해창<SUP>海窓</SUP> 송기식<SUP>宋基植</SUP>의 현실인식과 대응방략의 변화

김순석(Kim, Sun-seok) 한국국학진흥원 2020 국학연구 Vol.0 No.42

송기식은 1878년 경북 안동에서 태어나 일제강점기를 살다가 1949년 세상을 떠난 유교개혁론자이며, 독립운동가이며, 교육자이다. 유교는 조선의 지배 이데올로기였던 까닭에 한말까지도 사회전반에 큰 영향력을 미치고 있었다. 그렇지만 문호개방 이후 밀려든 서구 문명 앞에서 유림의 대응 방략은 무력하기만 하였고, 유교는 구시대의 유물로 인식되어 개혁의 대상으로 인식되기도 하였다. 유교개혁론자들은 대부분 유교의 긍정적인 측면들을 이해하고 유교를 근본으로 삼고 서구 사상으로 그 단점을 보완하려 한 사람들이 많았다. 송기식 또한 그런 개혁론자 가운데 한 사람이었다. 송기식은 처음부터 유교개혁론자는 아니었고, 초기에는 위정척사계열의 유학자였다. 1895년 ‘명성황후 시해사건’을 규탄하는 의병이 일어났을 때 19세의 나이로 의병장 김도화 아래서 서기로 종군하였다. 이후 김흥락과 사제의 인연을 맺고, 퇴계 학맥의 주류를 계승한 그는 평생 두 가지 과제를 해결하고자 노력하였다. 그 하나는 상실된 국권을 회복하는 것이었고, 다른 하나는 세력을 상실하였던 유교를 부흥하는 일이었다. 송기식은 1895년 의병에 참가한 다음 1909년 이상룡이 대한협회안동지 회장이 되자 애국계몽운동에 나섰다. 이 무렵 송기식은 이상룡과 긴밀한 협의 끝에 봉양서숙을 설립하여 교육사업에 투신하게 된다. 그가 이렇듯 위정척사파에서 애국계몽운동가로 전환하게 된 계기는 서구 사상을 소개한 민주주의와 자유주의, 시민사상이 담긴 책들을 섭렵하였고, 이상룡의 권유가 큰 역할을 하였다. 그는 1919년 3.1운동이 발발하였다는 소식을 접하고 안동의 협동학교‧동화학교‧보문의숙‧봉양서숙 등의 학생들을 규합하여 만세 시위에 앞장섰다. 그 결과 그는 현장에서 체포되어 안동 옥사에 투옥되었고, 이후 대구 감옥으로 이감되어 있다가 다시 경성 감옥으로 옮겨졌다. 1920년 영친왕의 가례를 맞아 석방된 그는 출옥한 이듬해 유교혁신에 관한 생각들을 정리하여 『유교유신론』을 발간하였다. 1932년 송기식은 경성유교회 안순환으로부터 녹동서원 명교강습소 교수직으로 위촉받아 유교의 종교화운동에 참여하게 된다. 본고는 송기식이 어떤 계기를 통하여 사상적 전환이 일어났으며, 그것이 어떤 행동양식의 변화로 이어졌는지에 대한 연구이다. Song Ki-sik was born in Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do in 1878, lived under the Japanese Colonial period and passed away after liberation. He was an independence activist and educator. Since Confucianism was the dominant ideology of Joseon, it had a great influence on society as a whole. Nevertheless, in the face of Western civilization, which was pushed out after the opening of the door, Confucian Scholar countermeasures were helpless, and Confucianism was recognized as a relic of the old days and the object of reform. Many Confucian reformers tried to understand the positive aspects of Confucianism, make Confucianism the basis, and try to make up for the shortcomings with Western ideas. Song Ki-sik was one of those reformists. Song Ki-sik was not a Confucian reformer from the beginning, but was a Conservative Confucian scholar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he joined the army under Kim Do-hwa. Since then, Kim Heung-Rak has a relationship with teacher and discipleship. Song Ki-shik, who succeeded the mainstream of Toegye, tried to solve two problems. One was to restore lost sovereignty, and the other was to revive Confucianism, which at that time lost power. Song Ki-sik participated in Voluntary army in 1895, and then in 1909, when Lee Sang-ryong became the chairman of Andong branch the Korean Association, he started the Patriot Enlightenment Movement. Around this time, Song Ki-sik established Bongyang Seosuk after close consultation with Lee Sang-ryong and started his business in education. The reason for his transition from Conservative Confucian scholar to patriotic enlightenment activists was through books on democracy, liberalism and civil ideology that introduced Western ideas, and Lee Sang-ryong’s invitation played a big role. When he heard of the outbreak of the March 1st Movement in 1919, he led students of Hyupdong schools, Donghwa School, Bomun Uisuk, and Bongyang Seosuk. As a result, he was arrested at the scene and imprisoned in Andong"s prison, then moved to Daegu jail and then moved back to Gyeongsung jail. In 1920, he was released on the rite of King Young Chin. The following year, he wrote Confucianism Reformed Theory and summarized his thoughts on Confucian innovation. In 1932, Song Ki-sik was appointed as a professor at Nokdongseowon Myeonggyo Campus by Ahn Sun-hwan from Kyungsung Confucian Church to participate in the Confucian religious movement. This thesis is a study on how the ideological transformation of Song Ki-sik led to the change of behavior and the change of behavior afterward.

어린이 성격유형별 학습능력 향상을 위한 공간디자인 구축 방안

김국선(Kook-Sun Kim) 한국가구학회 2013 한국가구학회지 Vol.24 No.1

The objective of this study is to explore basic type of character of humans and to suggest a design method of establishing a spatial construction environment for developing effective learning ability based on such type of character. As a range of research, spatial formative language was deduced and space design strategy for the children was suggested through an analysis of spatial requirements by exploring connectivity depending on features of 9 types of character through Enneagram. As a method of research, a process of suggesting a concrete method after defining an element of spatial construction and deducing a formative language for developing and strengthening effective learning ability for each type of character. As a result of research, the methods of children space design strategy for enhancing learning ability for leadership in a future specific fields were suggested through 9 different type of character with image of case study.

혹한기시 열차 급전시스템 결빙방지를 위한 히팅시스템 열전달 해석

김무선(Moo Sun Kim),장동욱(Dong Uk Jang),홍재성(Jae Sung Hong) 대한기계학회 2014 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2014 No.4-3

히팅시스템에 의한 열차 주행로 구조물의 열응력 해석

김무선(Moo Sun Kim),장동욱(Dong Uk Jang) 대한기계학회 2015 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.열공학 No.-

Lung RPO 선량전달시, Carbon Couch Side Rail과 Vac-lok이 미치는 영향

김석민,곽근탁,이승훈,김정수,권형철,김양수,이선영,Kim, Seok Min,Gwak, Geun Tak,Lee, Seung Hun,Kim, Jung Soo,Kwon, Hyoung Cheol,Kim, Yang Su,Lee, Sun Young 대한방사선치료학회 2018 대한방사선치료학회지 Vol.30 No.1

목 적 : 폐의 우측후사방향 선량전달시, Carbon Side Rail과 환자 고정기구인 Vac-lok이 미치는 영향을 보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : Vac-lok의 오른쪽 부분을 10, 20, 30 mm 두께로 제작하였다. 측정은 유리선량계를 이용하여 측정하였고, 측정점은 팬텀 우측 폐의 center Point를 기준으로 좌, 우, 하, 상 방향 각각 A, B, C, D Point로 설정 하였다. 각 point에 유리선량계를 삽입한 후 couch의 Side Rail을 외측(Out)으로 뺀 후 vac-lok을 놓지 않은 no vac-lok, 그리고 10, 20, 30 mm의 vac-lok 위에 팬텀을 세팅하였다. 중심점에 6 MV 광자선을 조사야 $10{\times}10cm^2$, SAD 100 cm, 겐트리 각도 $225^{\circ}$로 하여 300 MU/min 선량률과 100 MU 조사선량을 전달하였다. 측정은 5회씩 실시하였고, 마찬가지로 Side Rail을 내측(In)으로 넣은 후 각 point에 대해서도 같은 조건으로 5 회씩 측정하여 평균값을 산출하였다. 결 과 : side rail에 따라서는 중심점, A, B, C, D Point 각각 -11.8 %, -12.3 %, -4.1 %, -12.3 %, -7.3 %의 선량 감소를 보였다. Side-Rail-Out에서 10 mm vac-lok의 경우 약 -0.9 %가 감소되었고, 20 mm vac-lok 사용 시 약 -2.0 %, 30 mm vac-lock 사용 시 약 -3.0 %가 감소되었다. Side-Rail-In에서 10 mm vac-lok의 경우 약 -1.0 %가 감소되었고, 20 mm vac-lok 사용 시 약 -2.1 %, 30 mm vac-lok 사용 시 약 -3.0 %가 감소되었다. Side-Rail-In 상태의 no vac-lok 선량 값을 기준으로 Side-Rail-Out 상태의 10, 20, 30 mm vac-lok을 사용할 때, side rail에 대한 선량 감소에 더하여 중심점에서는 약 -0.9 %, -1.8 % -2.4 %, A point에서는 -0.5 %, -1.6 %, -2.1 %, B point에서는 약 -0.9 %, -2.0 %, -3.2 %, C Point에서는 -1.0 %, -2.1 %, -3.1 %, D point에서는 약 -1.0 %, -1.6 %, -3.1 %의 추가적인 선량 감소를 나타냈다. 결 론 : 폐를 비롯한 우측후사방향 방사선 치료 시 side rail에 대해 주의를 기울이고, vac-lok 제작 시 vaclok 두께에 대해 관심을 갖는다면 더 나은 치료 효과를 기대해 볼 수 있으리라 사료된다. Purpose : To evaluate the effect of carbon couch side rail and vacuum immobilization device in case of lung RPO irradiation. Materials and Methods : The 10, 20, 30 mm thickness of vac-lok's right side were obtained. To measure of doses, glass dosimeters were used and measured reference point is left lung center at the phantom. A, B, C, and D points are left, right, down, and up directions based on the center point. In the state of Side-Rail-Out, place the without vac-lok, with the thickness of 10, 20, and 30 mm vac-lok. After the glass dosimeters was inserted in center, A, B, C, and D points, 100 MU of 6 MV X-ray were irradiated to the referenced center point in the condition of $10{\times}10cm^2$ field size, SAD 100 cm, gantry angle 225, 300 MU/min dose rate. Five measurements were made for each point. In the state of Side-Rail-In, five measurement were made for each point under the same conditions. The average is measured on each of the five Side-Rail-Out and Side-Rail-In measurements. Results : In the presence of side rail, the dose reduction ratio was -11.8 %, -12.3 %, -4.1 %, -12.3 %, -7.3 % for each A, B, C, and D points. In the state of Side-Rail-Out, the dose reduction ratio for the using 10 mm thickness of vac-lok was -0.9 % than without vac-lok. The dose reduction ratio for the using 20 mm thickness of vac-lok was -2.0 %, for the using 30 mm thickness of the vac-lok was -3.0 % than without vac-lok. In the state of Side-Rail-In, the dose reduction ratio for the using 10 mm thickness of vac-lok was -1.0 % than without vac-lok. The dose reduction ratio for the using 20 mm vac-lok was -2.1 %, for the using 30 mm vac-lok was -3.0 % than without vac-lok. Based on the value of no vac-lok dose in the Side-Rail-In state, The dose reduction ratios for the using 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm thickness of vac-loks In the Side-Rail-Out that the center point were -12.7 %, -13.7 %, -14.2 % and -12.8 %, -13.8 %, -14.5 % respectively at point A. The dose reduction ratios for the same conditions to the B point were -4.9 %, -6.1 %, -7.1 % and -13.4 %, -14.4 %, -15.5 % respectively at point C. The dose reduction ratios for the same conditions to the D point were -8.4 %, -9.0 %, -10.4 % respectively. Conclusion : The attenuation was caused by presence of side rails and thickness of vac-lok. Pay attention to these attenuation factors, making it a more effective radiation therapy.

공직선거에서의 전자투표제도 도입을 위한 단계적 접근

김재선(Jae Sun Kim) 중앙법학회 2011 中央法學 Vol.13 No.2

This thesis has tried to study about electronic voting system from a public law perspective based on the situation that electronic means are utilized even in elections that require acquiring credibility and securing safety to the people and in voting, which is the method to participate in elections by the development of IT technology. Furthermore it has been implemented in 35 nations around the world along with technical and systemetical improvements. However, securing fairness carries weight as electronic voting system has many problems to be solved by public law following each area or methods of voting. For Public Office Elections such as for Presidential Voting, Assembly Election, Local Government Voting, and Voting for superintendent of education, there were technical and institutional efforts to implement electronic voting since early 2000s, however, due to stability and credibility issues, even now in 2011, it hasn`t been implemented yet. In the case of 1st stage electronic voting utilizing optical scan or touch-screens on the polling station, the cost of election administration is reduced and the time spent on counting the votes is shortened while also increasing the participation of foreigners and the disabled. As we move further on to the 3rd stage electronic voting which utilizes internet the improvement rate of voter turnout and enhancement rate of voting convenience increases. However, in order to implement electronic voting to Public Office Elections, the most important task to deal with is to secure the public credibility while not harming the principles of elections. To countermeasure the possibilities of system crashes in the 1st stage PSEV electronic voting system, we can make additional installment of electronic voting equipment compulsory, implement preliminary verification, prepare controlled program facilities, and employ system maintenance crew. For safe transfer of the election results, we utilize the current level of police force for security procedures and have observers from each political party to keep a close eye on. Moreover, we can have the election results saved in and out of the voting equipment or have it printed out just in case. On the other hand, when there happens to be intentional losses or swaps of election results, we may arrange a severe penalty rule. For the verification procedure of the election results, we can keep the ballots printed out separately or utilize an Election Audit Trail as a technical verification method to aid accuracy in the tallying and recounting process. Although there may be some people who will not be used to the voting equipment because of the touch-screen, however, this can be overcome by manufacturing touch-screens specifically made for the old and the infirm, the disabled, and foreigners, or through education and advertisement. For those who are still blockaded from voting, we can carry out the pre-existing paper ballots along with electronic voting or we can consider utilizing proxy votes by having vote assistants like Japan. The initial installation costs are quite large, however, as the maintenance costs reduce significantly, as long as there are at least 30 or more polls, it is cost-effective and we can even aim for profits by exporting the electronic vote technology to abroad. If we only make use of the united electoral register, we would have to protect personal information through Private Information Protection Procedures and Encryption Protocols and also strengthen punishment rules in provision for exposure of the electoral register. For the 2nd stage KIOSK method, utilizing passwords, cookies, electronic signatures, introducing new electronic identification systems, and physical-recognition such as fingerprints have been discussed about to secure credibility of the identification process, however, as electronic IDs or physical-recognition methods have concerns of privacy violation, technologically cookies or electronic signatures are the most valid m

초전도한류기 적용시 리클로져간 보호협조에 따른 순간저전압 영향 분석

김이관(Yi-Gwan KIm),김진석(Jin-Seok Kim),조용선(Yong-Sun Cho),노신의(Shin-Eui Noh),임성훈(Sung-Hun Lim),김재철(Jae-Chul KIm) 한국조명·전기설비학회 2013 한국조명·전기설비학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.5

마이크로 유전알고리즘을 이용한 등분포 하중을 받는 립ㄷ형강 보의 단면 최적설계

김선명(Kim Sun-Myung),이재홍(Lee Jae-Hong) 대한건축학회 2003 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.19 No.7

An important advantage of cold-formed steel is the great flexibility of cross-sectional profiles and sizes available to structural steel designers. However, this flexibility makes the selection of the most economical section difficult for a particular situation. In this study, Micro Genetic Algorithm(μ-GA) is used to find an optimum cross section of cold-formed lipped channel beams under uniformly distributed load considering all structural constraints such as moments, deflection, shear, web crippling, and flange curling. The efficiency of μ-GA has been proved through many problems, especially the problem with 3∼5 design variables. The design curves are generated for optimum values of the thickness, the flange flat-width-to-thickness ratio and lip flat-width-to-thickness ratio for unbraced beams. The optimum design curves presented in this paper can be a valuable guide to structural engineers.

가열조리 시 닭고기 부위별 수용성 비타민 B5의 함량 변화

김기쁨 ( Gi-ppeum Kim ),안경근 ( Kyung-geun Ahn ),강련웅 ( Ryeon-woong Kang ),권희주 ( Heeju Kwon ),김명현 ( Myunghyun Kim ),황혜지 ( Hyeji Hwang ),주하은 ( Haeun Joo ),황영선 ( Young-sun Hwang ),최용민 ( Youngmin Choi ),김행란 ( 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2016 No.-

최근, 닭고기 부분육의 공급으로 개인의 취향이나 필요에 따라 닭고기 부위별 섭취가 늘어나고 있으며, 닭고기 부위별 특징에 따라 다양한 조리법이 이용되고 있으나 이에 대한 성분 함량 정보는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 주관 국가 표준 식품성분표(제9개정판) 제작을 위한 식품자원의 비타민 성분구명 및 DB 구축사업의 일환으로, 국내 다소비 닭고기 부위 중 일부 부위를 대상으로 수용성 비타민 B5의 함량변화를 HPLC-DAD 분석법으로 평가하였다. 본 연구에 적용한 HPLC-DAD 분석법의 재현성(inter 및 intra-day), 기기분석 시 검출성분의 이론단수, 검량선의 직선성 및 해상도 등 분석 파라미터를 검토한 결과, 우수한 재현성 및 분리능을 확인하였다. 국내 다소비 닭고기 부위 중 수용성 비타민 B5의 함량을 평가한 결과, 닭 모래주머니가 1.602±0.018 mg/100 g으로 가장 많은 판토텐산이 함유된 것으로 조사되었으며, 다리 (1.154± 0.024 mg/100 g), 넓적다리(1.076±0.002 mg/100 g), 날개(0.943±0.007 mg/100 g) 및 가슴살(0.801±0.018 mg/100 g) 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 한편, 닭다리의 경우, 삶았을 때 1.365± 0.013 mg/100 g으로 생것보다 함량이 증가하였으나, 다리를 제외한 기타 부위에서는 삶았을 때, 생것보다 함량이 낮아진 양상을 나타내었다. 아울러 넓적다리, 날개 및 다리의 경우, 생것보다 구웠을 때 함량이 높게 조사되었으나, 가슴살 및 모래주머니의 경우에는 함량이 낮아지거나, 전혀 검출되지 않는 양상으로 조사되었다. 이상의 연구결과는 향후 국가 표준 식품성분표(제9개정판)의 제작뿐만 아니라 관련 임상, 단체급식, 식품개발 및 영양교육 등 식품 및 인체 영양 분야의 귀중한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

LLTM모형과 LLTM-R모형을 이용한 Rasch 문항난이도 및 문항정답률에 영향을 미치는 요인 탐색

김선(Sun Kim),반재천(Jae-Chun Ban) 한국교육평가학회 2024 교육평가연구 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구는 일반선형혼합모형(generalized linear mixed model: GLMM) 틀 안에서 LLTM(linear logistic test model)과 LLTM-R(linear logistic test model with error)을 이용, 기초학력 진단검사 3R’s 셈하기의 Rasch 문항난이도와 문항정답률을 예측하고자 하였다. 12개 문항 속성 변수를 Q행렬로 추출했고, 자료는 2018년, 2019년, 2022년, 2023년 전국에서 표집 시행한 것이다. 연구 결과 첫째, ‘그림 보고 해결하기’와 ‘받아올림/내림’이 있는 문항은 어려웠다. 문항 속성은 ‘수 읽고 해결하기’, ‘한 자리 수’, ‘구성형’ 순으로 많이 나타났고, ‘받아올림/내림’과 ‘관계알기’는 빈도가 낮았다. 둘째, Rasch 문항난이도와 LLTM으로 추정된 문항난이도 간 상관은 0.67~0.79였고, LLTM-R을 사용했을 때 1.0에 가까웠다. 셋째, LLTM-R로 문항 응답을 예측한 후 관찰된 정답률과 예측된 정답확률 평균 간 상관은 0.74~0.76 정도였다. 관찰된 정답률과 문항반응을 예측하여 구한 정답률 간 차이가 5% 이내인 문항은 68%~92%였고, 10% 이상인 문항은 없었다. This study aimed to predict the Rasch item difficulty and the proportion of correct responses for the 3R's math tests in the Diagnostic Tests of Basic Skills using the Linear Logistic Test Model (LLTM) and the Linear Logistic Test Model with error (LLTM-R). Q-matrices with 12 item attribute variables were derived, and the national samples were collected in 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2023. Findings reveal that, firstly, items requiring problem-solving with pictures and carrying/borrowing were challenging, while attributes like solving by reading numbers, single-digit, and constructed-response were prevalent. Secondly, correlations between Rasch difficulties and LLTM estimates varied between 0.67-0.79, but approached 1.0 with LLTM-R. Thirdly, after predicting item responses with LLTM-R, correlations between the observed proportion of correct responses and the predicted proportions of correct responses were approximately 0.74 to 0.76. The percentages of items with less than a 5% difference between observed proportion of correct response and predicted proportion of correct responses over four years ranged from 68% to 92%, and there were no items with the difference of more than 10%.