and angle velocity of the hip, knee and ankle from the half-kneel to the standing position. Electromyography was used to record the activity of 4 muscles. Results: The statistical analysis showed that the minimum ROM of the hip joint was less on the affected leg during transition from half-kneel to standing. However, the minimum ROM of the knee and ankle joints was less on the non-affected leg during transition from half-kneel to standing. The angle velocity of the knee and ankle joints was less during transition from half kneeling to standing on the non-affected leg. Muscle activity of the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior was less while moving from half-kneel to the standing position on the affected leg. Conclusion: These results show that greater active ROM of the knee and ankle was required on the affected leg for transition from half-kneel to the standing position than for normal gait. Muscle activity of the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior is normally required for movement from the half-kneel to the standing position during normal gait. Further studies are needed to investigate the antigravity movement in healthy subjects and hemiplegic patients in order to completely understand the normal and abnormal movement from the half-kneel to the standing position.