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오호십육국(五胡十六國)시기 민족정권(民族政權)과 부락제(部落制) -호한분치(胡漢分治)의 이해를 위하여
조영래 ( Young Lae Cho ) 경희대학교 인문학연구소 2009 인문학연구 Vol.16 No.-
The Period of sixteen Kingdoms, though regimes continually alternated, some regimes carried out system of census register. In the Sixteen States Dynasties, there were mainly four types of residents; the clan people, the fortress people, the county people, the people of army station and the people of battalion. The clan people were attached to clan chieftain, and the fortress people were attached to the head of fort. "Hu-Han Divide and Rule"was a quite common ruling policy For quite a long time, the academic world held the negative view to it. This paper explains the policy with reference to the development of history. The author holds the view that such a ruling policy was the choice of history and reality, and it is good to alleviate the conflicts between the peoples and it is good to stimulate the communication and melting of the peoples.
"신(新)중화주의" 속의 "통일적다민족국가론": 20세기 중국통사 저술을 중심으로
조영래 ( Young Lae Cho ) 한중사회과학학회 2009 한중사회과학연구 Vol.7 No.1
The present paper aims to analysis recently why advent of Neo-Sinocentrism in People`s Republic of China. ``Neo-Sinocentrism`` primarily construction of ``Single Multiethnic Chinese Nation``. the greater part a China scholar and chinese historian accept to a kind of this theory, and then rewriting Chinese General History. We have a thorough knowledge the root of ``Neo-Sinocentrism`` and ``Single Multiethnic Chinese Nation`` through writing the Chinese General History in the 20th century. generally People the Chinese General History is that history should be and is indeed always rewritten. This paper discusses writing the Chinese General History was made by the demand of the society and the understanding of the historians in the 20th century. China Historians had made great achievements and gotten many lessons also for the studies of theories in the 20th century. There was a new phenomenon in the historical study in the anti-Japanese World Period. At the same time, the history theories studies in the recent 20years from the early stage of reformation and opening period have been very active. Early concept of ``Single Multiethnic Chinese Nation`` have been appearanced in the anti-Japanese World Period, And come to in the recent 20 years more and more contrive to theoretical development. The world situation has developed in China favor. According to China change a powerful state, Chinese General History reform and turn to Neo-Sinocentrism`s tendency. the Admini-People`s Republic of China maybe hold the belief that it is possible to bring about the reformation of Chinese General History by ``Single Multiethnic Chinese Nation`` in the 21th century.
Al/Al2O3/Cu 구조를 갖는 알루미늄 IMS의 습식 도금 전극층에 대한 신뢰성 평가
이창형 ( Chang Hyoung Lee ),조영래 ( Young Lae Cho ),박화선 ( Hwa Sun Park ),이원표 ( Won Pyo Lee ),신상현 ( Sang Hyun Shin ),허철호 ( Cheol Ho Heo ),서수정 ( Su Jeong Suh ) 대한금속재료학회(구 대한금속학회) 2013 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.51 No.7
The heat sink in LED chips has been a major challenge for high-power LED module design. Elevated chip temperatures cause adverse effects on LED performance, lifetime, and color. An insulated metal substrate (IMS) is the commonly used substrate and has good thermal performance and low cost. This study used an aluminum IMS with good heat radiation efficiency to solve these problems. The most traditional IMS technique is electrochemical anodization. There are various methods to form electrical conductors on anodized aluminum. In this study, the anodization process was performed on an aluminum substrate using a phosphoric acid electrolyte to form the AAO layer. This investigation confirmed that electroless Ni-P plating for seed layers could be used to substitute for the Cu-sputtering process. Our evaluation of the reliability of the different thicknesses of aluminium anodic oxidation and the electro-plated Cu electrode revealed that the maximum peel strength was 1.6 kgf/cm and it was obtained at an anodizing time of 1000 minutes. The TCT, the solder shock test and the solderability test showed that the substrates were not delaminated.
체외수정술에서 난자의 공배양 시점에 따른 배아 발생능력의 비교
이현정,박기상,송해범,이택후,조영래,전상식,Lee, Hyun-Jung,Park, Kee-Sang,Song, Hai-Bum,Lee, Taek-Hoo,Cho, Young-Lae,Chun, Sang-Sik 대한생식의학회 2002 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.29 No.1
Objective: To evaluate whether co-culture of oocytes on vero cell monolayers from Day 0 (Day 0 group) after egg retrieval results in an increase in developmental capacity such as fertilization rate, embryo quality, blastulation and clinical pregnancy rate compared with co-culture of oocytes from Day 1 (Day 1 group). Methods: Sperms were treated with Hams F-10 supplemented with 10% human follicular fluid (hFF). Vero cells for co-culture were prepared in TCM-199 with 10% FBS. Oocytes were co-cultured from Day 0 and fertilized oocytes were co-cultured from Day 1 on vero cell monolayers in DMEM with 10% and 20% hFF, respectively after egg retrieval. On day 1, 2 and 5, fertilization rate and grade of embryos and blastocysts were evaluated. Results (fertilization rate, cleavage rate, grade of embryos and blastocysts and pregnancy rate) were considered statistically significant when p value was less than 0.05 using t-test and $x^2$. Results: In sibling oocytes of same cycles, no differences were found in fertilization rate (94.6 vs. 91.4%), cleavage rates (94.6 vs. 91.4%), embryo grade (on day 2 and 3) and blastulation (65.6 vs. 57.0%) and their grade. In different oocytes of different cycles (patients), no differences were found in fertilization (79.8 vs. 78.3%), cleavage rates (77.7 vs. 76.4%) and blastulation (56.0 vs. 45.3%), but pregnancy rate was higher in the Day 0 group than in the Day 1 group (60.0 vs. 42.9%). Conclusions: This study revealed that the embryonic development capacities were not affected by the different co-culture time in the sibling oocytes of same cycles. Although no statistical significance, because of small size of study, there was a trend for higher pregnancy rates in Day 0 group compared to Day 1 group in different oocytes of different cycles.
전상식(Sang Sik Chun),조영래(Young Lae Cho),구태본(Tae Bon Koo),서장수(Jang Soo Suh) 대한산부인과학회 2001 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.44 No.2
목적 : 최근에 난소암을 비롯한 종양성 질환과 자궁내막증등의 부인과 내분비 질환에서 면역반응의 활성에 관여하는 cytokine에 대한 연구가 많이 되고 있어서 저자들은 난소관련병변들의 병인분석과 감별진단의 가능성 및 치료적 응용에 있어서 복강체액내에 cytokine의 이용가능성을 조사하여 보았다. 연구방법 : 조직학적으로 진단이된 양성난소낭선종 11예, 성숙낭성기형종 10예, 자궁내막증 23예, 그리고 난소암 11예를 대상으로 하여 복강내 체액을 채취하여 IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 및 TNF-α의 농도를 측정하였으며 통계처리는 일원분산분석법과 Scheffe 법 그리고 Mann-Whitney 법으로 하였다. 결과 : 난소암 환자에서 IL-6와 IL-10의 농도는 다른 양성병변들에 비해서 의미있게 증가하였으며(P<0.05) 자궁내막증 환자에서 대조군에 비하여 IL-6와 IL-10의 농도가 높았으며 특히 자궁내막증 병기Ⅲ과 IV인 경우에서 병기Ⅰ과 Ⅱ에 비교하여 IL-6와 IL-10의 농도가 의미있게 증가되었다. 결론 : 복수내의 cytokine 환경은 난소관련병변의 병인과 질병의 진행과정과 관계가 있을 것으로 사료되며 복강내체액의 cytokine 농도 측정은 난소암과 양성병변과의 감별진단 및 자궁내막증 환자의 중증도의 진단과 병인규명에 도움을 줄 수 있을것으로 생각된다. Objective : Recent studies have shown that multifunctional cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of various ovarian lesions including ovarian cancer and endometriosis. This study was performed to determine the possibility of the clinical usefulness of peritoneal cytokines in patients with various ovarian lesions. Methods : Peritoneal fluid was obtained from patients with benign cystic adenoma(n=11), benign cystic teratoma(n=10), endometriosis(n=23), malignant ovarian tumor(n=11), and women without evidence of any pathology(n=7) at the time of laparotomy or operative laparoscopic surgery and were examined for the levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed with the one way ANOVA, Scheffe test or Mann-Whitney test. Results : The mean concentration of IL-6 and IL-10 was significantly higher in peritoneal fluid specimens with ovarian cancer than other benign pathology(p<0.05). Both IL-6 and IL-10 levels in peritoneal fluid specimens with endometriosis tended to be higher than normal, and the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in peritoneal fluid of women with severe endometriosis compaired to women with mild endometriosis (p<0.05). Conclusion : This study supports the concept that regional immunologic dysfunction might be involved in the disease process of various ovarian pathology such as ovarian cancer and endometriosis. A larger study would help in evaluating the potential use of local peritoneal cytokines in differentiating ovarian cancer from other benign pathology, and demonstrating any association between concentrations of cytokines and severity of endometriosis.