고구려의 건국과 현도군

김성한 ( Kim Sung-han ) 호남사학회 2021 역사학연구 Vol.84 No.-

前漢 武帝는 고조선을 멸망시키고 1년 뒤인 기원전 107년에 沃沮城을 치소로 하여 玄菟郡을 설치하고, (제1현도군), 沃沮와 濊貊 지역을 그 영역으로 했다. 기원전 75년 직전 遼東의 烏桓이 반란을 일으키자, 前漢은 三輔 및 郡國의 불량소년과 죄지은 관리를 징발하여 遼東에 주둔하게 하고 遼東에 玄菟城을 쌓고 현도군을 옮겨와 (제2현도군) 烏桓의 침입에 대비했다. 제2현도군은 토착세력인 句驪가 위치한 지역에 자리했기 때문에 句驪의 이름을 따서 그 지역을 句驪縣이라 하고 郡의 治所로 삼았다. 토착세력인 句驪는 前 漢으로부터 처음에는 縣級인 ‘侯’로 대우받았다가, 桓帝 때 烏桓이 투항하자 그 공로를 인정받아 桓帝의 뒤를 이은 元帝 建昭 2년(B.C. 37)에 郡級인 ‘王’으로 승격된 것으로 보인다. 『三國史記』에서 고구려가 기원전 37년에 건국된 것으로 표방한 것도 이 때문이었을 것이다. 이때 句驪는 前漢으로부터 ‘高’를 姓으로 사여 받아 국호를 句驪에서 高句驪로 변경했을 것이며, 前漢은 高句驪王에게 그 신분에 걸맞게 鼓吹伎人과 朝服을 사여했던 것이다. 이때 玄菟郡의 句驪縣도 高句 驪縣으로 명칭이 변경되어, 전한 말기의 상황을 전하는 『漢書』 地理志에 高句驪로 기재되었던 것이다. 그 뒤 고구려는 新나라를 건국한 王莽이 자신을 징발하여 匈奴를 정벌하려 하자, 기원후 12년 무렵 이에 반항하여 제2현도군의 경계를 벗어나 자립했다. 新나라의 뒤를 이은 後漢은 자립한 高句驪와 관계를 유지하기 위해 ‘王’의 호칭을 인정하고 제2현도군의 동쪽 경계에 幘溝漊라는 작은 城을 쌓아 高句驪로 하여금 歲時에 朝服과 衣幘을 가져가게 했던 것이다. e year after destroying Gojoseon, in 107 BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, established Hyeondo (Xuantu) Commandery (First Hyeondo Commandery) with Okjeo Fortress as its ruling place, and put Okjeo and Yemaek under its jurisdiction. Shortly before 75 BC, when the Wuhuan of Liaodong revolted, the Western Han drafted delinquent youths and criminal officials from the metropolitan and provincial areas into the army and stationed them in Liaodong. It also relocated Hyeondo Commandery to Liadong (Second Hyeondo Commandery), with the construction of Hyeondo Fortress there to prepare against the invasion of the Wuhuan. As the Second Hyeondo Commandery was located in the area where the Guryeo, the indigenous tribe, resided, the area was named Guryeo County after this tribe and made the ruling place of the commandery. Guryeo was initially treated as a “hu,” which was equivalent to a county, by the Western Han, but as the Wuhuan surrendered during the reign of Emperor Huan, it was promoted to a “wang” (principality) that corresponded to a commandery in recognition of its contribution to the victory in 37 BC (second year of Jianzhao) during the reign of Emperor Yuan who succeeded Emperor Huan. This may be the reason why it is recorded in Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC. Around this time, the Guryeo was given “Go as their surname from the Western Han and changed their country’s name from Guryeo to Goguryeo, with musicians and performers granted by the emperor in celebration or its elevated status. At this time, the name of Guryeo County in Hyeondo Commandery was also changed to Goguryeo County, which appears in the “Treatise on Geography of the Book of Han that describes the situation of the late Western Han. Then, when Wang Mang, the founder of the Xin Dynasty, tried to subjugate the Xiongnu by mobilizing the people of Goguryeo, it rose up against the policy around 12 AD and became independent outside the boundaries of the Second Hyeondo Commandery. The Later Han Dynasty that succeeded the Xin Dynasty, recognized the title of wang” to maintain relations with the independent Goguryeo, and built a small fortress called Chaekguro Fortress on the eastern border of the Second Hyeondo Commandery where it bestowed o&cial uniforms, clothes and headwears on the people of Goguryeo at special occasions.

「무녀도」읽기 : 환경 비평의 시각에서

김한성(Kim Han Sung) 문학과 환경학회 2010 문학과 환경 Vol.9 No.2

Eco-criticism tends to be defined as “the study of nature writing by way of any scholarly approach or, conversely, the scrutiny of ecological implications and human-nature relationships in any literary texts” (Slovic, 27). Examining the negotiation between human and nature has tackled the field of Korean “pure” literature called Sunsumunhak. These writers advocate the purity of literature by turning their eyes to nature from socialist realism or Western “modernism.” Kim, Dongni(1913-1995) represents this flow of literature when Japanese colonial rule controlled Korean literary circles in late 1930's and early 1940s. His representative work, “The Shaman Painting”(1936) describes the atmosphere of Korean nature in a remote village near Gyeongju, the ruined capital of ancient Korea. In this fiction, Kim attempts to reinvigorate shamanism as Korean tradition against Western religion, Christianity. He treats Christianity as an unwelcome guest which persecutes shamanism. For this reason, literary critics tend to understand this work as a religious struggle between East and West. This point of view is plausible; however, his obsession with shamanism seems to divert from a religious category. I want to explore Kim's obsession with shamanism from an ecological and feministic perspective. The death scene of a heroine, a shaman, and fictional characters' and a narrator's ruined identity enlighten me that these characters are deeply connected with nature, stage, and background. Thus, I explore how human beings negotiate with the nature in “The Shaman Painting.” Then, I examine the essence of the Korean spirituality that Kim portrays here.

[논문]Operational Characteristics of CO2 Laser Adopted by Superposing-Discharge

Hee-Je Kim,Hyun-Ju Chung,Byoung-Dae Min,Jong-Han Joung,Sung- lun Park 釜山大學校生産技術硏究所 2003 生産技術硏究所論文集 Vol.62 No.-

오늘날 현저한 CO2 레이저의 응용 추세에 발맞추어 보다 다양한 형태의 출력 제어 기술이 대두되고 있다. 본연구에서는multi-Pulse Superposing-Discharge 기술을 이용하여 다양한형태의 CO2 레이저의 펄스를 성형 하였다. 펄스 성형을 위한 방법으로 PIC one-chip microprocessor를 이용하여 삼중 PFN 모률의 SCR을 각각 고유의 지연시간을 가지도록 제어하였다. 실험에 사용된 삼중 PFN 모률의 전원 회로는 각각 캐패시터 인덕터,SCR,고압 펄스 트랜스 그리고 고압 트랜스 2차측에 브릿지 정류기로 구성 하였다. 고압 펼스 트랜스의 1차측을 제어하므로서 PFN 모률의 동작을 저 전압에서 수행 할 수 있다. 트랜스의 2차측에 연결된 전파 정류기는 펄스 에너지를 부하에 지속적으로 전달한다. 본 연구에서는 삼중 PFN 모률의 각각의 SCR을 다른 시간 가격을 두고 트리거 하므로서 다양한 Long pulse shaping을 실현하였다. 또한 약 250-1000μs 의 주기를 가지는 다양한 펄스형 레이저 빔을 얻었다.

Disruption of rsmA Gene of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 and Effect on Pathogenicity

Kim, Min Keun,Kang, Tae Ho,Kim, Sung Kyum,Jeong, Yu Seok,Yun, Han Dae,Kim, Hoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2012 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.55 No.6

The rsmA gene was cloned from soft-rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 (Pcc LY34), and its role in pathogenicity was investigated by marker exchange mutagenesis. From a cosmid library of Pcc LY34 genomic DNA, a positive clone carrying the rsmA gene was selected, and the gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The gene is 186 bp in size and encodes a protein of 62 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 6,839 Da. The calculated pI of the RsmA is 8.16. The phylogenetic tree showed that the RsmA of Pcc LY34 appeared genetically identical to the CsrA of Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 (100% identity) and similar to the CsrA of Yersinia pestis KIM10+(98.3%). The gene was disrupted by the $Km^r$ gene, and the cells became mutated (i.e., $RsmA^-$ mutant). The pathogenicity test revealed that the disease rating of the $RsmA^-$ mutant only differed slightly from that of the wild type on a slice of potato tuber and a Chinese cabbage stalk. These results suggest that RsmA is not an essential factor for the pathogenicity of Pcc LY34 and that the rsmA gene of Pcc LY34 is not completely derepressed in the $RsmA^-$ mutant for virulence-related genes, contrary to the results of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora $RsmA^-$ mutant, which proved hypervirulent for celery petioles. These results showed that the microenvironmental conditions of the host and/or strain of pathogen are important for the coordination of virulence gene expression.

Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by 17β-estradiol Play a Role in the Up-regulation of GPX4 Protein in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Sang-Han Lee,Hee Jeong Kim2,Hyo Jin Kang,이윤진,남해선,배인수 한국유방암학회 2009 Journal of breast cancer Vol.12 No.3

Purpose: Estrogen is known to act as both a growth factor and a survival factor for breast cancer. The responsible molecular mechanisms remain, however, to be fully elucidated. We hypothesize that the effect of estrogen relates to its ability to induce the cellular antioxidant defense enzymes. Methods: In the presence study, we examined the ability of 17β-estradiol (E2) to regulate the level of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) protein, which is an anti-oxidative enzyme that can directly reduce both phospholipids and cholesterol-hydroperoxides located in the cell membranes and lipoproteins. Results: E2 elicited a dose- and time-dependent increase in the GPX4 expression in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and this up-regulation was blocked by the free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Additionally, we confirmed that E2 triggered a rapid and transient increase in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and this E2-induced increase in the ROS levels was inhibited by pretreatment with NAC. Moreover, such ROS inducers as TGF-β, TNF-αand insulin induced an increase in the level of GPX4 protein. However, estrogen receptor (ER)αknockdown by transfection with ERα-siRNA did not significantly change the GPX4 protein level that was induced by E2. Furthermore, pre-incubation with the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 did not inhibit E2-mediated GPX4 induction. Conversely, pretreatment of cells with LY294002, a pharmacological inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, suppressed the E2-augmented GPX4 expression. Conclusion: Collectively, our data show that E2 may partly provide a survival advantage through the regulation of cellular oxidative homeostasis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

냉전체제와 내셔널 시네마의 혼종적 원천

김한상(Kim Han Sang) 한국영화학회 2011 영화연구 Vol.0 No.47

As is generally discussed, issues of "Korean cinema" as the national cinema have provoked controversies in diverse aspects. This concept remains an object hardly to define or draw boundary amid diverse controversies. In this article, I examine this indefinability of Korean national cinema by dwelling upon specific objects from the period of reconstruction after the Korean War. I give attention to the specific time in which the dimension of the state-building and the nation-building became combined, and to the fact that there existed long-lasting heterogeneity and hybridity in this process. Kim Ki-Young's films show how such characters appear on the sphere of the cinema. His public information films are under the legacy of American war films. Both of his two short documentaries I am a Truck (1954) and Diary of Three Sailors(1955) show unique presentation styles originated from the WWII films made by the US Army. However they also contain self-conscious moments when the director refuses to be identified as mere a successor of American documentaries. There are not only the processes of translation, adaptation and mimicry, but also obviously self-conscious expressions in order to overcome the one-sided reception. Kim’s first commercial film Boxes of Death(1955) also contains certain aspects that those are showing. This film, which is an anti-communist thriller, shows much influence from the Hollywood, while it also shows a connection with the tradition from the others, mainly European auteurism and the legacy of Japanese colony. However the most important point is that there is standing presence of America and the USIS in the identity of Kim Ki-Young and his film. This film is a product of the Liberty Production which was a local branch of the US Information Agency, and this fact was significant among discourses in Korean cinema at that time. Seen in this light, Kim Ki-Young, as well as many other film makers at that time, was placed in a highly complicated status. External agencies like the USIS continuously intervened in the lives of Korean film makers for bloc-building, and those film makers also actively engaged with these agencies to learn and use their rich resources. The hybridity in the process of the subject formation in Korean national cinema was one characteristic in common to many film makers at that time.

전시-P-91 : Costs and Productivities of Forest Biomass Harvesting Operations in the US

( Han Sup Han1 ),( Sang Kyun Han ),( Du Song Cha ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 韓國木材工學會 2013 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.-

Estimating population density of Nicrophorus quadripunctatus (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in Korea

Kim Do‐Sung,Cho Young‐Bok,Han Yong‐Gu 한국곤충학회 2020 Entomological Research Vol.50 No.11

Estimating the population density of organisms is of great concern to ecologists and much effort has been put into making accurate assessment of population levels in nature. We evaluated the trapping web (TW) method for the determination of the density of species of burying beetles. We found eight and six species of burying beetles at Beopjusa and Ssanggok‐ri areas, respectively. Most of the species population comprised Nicrophorus quadripunctatus, with densities of 65 and 195 per ha for Beopjusa and Ssanggok‐ri areas, respectively. Moreover, the flight intercept trap (FIT) method from 2003 to 2007 also revealed the same trend: Beopjusa temple (2928) to Ssanggok‐ri (5835). However, the differences in number of individuals were probably due to the differences in the methods and the length of the trapping period. The populations of N. quadripunctatus exist as metapopulations, making accurate assessment of the population densities extremely difficult. We hypothesized that the TW method could accurately estimate population densities extrapolated from patch population size per area.

김기림 초기 시 연구

김한성(Kim, Han Sung) 한국현대문학회 2013 한국현대문학연구 Vol.0 No.40

동시대의 비평가와 후대의 연구자가 입을 모아 지적하였듯이, 김기림 텍스트에서 일본 모더니즘의 흔적은 분명 발견된다. 하지만 그는 일본 모더니즘의 흔적을 영미 모더니즘으로 곧 대체한다. 해방 후 기존의 비평을 편집한 선집 『시론』(1947)에서 일본 문인들의 이름은 해방기의 민족주의 정황상 지워지며, 해방 후 출간된 시집 『바다와 나비』(1946)와 『새노래』(1948)에서도 일본 모더니즘 색채가 가미된 시는 제외되었다. 이 글은 일본대학에서 1차 유학(1926-1929)을 마친 김기림의 시 「슈르-레알리스트」(1930.9.30), 「시론」(1931.1.16), 「첫사랑」(1934.1) 세 편을 독해하여, 김기림 텍스트가 일본 모더니즘의 자장에서 벗어나 영미 모더니즘으로 전환하는 순간을 추적해 본다. 일본을 매개로 한 모더니즘의 굴절된 수용에서 직수입의 길로 나아가는 과정에서 한국 모더니즘 문학의 이론적 지도자를 꿈꾸는 저자의 욕망을 읽을 수 있다. This paper sheds light on the transition from the indirect reception of French surrealism via Japanese surrealism to the direct and immediate reception of English modernism in Kirim Kim’s early poetic works. I compare Kim’s poems with contemporary Japanese and Western ones and explore how Kim’s poems are intertextualized with them. The trace of Japanese surrealism shows in his early poems such as “Surrealist,” “Poetics,” and “The First love,” and his essays in some degree, but becomes lost when he applied T. S. Eliot’s literary theory and poetic skills. When he collected his selected poems and critical works after WWII, he erased all Japanese writers’ names in his essays and removed their surrealistic skills in his poems. He desires to liberate his works from the anxiety of Japanese influence and to establish the literary tradition of Korean modernism after the liberation from Japan.

병자호란 전후(1636-1638) 소의 역병(牛疫) 발생과 확산의 국제성

김동진(KIM Dong Jin),유한상(YOO Han Sang) 대한의사학회 2013 醫史學 Vol.22 No.1

This study reviewed the outbreak and prevalence of cattle plague around Byeongjahoran from the perspective of international war in East Asia. First of all, the epidemiological characteristics of cattle plague in Manchuria where the outbreak of cattle plague was first reported around Byeongjahoran were analyzed. From the study, it was found the military activities that Sarhu (Qing) had made during the growth into Empire promoted the exchanges of various germs which became naturalized in the regions in Northeast Asia, and that such extreme situation as war made various diseases taken place and dispersed. In particular, because of military activities of Sarhu (Qing), various contagious diseases including smallpox which was prevalent in Inner-Mongolia and Shanxi became prevalent in Manchuria. During the contacts with Chosun after Jeongmyohoran, pathogen occurring Rinderpest was introduced into Manchuria. Favorable conditions for the interactions with various pathogens were provided by frequent contacts with wild animals through hunting and various cultivation groups composed of Manchurians, Mongolians, Han-Chinese and Chosun people. Rinderpest breaking in Chosun around Byeongjahoran was originated in Shenyang in 1636. It was transmitted to cattle in the Korean Peninsula and expanded to Kansai Region. At that time Rinderpest occurred and rapidly expanded in a specific area due to the interactions of pathogens, hosts and environments, and suddenly disappeared because of the extinction and the separation of hosts. It is consistent with the symptoms of modern times ‘Rinderpest.’ In Chosun it occurred in Pyeongan-do 4 months before the outbreak of Byeongjahoran and gave great damage on the capital area and northern Gyeonggi region. Because of the large scale migration of militaries after Byeongjahoran, Rindpest was expanded to Hasamdo and was terminated in February to April leaving big damages. The damages of Byeongjahoran were very severe. From the statistical records, it was found that the mortality rate in Gyenggi-do was around 2/3, around 50% in Jeju area. The mortality rate of infected cattle was around 75%. In some records based on individual cases, 80-100% of mortality rate was addressed. It is comparable to 25% of mortality in 1627, and is near or less than the mortality rate of Rinderpest in the 19th and 20the century. When analyzing the expansion of Rinderpest from the perspective of place, the most damaged places were areas near the busy roads or the places with dense population. Therefore, the remote places far from busy roads or separated from the affected places right after the outbreak did not have much damage. Additionally, rich stock-feeders (豪民) had relatively small damages and poor households (小民) with 1 or 2 stokes were badly affected. The prevention and supply of medication by government made considerably positive effects on the prevention and treatment of Finderpest.