Cholera菌의 重金屬Ion反應에 미치는 培地와 菌處置의 影響

曺喜滿 中央醫學社 1971 中央醫學 Vol.21 No.3

S-, SR-, and R-forms of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor strain Ogawa 41 were obtained after culturing the organism successively in immune serum-containing broth. Influences of various culture media on the agglutination behaviour of the organisms were examined, using acrifiavine, lead acetate and manganous chloride as reacting agents. Glucose (1%) had an effect of moderately diminishing the agglutination intensity and titer of SR-form with lead acetate, while lactose (1%) had the contrary effect, i. e., even SR-form becoming agglutinable in manganous chloride solution. Trypsin treatment of the cells also brought about another interesting phenomenon; the differences between form variants in the agglutination degree with lead acetate were considerably dulled, even S-form becoming agglutinable while R-form loosing its spontanous agglutinability.

특허권의 기간은 적당한가?

조희래 대한설비공학회 2019 설비저널 Vol.48 No.10

Landsat TM 영상을 이용한 부산의 토지이용도 작성

조희라 釜山大學校 사범대학 지리교육과 2000 釜山地理 Vol.9 No.1

간호전문대학 교육과정 개선을 위한 연구

조희,홍영숙,양원영,이정자,최양자,양광희,고영애,전시자,양선희,조갑출,강윤숙 적십자간호전문대학 1988 적십자간호전문대학논문집 Vol.10 No.-

바람직한 특허출원인과 변리사의 관계

조희래 대한설비공학회 2019 설비저널 Vol.48 No.8

외국인환자의 의료와 컨시어지서비스 이용경험이 의료기관 만족도에 미치는 영향연구: 몽골인과 카자흐스탄인을 중심으로

조희란 ( Heeran Jamie Cho ) 대한보건협회 2020 대한보건연구 Vol.46 No.1

연구목적 : 몽골과 카자흐스탄 환자의 컨시어지서비스와 의료서비스 이용경험을 환자경험 척도를 통해 확인하며, 환자 만족도를 살펴보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 서울, 경기, 인천 소재 의료기관을 방문한 외국인환자(몽골, 카자흐스탄) 126명에 대한 설문조사 자료를 분석에 활용하였다. 사회인구학적 특성과 방문관련 특성에 따른 환자 만족을 t-test 분석을 통해 살펴보고, 컨시어지서비스 이용경험, 의료서비스 이용경험이 환자 만족에 미치는 영향을 도출하기 위해 위계적 다중 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 : 국적 및 성별과 환자 만족 간에 통계적으로 유의미한 관계가 있었다. 여자가 남자보다 의료기관에 비교적 더 만족했고, 카자흐스탄 환자가 몽골 환자보다 의료기관에 비교적 더 만족했다. 또한 국적, 나이, 컨시어지서비스, 의료서비스는 환자 만족에 영향을 미치고 있었다. 컨시어지서비스와 의료서비스의 영향으로, 40세 이상이 40세 미만보다 의료기관에 더 만족했고, 카자흐스탄 환자가 보다 몽골 환자가 의료기관에 더 만족한다고 나타났다. 또한 환자 중심의 컨시어지서비스와 의료서비스는 모두 환자 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 결론 : 의료기관은 외국인환자의 사회인구학적 특성을 반영하여 서비스를 제공하는 것이 필요하다. 외국인환자 유치 의료기관은 의료서비스와 더불어 컨시어지서비스에 대한 중요성을 인지하고, 국적별 환자에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 환자 중심의 의료 서비스와 국적별 맞춤형 컨시어지서비스를 제공함으로써, 외국인환자의 만족을 더욱 높일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: This study examines the concierge service and medical service experiences for patients from Mongolia and Kazakhstan applying a patient experience scale. Methods: The sample population is 126 foreign patients from Mongolia and Kazakhstan who visited medical providers in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon. Patient satisfaction according to socio-demographic and visit-related characteristics is examined through t-test. In order to derive the effect of concierge service and medical service experience on patient satisfaction, hierarchical multiple regression analysis is performed. Results: The analyses show a statistically significant relationship between nationality, gender and patient satisfaction; females were relatively more satisfied than males, and Kazakhstani patients were relatively more satisfied than Mongolian patients with medical providers. In addition, nationality, age, concierge services, and medical services were shown to affect patient satisfaction. By the effect of concierge services and medical services, Kazakhstani patients became less satisfied than Mongolian patients, and those 40 years old and over were more satisfied than those under 40 years old with medical providers. Both patient-centered concierge and medical services had a positive impact on patient satisfaction. Conclusion: It is necessary for medical providers to provide services that are tailored to foreign patients’ socio-demographic characteristics. Medical providers which regularly attract foreign patients, need to recognize the importance of concierge services, in addition to medical services. It is also essential to provide patient-centered medical services and customized concierge services based on their understanding of patients by nationality. These efforts would increase the satisfaction of patients from different countries and backgrounds more effectively.

Threshold Subsoil Bulk Density for Optimal Soil Physical Quality in Upland: Inferred Through Parameter Interactions and Crop Growth Inhibition

조희래,한경화,장용선,정강호,손연규,김명숙,최세영 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.4

Optimal range of soil physical quality to enhance crop productivity or to improve environmental health is still in dispute for the upland soil. We hypothesized that the optimal range might be established by comparing soil physical parameters and their interactions inhibiting crop growth. The parameter identifying optimal range covered favorable conditions of aeration, permeability and root extension. To establish soil physical standard two experiments were conducted as follows; 1) investigating interactions of bulk density and aeration porosity in the laboratory test and 2) determining effects of soil compaction and deep & conventional tillage on physical properties and crop growth in the field test. The crops were Perilla frutescens, Zea mays L., Solanum tuberosum L. and Secale cereael. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density from the root depth, root growth and stem length were obtained. Higher bulk density showed lower aeration porosity and hydraulic conductivity, and finer texture had lower threshold bulk density at 10% aeration bulk density. Reduced crop growth by subsoil compaction was higher in silt clay loam compared to other textures. Loam soil had better physical improvement in deep rotary tillage plot. Combined with results of the present studies, the soil physical quality was possibly assessed by bulk density index. Threshold subsoil bulk density as the upper value were 1.55 Mg m-3 in sandy loam, 1.50 Mg m-3 in loam and 1.45 Mg m-3 in silty clay loam for optimal soil physical quality in upland.

체육고등학교 남학생의 에너지 발란스에 관한 연구 : 육상선수를 중심으로

조희신,김세환 강원대학교 체육과학연구소 2001 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.24

The athletic high-school was established to discover young players having good character early, bring them up to good players by scientific training program and related guide, to develope athletics of local society and enhance national glory finally(1982, Department of Sports). The capacity of energy-consuming is an element that decides athletic ability. Adoption of large-energy is caused to growing corpulent, so athletic ability is decreased. Also adoption of little-energy becomes stoppage-factor of training. If that is so, this research produces several conclusions and opinions to provide an athlete, especially students of athletic high-school, with a criterion of nutrition-supply. (The object of this research is students of K-athletic high-school ) 1)All capacity of energy-adoption per a day is 4349±513kcal, capacity of energy-adaption per a kilogram is 60.24±7 kcal. 2)All capacity of energy-consuming per a day is 4553±491 kcal, capacity of energy consuming per a kilogram is 63.81±14 kcal. 3)The time, students consumes energy most, is in exercise. At this time, the capacity of energy-consuming is 2084±613kcal. 4)The average of the HR per a day is 73 per a minute. When students take exercise, HR is 107 per a minute and is fastest. 5)The relation between 'all capacity of energy-adoption per a day' and 'all capacity of energy-consuming per a day', namely energy-balance, is 0.959. The result shows (-). This result means 'all capacity of energy-consuming per a day' is more than 'all capacity of energy-adoption per a day', but it is difficult to say "this result is energy-unbalance." These are several opinions, based on above conclusions, about the nutrition-condition of K-athletic high-school students. 1)'All capacity of energy-consuming per a day' is more than 'all capacity of energy-adoption per a day', but it is possible to say "Nutrition-balance of K-athletic high-school students is normal." 2)So, students have to adopt more, 10% of 'all capacity of energy-consuming per a day'. The reason is that students of K-athletic high-school are in growth period, so students need capacity of energy-adopting used in order to grow up, only so students is in nutrition- balance. 3)I think that 'The proper capacity of energy-adoption per a day' of K-athletic high-school students is 'all capacity of energy-adoption per a day', 4349±513kcal, and 10% of 'all capacity of energy-adoption per a day', RDA is 5000 kcal. (but, this is not applicable to all sports.) 4)The capacity of energy-consuming in this research is more than preceding research This result means the exercise of students of K-athletic high-school is too much.

감사인의 내부회계관리제도 구축과 관련한 비감사 서비스 제공과 감사품질 사이의 관계

조희도,최연식,최종학 韓國公認會計士會 2009 회계·세무와 감사 연구 Vol.49 No.-

This paper investigates the association between the provision of non-audit service by auditor, especially the non-audit service related to the establishment of internal control system over financial reporting for the client firms, and the audit quality provided by the incumbent auditor. Since the establishment of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the U.S., the regulators prohibit auditors to provide certain types of non-audit service which may impair audit quality in order to restore the public's shaken trust on the capital market and financial reporting. In addition, Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires firms to establish the internal control system over financial reporting within the firm and report the effectiveness of the system. Furthermore, Section 404 of the Act requires auditors to issue opinion on the validity of the firm's report. These suggest that U.S. regulators believe that adequate internal control is very important to prevent the occurrence of any further financial scandals. Korea introduced similar regulations in year 2003. The auditors are prohibited from providing certain types of non-audit service. In addition, the audit committee needs to approve the provision of the non-audit service by auditors even when the types of the service is eligible. The regulators amended the law on the certified public accountant on December 2003 and introduced the internal control system on 2005, requiring firms to establish internal control system. Large listed firms are required to establish the system from year 2006 and small listed firms and large unlisted firm need to do so from year 2007. As a result, firms spend huge amount of expense to establish the system during year 2005 and 2006 period. To establish the system requires special knowledge and expertise on accounting as well as internal control and many firms consult specialists in the process to establish the system. Naturally, accounting firms has the expertise and many accounting firms were hired to provide non-audit service related to the establishment of the system. In some cases, the firms hire auditors to establish the system, rather than looking for another auditing firm. If auditor provides non-audit service related to internal control system, the conflict of interest issue may arise. Auditor needs to depend on the internal control system when she perform audit service. However, if the system is the system designed and established by herself, she needs to depend on her own system to perform audit service. In this situation, it is like the self-audit. The situation may impair audit quality seriously since auditors may have trouble to see through the problem hidden in the system when she perform audit service. Thus, it may be possible that the provision of non-audit service related to the establishment of internal control system could impair audit quality. This study is intended to examine this issue empirically. This study use 1,819 firm-year observations from listed companies in Korean Stock Exchange. The sample period is year 2005 and 2006 for which firms had to finish the establishment of the system. We divide the sample to 146 observations for which auditors provide non-audit service related to the establishment of the internal control system. The first control sample is 1,673 observations for which auditors do not provide such non-audit service. The second control sample is 1,102 observations for which auditors do not provide any non-audit service. For these samples, we compare if the provision of internal control-related non-audit service is related to the audit quality impairment. The proxy used to measure the audit quality is the discretionary accruals which have been used in prior studies to represent the magnitude of earnings management. In the empirical analyses using the above sample, we fail to find any evidence the provision itself is related to the magnitude of discretionary accruals. When we restrict the sample to 146 observations that provide internal control-related non-audit service, we fail to find any significant evidence that the proportion of the non-audit service fee is related to the magnitude of discretionary accruals. These findings are robust to various sensitivity analyses. In summary, the findings in this study suggest that auditors maintain high-degree of independence in fact even when they provide non-audit service which includes high risk of violating the independence inherently. It implies that audit quality in Korea is, in contrast to popular beliefs, relatively high and auditors maintain high degree of professional independence. 본 연구는 감사인이 내부회계관리제도의 구축과 관련된 비감사 서비스를 고객기업에게 제공한 경우, 감사인이 제공하는 감사품질이 영향을 받는지를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 감사인이 직접 내부회계관리제도의 구축을 위한 비감사 서비스를 제공한 경우, 감사인이 자신이 구축한 내부회계관리제도를 스스로가 감사해야 하는 이해상충 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 내부회계관리제도 구축을 위한 비감사 서비스를 감사인이 제공하는 것은 감사품질을 악화시킬 수 있는 중대한 위험성을 내포하고 있다. 금융감독위원회에서도 이런 문제점을 방지하고자, 내부회계관리제도 구축과 관련된 비감사 서비스의 제공을 제한하는 규정을 발표한 바 있다. 그러나 그 반대로 감사인이 비감사 서비스를 제공하면 지식전이 현상이 발생하여 감사품질이 향상된다는 주장도 있다. 본 연구는 감사품질 저해현상이 실제로 발생하는지에 대해 2004년부터 2007년까지의 1,819개 기업-연도 자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석에 사용된 자료는 한국거래소에 상장된 기업 중 내부회계관리제도의 도입과 관련한 비감사 서비스를 감사인이 제공한 146개 표본(실험집단)과 기타 기업의 표본 1,673개(통제집단1), 그리고 감사인이 비감사 서비스를 전혀 제공하지 않은 1,102개 표본(통제집단2)이며, 실증분석은 이러한 비감사 서비스의 제공이 실제로 완료된 연도와 전연도, 그리고 차기 연도를 구분하여 수행되었다. 감사품질은 성과조정 재량적 발생액을 이용하여 측정하였다. 분석결과, 실험집단과 통제집단1 또는 실험집단과 통제집단2 사이에서 감사품질에 아무런 유의적인 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 실험집단만을 대상으로 하여, 실험집단 내에서 비감사 서비스 보수의 비중이 이익조정 변수와 관련되어 있는지를 분석한 결과도 유의적이지 않았다. 또한 이러한 결과는 비감사 서비스 제공이 완료된 연도와 그 직전 및 다음 연도를 구분하여 분석한 경우에도 모두 동일하였다. 즉 내부회계관리제도 구축과 관련한 비감사 서비스를 감사인이 제공했는지의 여부와, 감사인이 해당 서비스를 제공한 경우 그 금액의 비중이 어느 정도 수준이었는지의 여부는 감사품질과 유의적인 관련성을 가지고 있지 않았다. 추가적으로 적자보고 회피현상에 대해서도 분석을 수행해 보았으나 실험집단과 통제집단 사이의 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 이런 발견은 감사인이 내부회계관리제도 구축과 관련해서 독립성을 엄격히 유지하고 있다는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.

위험성 도박집단의 비합리적 의사결정: Iowa Gambling Task를 중심으로

조희란,김문수 한국건강심리학회 2018 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.23 No.2

This study compared the decision making process of risky gamblers with that of normal controls (social gamblers) using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). This task is often used to test implicit decision-making ability because participants select continuously among four different card decks, which differ in terms of the size of the reward and fine, and the probability of receiving a fine. The risky gambler group showed inferior performance to that of the control group on the IGT; they lost more money overall than the controls did. In addition, the two groups showed different preferences when choosing card decks with infrequent fines. That is, the risky gamblers preferred the card deck with big rewards and infrequent big fines, whereas the controls preferred the card deck with small rewards and infrequent small fines. When the fine was given frequently, the groups did not differ regardless of the size of the reward. It seems that risky gamblers focus on the pursuit of profit, which leads to risky decisions. In contrast, social gamblers seem to focus on risk avoidance. The results suggest that risky gamblers who have not yet fallen into compulsive gambling show impaired decision-making, as pathological gamblers do. 본 연구는 아직 병적 도박 상태에 이르지 않은 위험성 도박집단의 의사결정 특성이 도박 중독 위험성이 없는 사교성 도박집단(통제집단)과 다른지를 아이오와 도박과제(Iowa Gambling Task: IGT)를 이용하여 살펴보았다. IGT는 보상 및 벌금의 크기와 벌금의 확률이 다른 여러 선택지들 중에서 참가자가 이익과 손실을 명확히 계산하지 못하는 채로 선택을 계속하면서 점차로 유리한 선택을 하게 되는 과제이기 때문에 암묵적 의사결정 능력을 검사하는 데 많이 사용된다. 실험 결과, 사교성 도박집단에 비해 위험성 도박집단은 더 많은 돈을 잃었고 시행이 진행되어도 유리한 선택을 하지 못했다. 또한 벌금이 자주 부과되는 선택에서는 두 집단 간에 차이가 없었으나 벌금이 드물게 부과되는 선택에서는 두 집단이 달랐다. 즉 위험성 도박집단은 매번 보상이 크지만 가끔씩 큰 벌금이 부과되는 선택을, 사교성 도박집단은 매번 보상이 작지만 가끔씩 작은 벌금이 부과되는 선택을 선호했다. 따라서 사교성 도박집단에 비해 위험성 도박집단은 위험 회피보다는 이익 추구에 중점을 두어 모험적인 선택을 하는 것으로 생각된다. 위험성 도박집단은 아직 심각한 도박 중독 상태에 빠지지는 않았으나 병적 도박집단과 유사한 의사결정 패턴을 나타내는 것으로 보이며 이는 위험성 도박집단에 대한 조기 개입의 필요성을 시사한다.