혈액형 검사이상을 동반한 Good’s Syndrome 1예

정소이,이경,김미정,장호은,송상훈,김홍빈,박경운,송정한,한규섭 대한수혈학회 2011 大韓輸血學會誌 Vol.22 No.1

Good’s syndrome (thymoma with immunodeficiency) is a rare cause of combined B-cell and T-cell immunodeficiency in adults. We present here a case of Good’s syndrome involving a 52 year-old man with an ABO blood group abnormality. He had undergone surgery for thymoma with myasthenia gravis 27 years ago. He also had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes zoster and pure red cell aplasia. On admission,he was suspected of having pneumonia, and S. pneumoniae was isolated from blood culture. The immunoglobulin levels were markedly decreased. Lymphocyte subset analysis revealed the absence of CD19+ B cells. The result of ABO typing showed a normal strong reaction on the cell typing, but a relatively weak reaction on the serum typing. Therefore, we performed ABO genotyping to confirm his ABO type, which was revealed to be B/O1. This case suggests that ABO typing should be performed when the diagnosis of Good’s syndrome is made. Moreover, Good’s syndrome (thymoma with hypogammaglobulinemia) should be considered and evaluated for in patients with a weak ABO reverse type.

Comparison of Modified Multiple-locus Variable-number Tandem-repeat Fingerprinting with Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis for Typing Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

정소이,이종윤,장미희,주세익,라은경,김소연,장철훈,박성섭,김의종 대한진단검사의학회 2012 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.32 No.1

Background: Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting (MLVF) is based on multiplex PCR, utilizing variable number tandem repeat. Our goal was to compare the performance of MLVF in distinguishing clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates with that of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which has traditionally been the gold standard. Methods: Sixty-three clinically significant S. aureus isolates were tested using both PFGE and MLVF. Multiplex PCR for MLVF was performed using PCR primers for clfA, clfB, sdrCDE, sspA, and spa. PFGE was performed with genomic DNA fragments generated by SmaI endonuclease digestion. Banding patterns of MLVF or PFGE were analyzed using InfoQuestFP software. Results: The hands-on time of our modified method was about 3 h, on average, for each of 18 isolates. PFGE (80% cutoff) or MLVF (75% cutoff) separated all of the 63 isolates into 13 and 12 types, respectively. Three types generated by PFGE were identical to those generated by MLVF. PFGE and MLVF yielded similar Simpson’s diversity indices, indicating similar discriminatory power. The overall concordance between PFGE and MLVF was low, as represented by adjusted Rand indices (0.266-0.278). PFGE predicted MLVF type better than MLVF predicted PFGE type, as reflected by Wallace coefficients (PFGE cutoff 80% vs. MLVF cutoff 75%, 0.389 vs. 0.233). Analysis of the relationship between a pair of isolates showed 91.0% concordance between the PFGE (80% cutoff) and MLVF (75% cutoff). Conclusions: Our simple, low-cost, modified MLVF protocol can effectively discriminate between S. aureus clinical isolates. MLVF can replace PFGE for the hospital infection control of S. aureus. Background: Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat fingerprinting (MLVF) is based on multiplex PCR, utilizing variable number tandem repeat. Our goal was to compare the performance of MLVF in distinguishing clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates with that of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which has traditionally been the gold standard. Methods: Sixty-three clinically significant S. aureus isolates were tested using both PFGE and MLVF. Multiplex PCR for MLVF was performed using PCR primers for clfA, clfB, sdrCDE, sspA, and spa. PFGE was performed with genomic DNA fragments generated by SmaI endonuclease digestion. Banding patterns of MLVF or PFGE were analyzed using InfoQuestFP software. Results: The hands-on time of our modified method was about 3 h, on average, for each of 18 isolates. PFGE (80% cutoff) or MLVF (75% cutoff) separated all of the 63 isolates into 13 and 12 types, respectively. Three types generated by PFGE were identical to those generated by MLVF. PFGE and MLVF yielded similar Simpson’s diversity indices, indicating similar discriminatory power. The overall concordance between PFGE and MLVF was low, as represented by adjusted Rand indices (0.266-0.278). PFGE predicted MLVF type better than MLVF predicted PFGE type, as reflected by Wallace coefficients (PFGE cutoff 80% vs. MLVF cutoff 75%, 0.389 vs. 0.233). Analysis of the relationship between a pair of isolates showed 91.0% concordance between the PFGE (80% cutoff) and MLVF (75% cutoff). Conclusions: Our simple, low-cost, modified MLVF protocol can effectively discriminate between S. aureus clinical isolates. MLVF can replace PFGE for the hospital infection control of S. aureus.

Tasan on Righteousness and Profit : in Comparison to Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming

정소이 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2012 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.0 No.18

Differentiation between righteousness (義) and profit (利) is one of the favorite issues in moral philosophy, especially in the Confucian tradition. Tasan Chŏng Yag-yong (茶山 丁若鏞, 1762~1836, Tasan hereafter) who weaved various strands of thoughts including Neo-Confucianism, western learning, evidential studies, and Yangming School into his philosophical framework, nonetheless maintained a critical outlook at all the prevailing thoughts of his time, which in turn brought him the singular, unified, and original perspective. In the same vein, his arguments on righteousness and profit also mark him distinct from Zhu Xi (朱熹, 1130~1200) and Wang Shu-ren (陽明 王守仁, 1472~1529, Yangming hereafter), revealing the gist of his moral philosophy. In this article, the philosophical issues on differentiating righteousness from profit will be reviewed first. It is not a single issue, but related to various moral issues such as differentiating moral gentlemen (君子) from small men (小人), great constitution (大體) from small constitution (小體), Tao mind (道心) from human mind (人心), and so on. Then Zhu Xi’s perspective on this issue will be reviewed, which is followed by Yangming’s description on the same issue. Finally, Tasan’s unique stance on righteousness and profit will be discussed and its significance will be analyzed in detail.

자율주행을 위한 C-V2X 표준화 동향

정소이,이동구,김재현 한국통신학회 2018 정보와 통신 Vol.35 No.3

본고에서는 3GPP 표준에서 논하고 있는 자율주행 서비스 개념과 성능 요구사항을 정리하고, 참조 구조 모델을 설명한다. 그리고 차량사물통신 실현을 위해 현재까지 논의 된 표준화 현황과 세부기술을 살펴보고, 향후 5G 기반 차량사물통신 표준화를 위한 주요 선행 연구이슈에 대해 소개한다.

자율주행을 위한 C-V2X 표준화 동향

정소이,이동훈 한국통신학회 2023 정보와 통신 Vol.40 No.6

본고에서는 자율주행차의 경제적 가치가 증대되어 자율주행 기술의 핵심으로 자리 잡은 V2X (Vehicle to Everything) 통신의 중요성에 대해 논의한다. WiFi 기반의 WAVE(IEEE 802.11p)와 셀룰러망 기반의 LTEV2X(rel.14)간 기술 차이점에 대해 논의하고 3GPP release 15의 LTE-eV2X 기술의 특징을 release 14의 LTE-V2X와 비교하여 논의한다. 또한, 기존의 LTE-V2X와 비교하여 초고신뢰, 저지연 통신 그리고 대량연결을 중심으로 release 16 이상의 5G NR V2X의 개선된 기술을 포함한 표준화 동향에 대해 알아본다.

A Case of Brain Abscess Caused by Propionibacterium acnes 13 Months after Neurosurgery and Confirmed by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

정소이,김준식,서상원,라은경,주세익,김소연,박성섭,김의종 대한진단검사의학회 2011 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.31 No.2

Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive anaerobic bacillus and a normal inhabitant of the skin. Although it is often considered a contaminant of blood cultures, it can occasionally cause serious infections, including postoperative central nervous system infections. Here, we report the case of a 70-yr-old man who developed a large cerebral abscess caused by P. acnes 13 months after neurosurgery. Immediate gram staining of the pus from his brain revealed the presence of gram-positive coccobacilli. However, colony growth was observed only after 5 days of culture. Therefore, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the pus specimen. The isolate was identified as P. acnes. The colonies developed 9 days after the initial culture. The API Rapid ID 32A test (bioMérieux, France) was performed using a colony, but an unacceptable profile was obtained. Then, the pus was transferred into the enrichment broths of the BACTEC FX (Becton Dickinson, USA) and BacT/Alert 3D (bioMérieux, Organon Teknika, USA) systems, but only the BACTEC FX system could detect growth after 5 days. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing and API Rapid 32A profiling with a colony recovered from Brucella agar, which was inoculated with the microbial growth in the enrichment broth from the BACTEC FX system. The organism was identified as P. acnes by both methods. This case suggests that 16S rRNA gene sequencing may be a useful alternative for identifying slowly growing P. acnes from specimens that do not show growth after 5 days of culture.

False-positive Elevations in Carcinoembryonic Antigen Levels at a Health Screening Center

정소이 대한진단검사의학회 2019 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.9 No.3

Background: Although routine screening of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is not recommended for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancers, CEA levels are frequently measured in practice and during opportunistic health screening programs. We evaluated the frequency of false-positive results according to CEA level at a health screening center. Methods: The medical records of 25,786 participants who underwent a general health check-up and CEA testing at the Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center from March 2015 to February 2016 were reviewed. CEA levels were measured using the Architect i2000sr (Abbott Laboratories, USA). The cut-off level for elevated CEA was 5.0 ng/mL. Results: Among 25,786 participants who underwent CEA screening, 597 (2.3%) had CEA levels >5.0 ng/mL. Among 597 participants with elevated CEA levels, 12 (2.0%) had actual malignancies with CEA levels of 8.3–155.3 ng/mL. Diabetes, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and colonic polyps were considered as causes of false elevation. The false-positive rates of CEA according to level were as follows: 5.1–10.0 ng/mL, 99.5%; 10.1–15.0 ng/mL, 87.2%; 15.1–20.0 ng/mL, 100.0%; >20.0 ng/mL, 33.3%. A subsequent decrease in the CEA level after a 1-month follow-up was observed in 47.6% of all cases with elevated CEA levels. Conclusions: False elevation in CEA levels in the range of 5.0–20.0 ng/mL is common in patients who underwent testing at a health screening center. False-positive results above 20.0 ng/mL are less common. These data could provide a guide for the interpretation of elevated CEA level at a health screening center.

다산 정약용의 윤리론에서 최종 결정권은 어디에 있는가?

정소이 한국유교학회 2015 유교사상문화연구 Vol. No.

Tasan Jeong Yagyong claimed that we are not born as good, but born to become good. We are responsible for what we do, since we have free will to choose our course of action. Tasan was one of the very first thinkers to have brought such a notion of free choice in Confucian moral context, and he notion of free will or ‘kwon-hyong’ (lit., scale-balance) undoubtedly plays a vital role in his ethical theories. However, researchers do not have reached consensus as to what kind of scale-balance Tasan has in mind. He sometimes uses the term as denoting the strict weighing and judging the issue at hand; in this sense, it is a cogitative and reflective “reason” to assess the truth and falsity, or goodness or evil of a certain action. On the other hand, Tasan sometimes refers to it in a confined sense of ‘freedom of choice’; that is, you are free to actualize your moral potential, which is a moral emotion or appetite (kiho) that you are endowed at birth. Because researchers overlooked the double play of the term kwonhyong and its dual role as reason and emotion, they either interpreted Tasan’s ethical theories either as a form of moral intellectualism or moral emotivism. The former emphasized too strongly on the cognitive aspect of kwonhyong, while the latter stressed the intuitive aspect of moral inclination. Using the sources such as abridged and translated version of Summa Theologica I argue that in Tasan’s ethical theories, both moral reason and emotions play crucial roles in moral success and failure. Without moral reason, we could be blind as to the real nature of our action. We do not know what is true and what kind of action we should choose to follow. Without moral emotion, nonetheless, we cannot act on what we found out to be morally worthy of action. Tasan’s moral theories could then be summed up as this: We can reject the best judgment of our reason, but we cannot carry out what our emotions do not like. In this sense, it is moral emotion, not the motal reason, that has an upper hand in Tasan’s ethical theories. 이 논문의 목적은 茶山 丁若鏞(1762~1836)의 윤리론에서 윤리적 성공과 실패, 혹은 도덕적 공죄는 어디서 비롯되며, 그 최종적인 책임은 어디에 있는가를 밝히는 데 있다. 정약용은 사람의 영체 안에 權衡, 혹은 自主之權이 있어 스스로의 행동을 결정하고 책임질 수 있다고 하는데, 여기서 언급되는 권형의 성격이 추론적 이성에 속하는 것인지, 아니면 도덕감정의 자기 현실화 과정에 속하는 것인지를 분석하고자 한다. 이 글에서 필자는 정약용의 윤리론에서 권형은 두 가지 다른 차원의 의미를 가짐을 먼저 논증한다. 정약용은 마음을 분석할 때 형기, 이성, 감정이라는 존재론적 구분과 기호, 권형, 행사라는 도덕론적 구분을 하는데, 이 두 가지의 구분은 묘하게 겹치면서 다르다. 정약용의 윤리론에서 모호한 지점은 ‘權衡’이라는 단어가 함축하는 바인데, 전자의 구분상에서 권형은 추론적, 반성적, 계교상량적 이성작용을, 후자의 구분상에서 권형은 즉각적이며 결단적인 자유로운 선택을 의미한다. 정약용의 윤리론은 주지주의적이지 않은데, 이는 이성이 제공한 판단에 감정이 무조건 수용하고 행한다기보다는, 그것을 취사선택할 수 있는 자유로운 권한에 의거하여 행동으로 옮기기 때문이다. 즉, 사람의 의지는 이성이 최고라고 판단내린 결정에 따르지 않을 수가 있는 것이다. 이는 『形神實義』를 비롯한 서학서에서도 명확히 밝혀진 바이다. 이를 통해 정약용 윤리론의 최종 결정권은 도덕정감에 있으며, 이성의 역할은 한정적이라는 결론을 내릴 수 있다.

다산 정약용의 인심·도심론

정소이 재단법인다산학술문화재단 2011 다산학 Vol.- No.18

Cheong Yagyong upholds Zhu Xi’s Preface to the Mean highly that it is the reason why Zhu Xi is considered to be the founding father of Neo-Con-fucianism. Chong’s such remark has begot a widespread belief that he, de-voting all his life creating a philosophical system completely distinct from, and quite opposite to Zhu Xi’s, has accepted some of Zhu Xi’s premises as long as ‘the theory of human mind and Tao mind’(HMTM hereafter) is concerned. In this paper, I analyze three unique aspects of Chong’s HMTM to argue such belief cannot be supported. First, Cheong’s notion of ‘human mind’ is, unlike Zhu Xi’s, not a value-neutral desire of bodily needs, even in the case of a moral sage. It is rather a ‘pre-evil’ containing selfish desires, which leads to sin and vice when acted upon. Secondly, while ‘Tao mind’ for Zhu Xi’s refers to a full-fledged moral value, or four virtues themselves, that serve as the absolute moral standard for human mind, it is for Cheong just a moral desire in opposition to human mind. It brings out guilt when selfish (human) desire emerges and it moti¬vates one to act upon a specific moral deed, but it never is a virtue in itself. Thirdly, human mind and Tao mind for Cheong are not ‘some options that one can choose and stick to.’ They are always in an incessant conflict (mu¬tual fight) in which no party can take an advantageous position by inborn temperament or incidental circumstances. The reason why Cheong describes human mind and Tao mind as desires toward two opposite directions, or pre-vice and pre-virtue is to urge hu¬mans to act upon a specific moral practice. Since human mind is basically a wrong temptation, by overcoming it through doing a good deed can one truly be meritorious and virtuous; since Tao mind is basically a beneficent temptation, ignoring or let it idle leads one to sin and vice. The constant conflict between the two also signify that Cheong’s moral theory stresses highly on the specific human actions, as well as freedom and responsibil¬ity. If one party could gain an advantage over the other by chance - if one is born with a ‘good’ or ‘bad’ temperament for example - then one would become a sage without strife, or a villain despite much effort. In sum, Cheong’s HMTM is focused on a concrete practice of moral actions, and it is such a context in which Cheong is praising Zhu Xi, which, wittingly or not, turns out to be a complete misinterpretation. 「중용장구서」에서 정약용은 주희를 높이 평가하며 이는 그의 인심도심론이 주희의 주장을 어느 정도 수용한 것이라는 막연한 추측을 낳았다. 그러나 다음의 세 가지 면에서 정약용의 인심•도심론은 주희뿐 아니라 기존의 어느 설과도 구분되는 독창적인 체계를 보여준다. 첫째 정약용이 말하는 성인의 인심은 주희가 말하는 가치중립적인 생래적 욕구가 아닌 사욕을 포함한 ‘예비 악’에 가깝다. 둘째 주희의 도심은 인심의 기준이 되는 절대적이고 순선한 가치 즉 인의예지 그 자체인 것에 반해 정약용의 도심은 인심과 맞서는 도덕적 욕망으로 사욕을 저지하고 도덕행위로 이끄는 ‘동력’은 될 수 있으나 그 자체로 완전한 덕목은 아니다. 셋째 정약용의 인심과 도심은 어느 한 쪽을 ‘굳게 잡아 선택할 수 있는’ 항목이 아니다. 그들은 끊임없는 갈등相爭 속에 있으며 어느 한 쪽도 기질이나 환경에 의해 우세하게 될 수는 없다. 정약용이 이와 같이 인심과 도심을 각기 다른 방향으로 치닫는 욕구 예비 악과 예비 선으로 설명한 것은 인간의 구체적인 행동을 촉구하기 위함이었다. 인심은 기본적으로 그릇된 충동이기 때문에 그것을 극복하는 것이 인간의 공이 되며 도심은 기본적으로 선한 충동이기 때문에 그것을 태만히 여기는 것이 죄가 된다는 것이다. 그들 사이의 끝나지 않는 갈등 역시 인간 행위의 자유로운 선택과 그에 따른 책임을 강조하는 것이라고 해석할 수 있다. 어느 한 쪽이 우위를 점할 수 있다면 구체적인 노력 없이도 성인이 될 수 있고 우연적으로 악인이 될 수도 있는데 이곳에서 인간의 의식적인 선택과 책임은 찾을 수 없다. 정약용의 인심도심론은 인간의 구체적인 도덕 실천에 초점이 맞추어져 있으며 이런 맥락에서 주희의 인심•도심론을 독창적으로 재해석했을 뿐 그것을 부분적으로 수용했다고 볼 수는 없다.

초고령사회 대비 “공공실버주택”의 발전방향

정소이 한국주거학회 2018 住居 Vol.13 No.2