조직 불균질성에 의한 고에너지 광자선의 선량변화

김영애(Young Ai Kim),최태진(Tae Jin Choi),김옥배(Ok Bae Kim) 대한방사선종양학회 1995 Radiation Oncology Journal Vol.13 No.3

목적 : 임상 방사선치료에서 병소선량은 인체 연부조직의 방사선흡수와 유사한 수조펨텀에서 측정환산된 흡수선량자료를 이용하여 얻어지고 있으며, 방사선 치료부위내 공기층 또는 밀도가 낮은 폐조직 주위에 종양이 존재할 경우 공기층과 만나는 종양의 경계면 선량은 rebulid-up에 의해 낮아질 수 있으나 현재까지 연구 발표된 것은 많지 않다. 이에 본 연구에서는 6, 10메가 볼트 광자선을 이용하여 조직 불균질층 경계면 선량을 실험적으로 측정하여 종양선량에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 방사선 치료선량 결정에 이용하고 하였다. 방법 : 고에너지 광자선의 조사면내 조직 불균질성에 의한 선량변화를 얻기 위하여 조직층에 해당되는 폴리스티렌 고체팬텀의 두께가 각각 10, 30, 50mm인 경우 공기층의 두께를 10, 20, 30, 50mm로 변화시켜서, 이러한 조직층과 공기층을 지나 종양의 가장자리에 해당되는 수조펜텀의 표면에 도달되는 방사선량을 평행평판형전리함으로 측정하였다. 방사선 조사면적은 암상에서 비교적 많이 이용되는 5X5, 10X10, 20X20cm²를 사용하였다. 결과 : 방사선 조사면적 5X5cm²이고 조직층 두께 30mm일때 6 메가볼트 광자선에서 공기층 두께변화에 따른 표면선량 변화는 표준선량보다 공기층 10mm에서는 1.1%, 50mm에서는 29.1% 낮아졌으며 공기층 두께가 두꺼워질수록 방사선량 감소가 현저했다. 같은 조건에서 10메가볼트 광자선에서 선량변화는 표준선량보다 4.2%에서 33.9%까지 낮아졌다. 동일 깊이에서 표준심부선량에 대한 불균질 조직층 선량의 비인 OER은 조사면적 10X10cm²이상에서는 1ㅂ조다 크거나 1에 가까운 값을 보였다. 결론 : 방사선 조사면적이 커지면 공기층과 인접한 조직 경계면의 선량감소는 거의 나타나지 않으며 10X!0cm²이하의 소조사면 치료시 조직 경계면의 종양에 대한 치료선량 평가에는 rebuild-up 효과를 고려하여야 될 것으로 생각된다. 임상에서 6 메가볼트 광자선을 사용하여 공기층이 존재하는 구강과 인후두 종양을 치료할 때, 공기층에 인접한 점막층 (1-3mm)의 선량은 표준선량에 비해 29%까지 적게 도달될 수 있으므로 방사선 치료선량 결정에 이러한 결과를 필히 고려하여야 될 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : This study was performed to measure dose alteration at the air-tissue interface resulting from rebuild-up due to the loss of charged particle equilibrium in the tissues around the air-tissue interfaces. Materials and Methods : The 6 and 10-MV photon beam in dual energy linear accelerator were used to measure the surface dose at the air-tissue interface. The polystyrene phantom sized 25X25X5cm³ and a water pahntom sized 29X29X48cm³ which incorporates a parallel-plate ionization chamber in the distal side of air gap were used in this study. The treatment field sizes were 5X5cm², 10X10cm², and 20X20cm². Air cavity thichness was variable from 10mm to 50mm. The observed-expected ratio (OER) was defined as the ratio of dose measured at the distal junction, that is air-tissue interface, to the dose measured at the same point in a homogeneous phantom. Results : In this experiment, the result of OER was close or slightly over than 1.0 for the large field size but much less (about 0.565) than 1.0 for the small field size in both photon energy. The factors to affect the dose distribution at the air-tissue interface were the field size, the thickness of air cavity, and the photon energy. Conclusion : Thus, the radiation oncologist should take into account dose reduction at the air-tissue interface when planning the head and neck cancer, especially parynx and laryngeal lesions, because the dose can be less nearly 29% than predictied value.

건설사업 관리에 있어서 설계이전단계의 인력투입 적정성 분석

안양환,김영애,김용수,An, Yang-Hoan,Kim, Young-Ai,Kim, Yong-Su 한국건설관리학회 2009 건설관리 : 한국건설관리학회 학회지 Vol.4 No.2

In the execution of construction management, such pre-design steps as a planning stage, a basic design stage, and a work design stage are regarded as more important than an actual construction stage. However, the manpower input criterion from the aspect of construction management price standard in the Construction Engineering Management Law does not attach weight to the pre-design stage. In this regard, the aim of this study was to examine the propriety of manpower input in the pre-design stage of construction management and then present an improvement strategy of it. For this, the investigator examined the criterion of service price prescribed in the Construction Engineering Management Law and then comparatively analyzed four sites of construction management services. Study findings are as follows: 1) the actual state of manpower input based on the stepwise average price criterion of construction management service is presented with such steps as the newly established planning step (6.6%), the basic design stage (3.9%$\rightarrow$5.6%), the practical design stage(7.6%$\rightarrow$13.5%), the construction stage (88.5%$\rightarrow$64.0%), and the newly established maintenance stage (10.3%). The average price criterion is classified by total construction expenses and calculated by improved rates and stage; and 2) the three-step criterion of the Construction Engineering Management Law is classified into five stages including the planning stage and the maintenance stage by dividing it with the stepwise construction businesses. Study findings show that the calculation of price criterion in the actual site of construction management services must be operated in a practical and flexible manner and the systematic improvement of stepwise manpower input must be carried out actually. 건설사업관리 업무를 수행하는데 있어 설계이전단계인 사업기획단계, 기본설계 및 실시설계단계가 시공단계보다 중요한 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그러나 건설기술관리법상 건설사업관리 대가 기준으로 본 인력투입기준은 설계이전단계의 중요성을 고려하지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 현실적 상황에 따라 본 연구에서는 건설사업관리 업무의 설계이전단계 인력투입 적정성을 분석하여 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 건기법의 용역대가기준과 건설사업관리 용역 4곳의 현장을 비교 분석 하였다. 연구결과 사업수행에 있어 개선된 인력투입의 적정성 분석은 다음과 같이 나타났다. 1)실제 건설사업관리 용역의 단계별 대가평균기준의 인력투입현황을 사업기획단계 신설(6.6%), 기본설계단계(3.9%$\rightarrow$5.6%), 실시설계단계(7.6%$\rightarrow$13.5%), 시공단계(88.5%$\rightarrow$64.0%), 유지관리단계 신설(10.3%)로 제안하였다. 제안된 대가평균기준을 총공사비 기준으로 분류하여 개선후의 요율과 단계별로 산정하여 제시하였다. 2) 건설기술관리법 기준인 3단계기준을 사업기획단계, 유지관리단계를 포함하여 단계별 업무를 구분하여 5단계로 제시하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 건설사업관리 용역현장의 대가 표준 산정이 현실적이고 탄력적으로 운용되고 단계별 인력투입에 대한 제도개선이 현실적으로 이루어져야하는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

고속도로 구조물공사의 안전사고 특성분석

허운찬,김영애,황욱선,김용수,Huh, Woon-Chan,Kim, Young-Ai,Hwang, Uk-Sun,Kim, Yong-Su 한국건설관리학회 2010 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.11 No.3

The expressway construction work is being recently diversified even the working environments and the working kinds due to getting large scale, complexity, and high technology. The accidents are increasing according to large scale even in construction equipment and to a rise in high-ground work, thereby being required an effort of reducing accidents. However, it is insufficient in a means of coping with the technically safety management of using specific and scientific method. In order to prevent accident, a specific plan is needed that can apply each in variables to safety management by analyzing the accident types and accident factors with statistical method. Accordingly, this study carried out investigate on accidents for 12 years in the expressway construction work, and aimed to analyze characteristics on the accident type and conversion disaster-victim number according to factors with occurrence of accidents. Thus, the empirical analysis was performed. As a result of research, first, as a result of verifying significant difference with accident type by accident factor, the significant difference was shown between a cause for occurrence of accident and height with occurrence of accident. Second, among factors by period, the time with occurrence of accident was indicated to have significant difference from conversion disaster-victim number. Among factors by work condition, the cause for occurrence of accident, the height with occurrence of accident, and the type with occurrence of accident were indicated to have significant difference from conversion disaster-victim number. What suggested by analyzing characteristics in these factors and variables has important significance as a countermeasure for safety management. 최근 고속도로 건설공사는 대형화, 복잡화, 첨단화로 인한 작업환경 및 작업의 종류도 다양화 되고 있다. 공사 장비 또한 대형화와 고소작업의 증가에 따라 안전사고가 증가하고 있어 건설재해를 감소시키려는 노력이 요구된다. 그러나 구체적이고 과학적 방법을 사용한 기술적 안전관리 대처 수단이 미비하다. 사고 예방을 위해서 안전사고 유형 및 사고요인 등을 통계적인 방법으로 분석하여 각 변수들에 대한 안전관리에 적용할 수 있는 방안이 구체적으로 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 고속도로 건설공사의 12년간 안전사고에 대한 조사를 실시하여 사고발생요인들에 따라 사고유형 및 환산재해자수에 대한 특성을 분석하기 위한 목적으로 실증분석을 하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 사고요인별 사고유형과의 유의미한 차이를 검정한 결과 사고 발생 원인 및 사고발생 높이가 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 기간별요인 중에 사고발생시간이 환산재해자수와의 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 작업여건별 요인 중에는 사고발생원인, 사고발생높이, 사고발생유형이 환산재해자수와의 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이러한 요인들과 변수들의 특징을 분석하여 제시한 결과는 향후 안전관리 대책 수립에 중요한 의미가 있다.

국내 건설업 전자조달시스템 도입활용상의 실증분석 및 개선방안

서경상(Kyung-sang, Seo),김영애(Young-ai, Kim),김용수(Yong-su, Kim) 한국구매조달학회 2007 한국구매조달학회지 Vol.6 No.2

최근 세계는 디지털기술과 인터넷 등 IT기술의 급속한 발전으로 전통적인 상거래행위가 시간과 공간을 초월한 전자상거래의 형태로 바뀌어져 가고 있다. 이에 따라서 본 연구는 건설업에서 국내건설업체의 전자조달시스템의 도입·활용 현황을 실증 분석하여 이를 바탕으로 건설업에서 조직과 조직원의 효율적인 업무처리를 위한 개선방안을 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 전문가그룹의 인터뷰조사를 통하여 문제점을 파악 후 건설업체 외주담당자와 이용자를 상대로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 실증분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 전자조달시스템에 대한 인식과 사전조사가 충실한 경우 종업원과 이용자에게 내부적인 갈등이 감소, 신속, 원활한 제도 도입·활용, 효율성과 만족도는 증가 되었다. 전자조달시스템 도입 후 현장과 본사의 내부 커뮤니케이션이 활발한 경우 구축성과와 효율성의 긍정적인 반응, Risk감소(도입 및 활용), 업무손실의 감소를 가져다준 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 전자조달시스템 도입․활용의 효율성을 극대화하기 위한 개선방안으로는 ‘개발자와 이용자의 도입 전 공감대 형성의 장을 마련’, ‘이용자에 대한 사전홍보 및 교육훈련’, ‘연계시스템의 개발’ ‘경영자의 장기적이고 미래지향적인 태도’, ‘정성적인 면을 반영한 시스템 구축’등을 제시하였다. With the rapid development of IT technologies such as digital technology and the Internet, the traditional business transaction has changed into electronic commerce that transcends time and space. In this regard, the aim of this study is to empirically analyze the current state of the introduction and utilization of the domestic construction business electronic procurement system, and then present an improvement strategy for the efficient operation and management of a construction business and its employees. For this, the investigator interviewed specialists and professionals, and then carried out a survey of persons in charge of contract-out services in construction business entities and its end users. Study findings are as follows:When employees and users examine and understand an electronic procurement system fully in advance, their internal conflicts decrease and its introduction and utilization is fast and smooth, thus resulting in an increase of efficiency and satisfaction. Also, when the internal communication between on-site employees and main office personnel is active after the introduction of an electronic procurement system, the achievement and efficiency of the system is positive, resulting in a decrease of risks (related to introduction and utilization) and business losses. In order to maximize the efficiency of the introduction and utilization of an electronic procurement system, a consensus between developers and users must be formed before its introduction. In addition, strategies such as advance publicizing and training of users, development of a connected system, managers long-term and future-oriented attitudes, and establishment of a qualitative aspect-reflected system must be taken into consideration.

실과교육을 통한 기본생활기능 신장에 관한 연구

정진현(Jung Jin Hyun),김영애(Kim Young Ai) 한국실과교육학회 1998 한국실과교육학회지 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study was to improve the basic living skills through utilizing actual materials which were made after synthesizing Making and Handling skills based on the theory of how children can study voluntarily and amusingly. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The basic living skills of experiment class students were improved compared to the control class students’ basic living skills including scissoring, sewing (basting and tacking), and utilizing hoe, driver, and nipper. 2) The interest level of students for Practical Arts course were elevated after the experimental class. There was a big advancement in frequency and capability of students’ utilizing tools at home. Furthermore, for practical training material possession status, there was a change from “well-equipped” from “not equipped” on home equipment tools including farming tools, kitchen tools, woodworking tools, and sewing tools. 3) After the experimental class, the parents’ attitude toward the importance of guiding children the basic living skills from Practical Arts class have changed to more positive. Also, after the experimental class, parents were more likely to guide and teach basic living skills from the Practical Arts class to their children.

교육대학생의 장래 가정경영에 관한 조사 연구-가정구성 문제를 중심으로(제1보)-

김영애 공주교육대학교 초등연구원 1974 公州敎大論叢 Vol.11 No.-

According to the statistic results of the Questionaire by junior teacher’s students for the future family control. The conclusion is as follow. (1) Both male and female students want to have connections with other sex, but in reality many students do not. In marriage most of them (students)except a few, intend to have marriage so they want to have wedding through connection with opposite sex. In selection spouse, male students ask for health, beauty, but female consider charac- ter or personally to be important. I think it is natural that rapid changing society should make Young students take a changing thought. (2) After marriage male students usually want to haye two sons, one daughter, female one son, one daughter. I think it is a good tendency, for our government as a national policy, forced to do family plan in order to resolve our country population. so everybody should do his suitable family plan for his ideal marriage life in the future (3) In bring up children,both male and female want to bring up a child as follows, that is “A child is in a strong sel-freliance judgement” or healthy cheerful and honest, students will want to be a cultured parents with a strict and gentle mind. It is good condition that all the students are interested in the education of children. If you want to bring up Your children, aa parents in the new age. Above all, you have to build Your character and must bs a childs friend a protector. In addition You must always memorize a special thought that children are not an adults reduction. (4) After marriage there are tow problems : one is “living in the same housewith one’s parents" the other is the support of one's parents More than 70 per一cent males take the for mor but 50 per—cent females want to live apart from their parents. In the later problem, the oldest son usually lives with his parents, the other bro- thers must help their eld brother. Every son should not have in derence to his parents event hough he did not do his best duty to his parents who had brought up each of them. (5) In female activity on their work shop female want to keep on acting in their occupation. After marriage most of male students agree to the above problem. In order to advance life level every desire makes eemale guide to every job. (6) Recently Young men are much concerned about the problem of the old age. jnanY people think that once they will be old age, they want to live only their wife and husband, but I think it is good that an old man should live with unmarried sons not married men, if possible.

대두발효식품인 개량메주에 관한 연구

김영애 공주교육대학교 초등연구원 1968 公州敎大論叢 Vol.5 No.-

1967年 12月 부터 1968年 11月 까지 春夏秋冬 4 回 以上에 걸쳐 메주 만들기 實驗을 하여 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 改良 메주는 사철 아무 때나 만들 수 있디、(但 너무 덥거나 추울 때는 除外) 2. 짧은 時日과 적은 努力으로 쉽게 할 수 있다. (在來式 메주는 6 個月이 걸리는 데 比하여, 改良 메주는 3 日 걸린다.) 3. 간장, 된장 맛이 달고 在來式보다 營養價가 많다. 4. 아무리 黃麯을 使用해서 改良 메주를 만든다 하여도 溫度,濕度 調節에 영향이 많다. 5. 메주 띄우기에 있어서 注意를 要할 點은 品溫이 35°C 以上 올라가지 않도록 할 點이다. 6. 黃麯은 너무 오래되지 않고 質이 좋은 것을 使用하여야 한다. We have gained the following results after the 4 experiments of improved bean malt (or Yeast, Leaven) a year from December, 1967 to November, 1968: 1. The improved bean malt can be made at any times in a year. (Avoide: Too hot or too cold times) 2. It may be done with short times and little efforts. (The traditional ones take 6 months, but this ones 3 days) 3. It has sweeter flavour and more mutritions of say and bean paste than the traditional ones. 4. The control of temperature and humidity commands it nutrition. It matters little to use the quantity of yellow yeast without it. 5. The rising limitation of temperature 35OC must be kept in its fermenting (Unless: The fermented soy-bean germs appear, and it becomes useless.) 6. The fresh and fine yellow yeast must be used.

Jean Cocteau의 "Les enfants terribles"에 나타난 兒童의 世界 : Le monde des enfants dans 《Les enfants terribles》de 『Jean Cocteau』

金榮愛 이화여자대학교 1969 Foyer Vol.- No.2

初. 中高等學校 生物 領域에서 共通 實驗 內容의 連繫性에 關한 硏究

鄭玩鎬,金榮愛 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 1991 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.1 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to provide teachers with directions and references for guiding inquiry and research. I selected lists of laboratory work contained in newly 5th revised biological textbooks for elementary, middle and high school. Then from the laboratory works commonly treated, analyzed the sequence of purpose and contents of laboratory work, as well as the sequence of inquiry process imbedded in laboratory work, and got to the following conclusions. 1. There were total of 14 laboratory works which are connected in curricula of elementary, middle and high school. 2. Most of the observed laboratory works show clear connection among each school level. Elementary school: Laboratory equipment is relatively simple mostly for simple observation and basic laboratory activity using microscope. However, in process and method, it is designed to stimulate scientific thinking by comparison and relating it to real life, and also is designed to raise an ability to build inquity skills and forming a concept. Middle school: On top of what they have been already exposed through elementary curriculum, to form a concept about scientific system for classification, to build an advanced skill for laboratory practice. High school: By understanding detailed structure of organization and its functions through high magnifying microscope, to understand total features of biological species and to put this into the global concept of ecological system. Also, an open system of laboratory activity is introduced at this level to enlarge the student's inquiry skills. 3. From the order of sequence point of view. "Nutrients deduction" and "observation for frog" wasn't clear between middle school and high school, and "development for frog" was also the case between elementary school and middle school. 4. The analysis of inquiry activity indicates that high school's percentage was the highest in the area of formulating hypothesis and laboratory design. whereas the elementary school was highest for interpretation and analysis of data, and summative evaluation. This would be in line with the fact that out of the 14 laboratory activities analyzed, six items belong to observation. 5. Inquiry index was highest in elementary school, high in middle school, and lowest in high school, which indicates that the portion of observational laboratory work is gradually decreased in upper educational level. This stems from the fact that in elementary or middle school, based on development stage at intelligence, it is occassional to have laboratory works which implies detailed circumstance, whereas in case of high school, this process is much decreased, since at this age level, the students reach to formal operational stage. It is stipulated in high school curriculum guideline that at least 15% of the curriculum hour is to be allocated for laboratory work, but actual contents of some textbook is less than 15%. This implies the need for further development of laboratory activity for inquiry practice.