Between Aid and Restriction: The Soviet Union`s Changing Policies on China`s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1954-1960`

( Zhihua Shen,Yafeng Xia ) 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2012 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.36 No.1

Based on newly available Chinese and Russian archival documents and oral histories, this article examines the origins and evolution of Soviet policies concerning China`s nuclear weapons program from 1954 to 1960. The article argues that Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev consented only to assist China in developing nuclear energy in 1954 only because he needed Mao`s support in a domestic political struggle. But the Taiwan Strait crisis of 1958 unnerved the Russians, leading Khrushchev in June 1959 to rescind his promise to deliver a teaching model A-bomb to the Chinese. By August 1960 all Soviet specialists working on China`s nuclear weapons program were recalled. Nonetheless, the Soviet aid laid the foundation for China`s fledgling nuclear industry.

프롤레타리아 국제주의의 딜레마에 관한 시론 ― 중소 동맹의 결렬로 본 사회주의 국가관계의 구조적 불균형

심지화 ( Shen Zhihua ),이단혜 ( Li Danhui ),김정수 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2017 大東文化硏究 Vol.98 No.-

프롤레타리아 국제주의는 각국 공산당이 黨際關系와 국가관계를 처리할 때 따르는 정치적 규범이다. 중소 동맹의 결렬을 초래한 결정적 요소에 관한 지금까지의 학술계의 분석은 주로 `이데올로기 분기론`과 `국가이익 충돌론`으로 표현되었다. 본문은 사회주의 국가관계를 유지하는 정치적 규범의 각도에서 中蘇 양당, 양국 관계의 변화 과정을 집중적으로 고찰하여 `구조적 불균형론`을 제기한다. 첫째, 사회주의 진영의 영도 구조에 변화가 발생한 이후 중소 양당이 대등해짐에 따라, 담론권 투쟁이 중소 양당의 노선과 정책상의 분기를 해결하는 기본 수단이 되었으며, 그 목표는 국제공산주의운동의 주도권 획득에 있었다. 둘째, 당제관계는 국가관계를 가리거나 심지어 그것을 대체하였는데, 이 구조 속에는 본질적으로 주권의식, 평등 관념이 없었다. 이러한 구조적 결함은 중소동맹이 결렬로 치닫게 된 근본 원인이 되었다. Internationalism was a political doctrine that various communist parties followed in conducing inter-party and inter-state relations. Previous studies of the Sino-Soviet split tended to highlight "ideological discords" and "conflicts of national interests." This article examines the evolving relationship between the two parties and two states from the angle of the norms in socialist inter-state relations, and makes an argument focusing on "structural defects." First, once the leadership situation of the socialist camp changed and put the Chinese and the Soviet parties on an equal footing, competition for a dominant discourse became the principal means for the two parties to solve their orientation and policy disagreements. The ultimate goal of such competition was leadership in the international communist movement. Second, inter-party relationship covered or even replaced inter-state relationship, and in such a structure sense of sovereignty and idea of equality did not exist. Such structural defects were the fundamental cause of the Sino-Soviet split.

Study of the Privacy Models in RFID Authentication Protocols

Jian Shen,Wenying Zheng,Jin Wang,Zhihua Xia,Zhangjie Fu 보안공학연구지원센터 2013 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.7 No.6

Routing Protocols using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks : A Comparative Review

Jian Shen,Wenying Zheng,Jin Wang,Zhihua Xia,Zhangjie Fu 보안공학연구지원센터(IJGDC) 2013 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.6 No.5

A Two-Point Modulation Spread-Spectrum Clock Generator With FIR-Embedded Binary Phase Detection and 1-Bit High-Order ΔΣ Modulation

Xu, Ni,Shen, Yiyu,Lv, Sitao,Liu, Han,Rhee, Woogeun,Wang, Zhihua The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2016 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.16 No.4

This paper describes a spread-spectrum clock generation method by utilizing a ${\Delta}{\Sigma}$ digital PLL (DPLL) which is solely based on binary phase detection and does not require a linear time-to-digital converter (TDC) or other linear digital-to-time converter (DTC) circuitry. A 1-bit high-order ${\Delta}{\Sigma}$ modulator and a hybrid finite-impulse response (FIR) filter are employed to mitigate the phase-folding problem caused by the nonlinearity of the bang-bang phase detector (BBPD). The ${\Delta}{\Sigma}$ DPLL employs a two-point modulation technique to further enhance linearity at the turning point of a triangular modulation profile. We also show that the two-point modulation is useful for the BBPLL to improve the spread-spectrum performance by suppressing the frequency deviation at the input of the BBPD, thus reducing the peak phase deviation. Based on the proposed architecture, a 3.2 GHz spread-spectrum clock generator (SSCG) is implemented in 65 nm CMOS. Experimental results show that the proposed SSCG achieves peak power reductions of 18.5 dB and 11 dB with 10 kHz and 100 kHz resolution bandwidths respectively, consuming 6.34 mW from a 1 V supply.

A Two-Point Modulation Spread-Spectrum Clock Generator With FIR-Embedded Binary Phase Detection and 1-Bit High-Order Δ∑Modulation

Ni Xu,Yiyu Shen,Sitao Lv,Han Liu,Woogeun Rhee,Zhihua Wang 대한전자공학회 2016 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.16 No.4

This paper describes a spread-spectrum clock generation method by utilizing a Δ∑ digital PLL (DPLL) which is solely based on binary phase detection and does not require a linear time-to-digital converter (TDC) or other linear digital-to-time converter (DTC) circuitry. A 1-bit high-order Δ∑ modulator and a hybrid finite-impulse response (FIR) filter are employed to mitigate the phase-folding problem caused by the nonlinearity of the bang-bang phase detector (BBPD). The Δ∑ DPLL employs a two-point modulation technique to further enhance linearity at the turning point of a triangular modulation profile. We also show that the two-point modulation is useful for the BBPLL to improve the spread-spectrum performance by suppressing the frequency deviation at the input of the BBPD, thus reducing the peak phase deviation. Based on the proposed architecture, a 3.2 ㎓ spread-spectrum clock generator (SSCG) is implemented in 65 ㎚ CMOS. Experimental results show that the proposed SSCG achieves peak power reductions of 18.5 ㏈ and 11 ㏈ with 10 ㎑ and 100 ㎑ resolution bandwidths respectively, consuming 6.34 ㎽ from a 1 V supply.

Vitellogenin’s putative role in Tegillarca granosa’s cadmium detoxification

Caifang Chen,Weiliang Shen,Hailong Gu,Linde Wu,Zhihua Lin,Qinggang Xue 한국유전학회 2017 Genes & Genomics Vol.39 No.2

The bloody clam, Tegillarca granosa, is a commercial benthic bivalve, having a strong accumulation ability and torrelence to cadmium. To investigate whether vitellogenin (Vg) is involved in cadmium (Cd) detoxification, the full-length cDNA of T. granosa Vg was cloned, and its expression pattern in response to cadmium exposure was studied compared with the reference metallothionein (MT) gene. The full T. granosa Vg sequence consisted of 8988 bp, including a 6930-bp open reading frame that encoded a 2309 amino acid polypeptide. The deduced Vg protein contained a Vg N-terminal domain, domain of unknown function (DUF1943), SbcC domain, and von Willebrand factor typeD domain (VWD). Multiple metal-binding sites were predicted in the deduced T. granosaVg protein, suggesting its potential in functioning as a metal-binding protein. In addition, Vg expression increased in the T. granosa digestive gland and hemolymph in time-dependent manner after exposure to 1, 3, 6 and 9 lg/L Cd for 28 days.MTexpression was measured in parallel with Vg expression, and the latter was more sensitive to Cd induction than the former. Together, results of the present research suggested that Vg may play an important role in T. granosa metal detoxification.

A tandem-repeat galectin from blood clam Tegillarca granosa and its induced mRNA expression response against bacterial challenge

Yongbo Bao,Haoping Shen,Huashan Zhou,Yinghui Dong,Zhihua Lin 한국유전학회 2013 Genes & Genomics Vol.35 No.6

Galectins are a family of b-galactoside-binding lectins which play crucial roles in innate immunity of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, we have cloned and characterized the first galectin to be identified in Tegillarca granosa (designated Tg-GAL). The fulllength cDNA of Tg-GAL was of 2,394 bp nucleotides,encoding a polypeptide of 354 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of T. granosa galectin (Tg-GAL) showed striking sequence similarity to invertebrate and vertebrate galectins in carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) and contained amino acids that are crucial for binding bgalactoside sugars. Structurally, the Tg-GAL was a tandem repeat galectin containing two CRD connected by a unique peptide link. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to investigate the tissue distribution of Tg-GAL mRNA and temporal expression in haemocytes of clams challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)and peptidogylcan (PGN). The Tg-GAL mRAN expression was concentrated in hepatopancreas and mantle. The upregulation of Tg-GAL after bacteria V. parahaemolyticus,LPS and PGN challenge showed that Tg-GAL might play a pivotal role in anti-bacterial immunity. Further study should investigate the effects of Tg-GAL absence by siRNA knockout.

Defense responses of sulfur dioxygenase to sulfide stress in the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta

Caifang Chen,Yaoyao Shen,Weiliang Shen,Jing He,Zhihua Lin,Yinghui Dong 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.5

Background Sulfde is a well-known toxicant widely distributed in the culture environment. As a representative burrowing benthic bivalve, the razor clam Sinonovacula constricta is highly sulfde tolerant. Mitochondrial sulfde oxidation is an important way for sulfde detoxifcation, where sulfur dioxygenase (SDO) is the second key enzyme. Objective To investigate the mechanism of sulfde tolerance in S. constricta, the molecular characterization of its SDO (designated as ScSDO) was studied. Methods The cDNA sequence of ScSDO was cloned by RACE technique. The response of ScSDO in gills and livers of S. constricta was investigated during sulfde exposure (50, 150, and 300 μM sulfde) for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h by qRTPCR. Moreover, the temporal expression of ScSDO protein in S. constricta gills after exposure to 150 μM sulfde was detected by Western blot. The subcellular location of ScSDO was identifed by TargetP 1.1 prediction and Western Blot analysis. Results The full-length cDNA of ScSDO was 2914 bp, encoding a protein of 304 amino acids. The deduced ScSDO protein was highly conserved, containing the signature HXHXDH motif of the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily and two metalbinding sites, of which metal-binding site I is known to be the catalytically active center. Subcellular localization confrmed that ScSDO was located only in the mitochondria. Responding to the sulfde exposure, distinct time-dependent increases in ScSDO expression were detected at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the gills exhibited a higher ScSDO expression level than the livers. Conclusions All of our results suggest that ScSDO plays an important role in mitochondrial sulfde oxidation during sulfde stress, making S. constricta highly sulfde tolerant. In addition, as a respiratory tissue, the gills play a more critical role in sulfde detoxifcation.

Drug therapy and monitoring for inflammatory bowel disease: a multinational questionnaire investigation in Asia

( Chenwen Cai ),( Juntao Lu ),( Lijie Lai ),( Dongjuan Song ),( Jun Shen ),( Jinlu Tong ),( Qing Zheng ),( Kaichun Wu ),( Jiaming Qian ),( Zhihua Ran ) 대한장연구학회 2022 Intestinal Research Vol.20 No.2

Background/Aims: The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising in Asia recently. The study aimed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the current status of drug therapy and monitoring for IBD in Asia. Methods: A questionnaire investigation on drug therapy and monitoring for IBD was conducted right before the 6th Annual Meeting of Asian Organization for Crohn’s & Colitis. Questionnaires were provided to Asian physicians to fill out via emails between March and May 2018. Results: In total, responses of 166 physicians from 129 medical centers were included for analysis. Among the surveyed regions, the most average number of IBD specialist gastroenterologists and nurses was 4.8 per center in Taiwan and 2.5 per center in Mainland China, respectively. 5-Aminosalicylic acid/sulfasalazine (99.4%) was the most preferred first-line choice for mild-moderate ulcerative colitis (UC), meanwhile corticosteroid (83.7%) was widely applied for severe UC. The first-line medication for Crohn’s disease (CD) markedly varied as corticosteroid (68.1%) was the most favored in Mainland China, Japan, and South Korea, followed by infliximab (52.4%) and azathioprine (47.0%). Step-up strategy was preferred in mild-moderate UC (96.4%), while 51.8% of the physicians selected top-down treatment for CD. Only 25.9% and 17.5% of the physicians could test blood concentration of infliximab and antibody to infliximab in their hospitals, respectively. Conclusions: The current status of drug therapy and monitoring for IBD in Asia possesses commonalities as well as differences. Asian recommendations, IBD specialist teams and practice of therapeutic drug monitoring are required to improve IBD management in Asia. (Intest Res 2022;20:213-223)