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Hyunsu Kim,Kyung‑Wan Baek,고은지,Nguyen Thanh Luan,Yunjin Lim,Heyong Jin Roh,Nameun Kim,Do‑Hyung Kim,Ahran Kim,Yung Hyun Choi,Suhkmann Kim,Heui‑Soo Kim,Mee Sun Ock,차희재 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7
Background Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a serious viral disease that infects the olive flounder in South Korea. The Korean aquaculture industry experienced an economic loss caused by the high infectivity and mortality. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the infection density of VHSV in various organs of the olive flounder including spleen, liver, kidney, stomach, esophagus, intestine, gill, muscle, heart, and brain. Olive flounders were collected from a local fish farm and injected subcutaneously with 106 PFU/fish. Methods Each 15 fish were sampled at 0, 3, and 7 days post challenge (dpc), respectively, to perform quantitative analysis of VHSV using SYBR-green based real-time PCR in various tissues including spleen, liver, head-kidney, body-kidney, muscle, esophagus, stomach, intestine, gill, and brain. Results Organs infected with VHSV were obtained after 3 and 7 days. Each organs were examined for viral infection using real-time PCR. The data obtained from this experiment revealed copy numbers higher than 10 copies per 100 ng cDNA in the spleen (15.26 ± 3.11 copies/100 ng of cDNA), muscle (11.24 ± 2.25 copies), and gill (14.23 ± 6.26 copies), but lower in liver, head-kidney, body-kidney, esophagus, brain and stomach. Conclusion The present study, together with previous data, demonstrated that the gill, spleen, and muscle are the major target organs of VHSV in olive flounder. Therefore, central monitoring of spleen, gill and muscle should be considered and might be necessary if anti-VHSV treatment is to be successful in infected olive flounder.
Ko Eun-Ji,Kim Hyunsu,Lee A-Reum,Jeon Kyung‑Yoon,Kim Ahran,Kim Do‑Hyung,Park Chan-Il,Choi Yung Hyun,Kim Suhkmann,Kim Heui-Soo,옥미선,차희재 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.11
Background Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) is one of the most dangerous pathogens that causes the highest mortality in the aquaculture of rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). Even though RBIV infection leads to huge economic loss, proteome studies on RBIV-infected rock bream have not been conducted to provide information about the diferential protein expression pattern by the host protection system. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the protein expression patterns in spleens of rock bream olive after infection by RBIV or mixed infection by RBIV and bacteria. Methods Depending on the infection intensity and sampling time point, fsh were divided into fve groups: uninfected healthy fsh at week 0 as the control (0C), heavily infected fsh at week 0 (0H), heavily mixed RBIV and bacterial infected fsh at week 0 (0MH), uninfected healthy fsh at week 3 (3C), and lightly infected fsh at week 3 (3L). Proteins were extracted from the spleens of infected rock bream. We used 2-DE analysis with LC–MS/MS to investigate proteome changes in infected rock bream. Results The results of the LC–MS/MS analyses showed diferent protein expression profles after infection. Proteins related to oxygen transport and energy generation, such as hemoglobin, beta-globin, and ATP synthase, were mostly expressed in the infected spleen. Whereas proteins involved in structure and cell movement, such as tubulin, myosin, actin binding proteins, and intermediate flament proteins, were down-regulated in the infected spleens. The protein expression profles between infection by RBIV and mixed infection by RBIV and bacteria showed similar patterns. Conclusions Our results indicated that infection by RBIV or mixed infection by RBIV and bacteria triggered energy generation and oxygen-transport, but cell migration and constructional changes in the spleen were extremely decreased.
Necessity of Protective Coordination Systems According to Battery Capacity
Sin-Dong Kang(Sin-Dong Kang),Ahran Min(Ahran Min),Ye Jin Park(Ye Jin Park),Si Hyun Kim(Si Hyun Kim),Jae-ho Kim(Jae-ho Kim) 한국화재소방학회 2022 International Journal of Fire Science and Engineer Vol.36 No.4
As the capacity of lithium-based batteries rapidly is increasing, the number of applications using them is continuously increasing. However, this leads to the risk of fire and explosion, and thus, the number of accidents is increasing. To analyze the magnitude of short circuit currents according to the battery capacity and external circuit impedance and the necessity of protective coordination, this study conducted experiments using cylindrical batteries with capacities of 800, 2200, 3000, and 5000 mAh and cables with an impedance of 0.1Ω/m. Results indicated that as the battery capacity increased, the short circuit current increased and circuit-opening time decreased. However, as the circuit impedance increased, the short circuit current decreased and circuit-opening time increased. Based on these results, we reviewed protective systems applied to batteries and analyzed their problems. For protective systems designed considering the maximum short circuit current, if the state of charge is low or the impedance is high at the point of short circuit, the protective system does not operate when short circuit occurs, thus failing to block the circuit and potentially leading to fire. Therefore, while designing protective systems, it is appropriate to use multiple circuit breakers and fuses, considering the short circuit current according to the battery capacity and circuit impedance to enable protective coordination between devices.