음식물쓰레기의 가공처리방법별 사료영양소 함량 변화 평가 및 문제점 개선 방안

지경수,백용현,곽완섭,Jee, K.S.,Baik, Y.H.,Kwak, W.S. 한국축산학회 2005 한국축산학회지 Vol.47 No.4

본 연구는 음식물쓰레기의 건식 건조, 반건식 발효, 습식 발효 사료화 방법별로 대표적 업체를 방문하여 사료 제조 공정을 조사?소개하고, 사료화 방법별 공정별 음식물쓰레기의 물리화학적 성분을 추적하고, 영양소 손실율을 비교?평가하며, 사료화 방법별 문제점을 발굴하여 이의 개선 방안을 최종적으로 제시하기 위하여 실시하였다. 건식 사료화 방법의 경우, 탈수 공정은 원료 음식물쓰레기의 수분(10% 정도) 및 조지방 성분을 감소시키고(P<0.05), 섬유소(NDF, ADF, 조섬유소) 성분을 증가시켰다(P<0.05). 탈수?건조 공정은 원료 음식물쓰레기의 조지방과 필수아미노산 중 lysine, methio- nine, histidine 성분을 줄이고(P<0.05), 단백질의 pepsin 소화율을 반 정도로 감소시켰으며(P<0.05), 섬유소, 조회분, Ca, P 성분은 증가시켰다(P<0.05). pH는 차이가 없었으나(P>0.05), 염분은 40% 이상 감소하였다(P<0.05). 반건식 발효사료화 방법은 음식물쓰레기 혼합물의 일반 조성분, 단백질의 pepsin 소화율, 에너지 성분, pH 및 염분 농도에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않았다(P>0.05). 습식 발효사료화 방법의 경우, 멸균 전과 비교해서 멸균?발효 후에는 건물, 조지방, 조섬유소, lysine 성분이 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 그 외의 일반 조성분, 단백질의 pepsin 소화율 및 pH에는 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 염분(5.16 vs 4.40%)은 9% 정도 감소하였다(P<0.05). 사료화 방법 중 건식 사료화 방법은 영양소 손실율(대사성에너지 24%, 유기물 12% 등)이 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 반건식 및 습식 발효 사료화 방법은 미미한 영양소 손실을 보여주었다. 현장 업체 방문 조사 결과, 특히 아파트원 음식물쓰레기의 사료화 시 모든 처리 방법들 공히 제품에의 이물질 잔존 문제는 공통적으로 나타났으며, 완벽한 선별기의 개발이 요구되었다. 건식 사료화시 열처리에 따른 상당한 에너지 성분 감소와 단백질의 질적 저하는 다른 사료와의 배합비 설계시 양질의 에너지 및 단백질 사료의 보충을 필요로 하였다. 반건식 발효 사료화의 경우, 보조 사료와의 혼합시 과학적인 사료 배합비 설계가 요구되었다. 습식 발효 사료화 방법의 경우, 고수분 사료의 공급으로 인한 동물의 건물 섭취량 제한 현상으로 초래되는 동물 성장 저하 문제를 극복하기 위해서는 가능한 한 고영양성 사료를 보충하여야 할 것으로 사료되었다. This study was conducted to introduce recycling procedures of food waste(FW) as feed according to the dehydration, semi-dehydration fermentation and liquid fermentation methods through the on-site survey of companies related, to trace physico-chemical components and nutritional losses depending upon the processing stage for each method and finally to suggest more desirable methodology for the efficient utilization of FW as animal feed. For the dehydration method, dewatering of FW alone reduced(P<0.05) moisture(approximately 10%) and ether extract contents and increased(P<0.05) fiber contents. Dewatering and subsequent dehydration of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of ether extract, limiting amino acids such as lysine, methionine and histidine, pepsin digestibility of protein by half, and NaCl content by 40%, increased(P<0.05) contents of fiber, crude ash, Ca and P, and did not alter(P>0.05) pH. The semi-dehydration fermentation method of FW did not affect(P>0.05) the chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein, pH and NaCl content. For the liquid fermentation method, pasteurization and fermentation of FW decreased(P<0.05) contents of dry matter, ether extract, crude fiber, lysine and NaCl; however, it did not affect(P>0.05) other chemical components, pepsin digestibility of protein and pH. Among the processing methods, nutrient losses were highest for the dehydration method(25% of metabolizable energy loss, 12% of organic matter loss) and little for the semi-dehydration and liquid fermentation methods. The on-site survey of companies related revealed that the existence of foreign materials in FW products were problematic for all the three companies surveyed, thus it was necessary to develop a more efficient screener. Before feeding FW-containing diets to pigs, high quality of protein and energy feedstuffs needed to be fortified for the dehydration method. For the semi-dehydration fermentation method, the scientific diet formulation technology was required at the initial mixing stage. For the liquid fermentation method, possibly most energetic and proteinaceous feeds needed to be supplemented for the normal animal growth.

The Quantitative Measurement of Attachment Forces Between Cells and Polymeric Surfaces

지경수,김제범,박기동,신정욱,이진우 한국고분자학회 2002 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2002 No.10

Blood and Cell Compatibility of Heparinized PLA and PLGA

지경수,박기동,김수현,김영하 한국고분자학회 2002 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2002 No.4

반건식 방법으로 살균$\cdot$숙성된 남은 음식물의 공정별 화학적 성분 변화 및 최적의 양돈 사료배합비 도출

백용현,지경수,서인준,곽완섭,Baik Y H,Ji K. S.,Seo I. J.,Kwak W. S. 한국축산환경학회 2005 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.11 No.1

A total of 4 trials were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of food waste-byproduct feeds mixture(FWM) rotary drum-pasteurized and cured, to trace the nutritional flow according to the processing stages and finally to determine the optimal mixing formulation of feed ingredients for the growing pigs. Pasteurizing and curing FWM using a rotary drum drier resulted in little change in chemical composition and 8 to $15 \%$ of dry matter losses. Chemical change was affected by different feed ingredients used in each trial. Curding of FWM was caused probably by high moisture content, starch content and(or) physical characteristics of feed ingredients. The optimal mixing ratio of feed ingredients was food waste 45 : deepstacked broiler litter 10 : bakery by-product 22.5 barley bran 22.5. In conclusion, FWM rotary drum-pasteurized and cured had a satisfactory feed-nutritional value far growing pigs. 본 실험은 남은 음식물에 유기성 부산물인 육계분, 제과부산물, 밀기울, 맥강 등을 주요 수분흡수제 또는 영양 보충제로 혼합한 후 rotary drum 방식을 이용하여 양돈 사료화 하는데 있어서 이상적인 배합비 도출을 위한 공정단계별 사료의 영양적 flow를 4차 시험에 걸쳐서 추적하였다. Rotary dm 방식을 이용한 살균 및 숙성 과정을 거치면서 영양소의 변화 폭은 매우 낮았으며, 살균 및 숙성 처리 후의 건물 손실율은 $8{\~}15\%$ 수준이었다. 시험별로 영양소 변화는 혼합되는 사료 원료의 종류에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 남은 음식물, 퇴적발효육계분, 제과부산물, 맥강의 최적 혼합 비율은 45: 10: 22.5:22.5 이었고, 이때 사료간의 뭉쳐지는 현상을 극복할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 rotary durm 방식으로 살균하고, 숙성한 남은 음식물 혼합물은 양돈 사료로서의 충분한 사료 영양적 가치가 있었다.

‘신홍익 인간’ 교육과 교수-학습 방법

김현수,지경수 한국홀리스틱융합교육학회 1999 홀리스틱융합교육연구 Vol.3 No.2

살균${\cdot}$숙성된 남은 음식물의 공정별 미생물 분포 및 Pepsin과 In vitro 소화율 평가

백용현,지경수,곽완섭,Baik, Y. H.,Ji, K. S.,Kwak, W. S. 한국축산환경학회 2005 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 남은 음식물에 수분흡수제 또는 영양 보충제로 유기성 부산물인 제과부산물, 밀기울, 맥강, 육계분 등을 혼합한 후 rotary drum 방식의 반건식 살균처리 및 호기적 숙성 과정 별 혼합사료 내의 미생물 분포 및 사료단백질 pepsin 소화율과 in vitro 영양소 소화율을 측정하여 실제 동물 급여 시의 효능을 사전 예측하고자 실시하였다. 살균 처리 공정($80^{\circ}C$에서 30분간)은 전반적으로 균수를 감소시키는 경향과 곰팡이를 사멸시키는 효과가 있었으며(P<0.05), 연이은 숙성 과정은 살균과정에서 감소된 lactic acid bacteria를 증식시키는 효과가 있었다(P<0.05). 열처리 살균 공정은 혼합사료 단백질의 pepsin 소화율을 감소시켰다(P<0.05). 사료원료 건물 및 유기물의 in vitro 소화율은 제과부산물>밀기울>남은 음식물=맥강 순으로 높았다. 상기한 연구 결과는 반건식 남은 음식물 혼합사료의 동물 급여시 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 것이다. This study was conducted to evaluate changes of microbial population, pepsin digestibility of protein and in vitro digestibility of nutrients of food waste mixture pasteurized and cured using a rotary drum system. A pasteurization process (30 min at $80^{\circ}C$) tended to decrease microbial populations and eliminated (P<0.05) molds in food waste mixture. The subsequent curing process increased (P<0.05) lactic acid bacteria counts which were reduced by the heated pasteurization process. The heated pasteurization process decreased (P<0.05) pepsin digestibility of protein in food waste mixture. In vitro digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were high in the order of bakery by-product, wheat bran, food waste (=barley bran). These results indicate that food waste mixture pasteurized and cured using a semi-dehydration rotary drum system may be an effective animal feed resource.

금속스텐트의 개발 동향

정인권,지경수,박기동,박헌국,임철수 한국생체재료학회 2003 생체재료학회지 Vol.7 No.2

Stent is a medical device, with a cylinder body, used to induce or maintain patency within a human lumen. Based on their materials, the stents are mainly divided into metallic and tube stents. The metallic stents can also be divided into several groups by certain standards: self-expandable and balloon-expandable stent by expanding method, wire construction and slotted tube stent by manufacturing method, covered and non-covered stent by the existence of cover material, vascular and non-vascular stent by indications for use. The performance of a metallic stent can be evaluated in the following areas: radial force, shortening, anti-migration, radiopacity, flexibility, returning force, introducer outer diameter and pushability of introducer and so on. An ideal stent should have good properties for above areas while providing a long term patency and being removable after the insertion.

세포와 고분자 표면간의 정량적 부착력 측정

김영직,이진우,지경수,신정욱,박기동,김정구,류규하 한국생체재료학회 2002 생체재료학회지 Vol.6 No.2

Quantitative measurement of cell adhesion force to biomaterial surfaces was proposed and evaluated utilizing beam deflection theory with inverse finite element approach. The system for this measurement mainly consisted of a micropipette as a cantilever beam and digital image processing to measure the deflection amounts. Freshly isolated chondrocytes from mature porcine knee joints were seeded on three widely used biodegradable polymers: Poly -carprolactone (PCL), Poly(L-Lactide)(PLLA), Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic acid, L:G=75:25) (PLGA). Detachment forces were measured at various time intervals, from 8 hours up to 5 days. The morphology was also observed at 12, and 24 hours after seeding. The cells seeded on the PLLA showed the highest attachment force among the three kinds of polymers at 8, 12, and 24 hours after seeding (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between PCL and PLGA at 12 hours after seeding. At 5 days after seeding, no significant difference was found between PCL, PLLA, and PLGA. This quantitative measurement technique may be potentially useful to analyze internal and external factors affecting the cell adhesion.

혈관대치물 응용을 위한 소장점막하층의 체외 특성에 관한 기초연구

신재승,선경,지경수,박기동,조양현,민병주,황진욱,조종호 한국생체재료학회 2003 생체재료학회지 Vol.7 No.4

Various vascular diseases inspire us to develop the ideal vascular substitute. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) is a feasible and wide available matrix as biomaterials for the vascular substitutes. An in-vitro preliminary study for the mechanical and biological properties of the heparin bonded SIS as a vascular substitute was preceded by the development of the anti-thrombogenecity technique using heparin bonding methods. The study groups were divided, e.g., SIS group for fresh SIS; SIS-GA group for SIS treated with glutaraldehyde (GA); and SIS-GA-Heparin group for SIS treated with glutaraldehyde and heparin. The quantity analysis for heparin of the heparin bonded SIS shows stable concentration, e.g., 0.339±0.084 g/cm2. GA treated heparinized tissue (SIS-GA-Heparin) reveals highest digestion resistance to collagenase among the study groups. The data of the study for maximal stress show highest in SIS-GA-Heparin group (0.55 ±0.19 kg/mm2), and lowest in SIS group (0.28±0.07 kg/mm2). The data of the study for maximal strain show highest in SIS group (78.69±8.59%), and lowest in SIS-GA-Heparin group (34.85±6.51%). As concerns degree of heparinization, digestion resistance to collagenase and mechanical properties, GA treated heparinized tissue (SIS-GA-Heparin) is superior to the other types of SIS as a vascular substitutes. According to this study, further studies for the antithrombogenecity and patency rate are needed.

퇴적발효 육계분의 면양에서의 조사료적 가치 평가

곽완섭,백용현,지경수 한국동물자원과학회 2004 한국축산학회지 Vol.46 No.2

This study, in which sheep were used as models for beef cattle, was conducted to determine the effect of replacing 100% of rice straw with deepstacked broiler litter(BL) as a roughage source on total tract apparent digestibility, digestible nutrient intake, ruminal and blood parameters, and N balance of sheep. Under the conventional formulated mix-rice straw(60:40) feeding system(control), replacement of rice straw with BL resulted in similar(P>0.05) total tract apparent digestibilities of fiber and organic matter, similar(P>0.05) intake of digestible NDF, ADF and organic matter, and higher(P<0.05) intake of digestible crude protein. Feeding BL instead of rice straw resulted in lower(P<0.05) ruminal pH, higher(P<0.05) NH₃-N concentration and similar(p>0.05) ruminal volatile fatty acid percentage and blood urea concentration. In a N balance study, increased(P<0.05) N intake for the BL-fed group induced higher(P<0.05) quantities(g/d) of fecal and urinary N excretion, bodily N absorption, and N retention. It was concluded that deepstacked BL fiber was comparable to rice straw fiber as a roughage source and BL protein was also favorably utilized within the body of ruminant.