Preparation of minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K from American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848

Chun-Ying Liu,Rui-Xin Zhou,Chang-Kai Sun,Ying-Hua Jin,Hong-Shan Yu,Tian-Yang Zhang,Long-Quan Xu,Feng-Xie Jin 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.3

Background: Minor ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used in enzyme purification, thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used in enzyme hydrolysis and kinetics; crude enzyme was used in minor ginsenoside preparation from PPD-ginsenoside; the products were separated with silica-gel-column, and recognized by HPLC and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Results: The enzyme molecular weight was 75 kDa; the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed the C-20 position 20- O-b-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb1, then the C-3 position 3-O-b-D-Glc with the pathway Rb1/Rd/F2/C-K. However, the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed C-3 position 3-O-b-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb2 and Rc, finally hydrolyzed 20-O-L-Ara with the pathway Rb2/C-O/C-Y/C-K, and Rc/C-Mc1/C-Mc/C-K. According to enzyme kinetics, Km and Vmax of MichaeliseMenten equation, the enzyme reaction velocities on ginsenosides were Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc > Rd. However, the pure enzyme yield was only 3.1%, so crude enzyme was used for minor ginsenoside preparation. When the crude enzyme was reacted in 3% American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside (containing Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) at 45C and pH 5.0 for 18 h, the main products were minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K; average molar yields were 43.7% for CMc from Rc, 42.4% for C-Y from Rb2, and 69.5% for F2 and C-K from Rb1 and Rd. Conclusion: Four monomer minor ginsenosides were successfully produced (at low-cost) from the PPDginsenosides using crude enzyme.

Roadway Engineering Mechanical Properties and Roadway Structural Instability Mechanisms in Deep Wells

Xiang-Rui Meng,Rui Peng,Guang-Ming Zhao,Ying-Ming Li 대한토목학회 2018 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.22 No.5

We proposed a new classification method for stress-bearing structures in very-deep roadways. We conducted tests for roadwayengineeringmechanical properties, including rock mechanical tests and ground stress measurement of two caverns in very-deepwells. We suggested a classification method for stress-bearing structures based on shear stress. Tests revealed that rock strength in theshear direction was the lowest; the stress distributions of acoustic emission and hollow inclusion were highly similar. Based on theroadway-engineering mechanical properties of two caverns and numerical simulation and in-situ tests, the key bearing structureswere classified based on the concentrated shear stress. In deep caverns, shear stress was more concentrated on the softer surroundingrock, the key bearing structure areas, and the more seriously fractured surrounding rocks. Using the loose circle in-situ test, wecompared the classification method of the key bearing structures with other classification methods. The results revealed agreementwith the classification methods used for the key bearing structures. The deformation in-situ test showed that the strata convergence ofconcentrated shear stress areas developed quickly. Therefore, the phenomena of concentrated shear stress and the expanded range ofkey bearing structures are the structural instability mechanisms of deep roadways.

Can Ultrasound be Used to Differentiate Tubular Adenomas of Breast from Fibroadenomas or Carcinoma?

Fu, Ying,Miao, Li-Ying,Ge, Hui-Yu,Mei, Fang,Wang, Jin-Rui Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.3

Breast tubular adenomas are rare benign breast tumors and detailed descriptions of their sonographic appearance are necessary for differential diagnosis from fibroadenomas or breast cancers. This study investigated twenty-one histology-proved tubular adenomas in 17 patients and also included 48 fibroadenomas in 35 patients as a control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups with clinical presentation, which was age, tumor location, tumor number (p>0.05). Statistic analysis showed three significant factors in the differential diagnosis of tubular adenomas and fibroadenomas, including macro-lobulation (p=0.01), "tiny branch like" patterns (p=0.001) and vascularity (p=0.02). Other ultrasonographic features such as echogenicity, border, uniformity of echotexture, posterior acoustic enhancement, lateral wall shadowing were of no clinical significance (p>0.05). Calcifications were seen in three tubular adenomas which were different from those of carcinomas. Although tubular adenomas have some typical characteristics on sonography, surgery and core needle biopsy are still needed for complex cases to exclude progress to malignancy.

On Translation Competence -An Approach in the Light of Mother Tongue Acquisition

GONG Ying-rui,XU Li-na 한국어문화교육학회 2017 한국어문화교육 Vol.11 No.1

본 논문은 모국어 습득의 연구 성과를 이용하여 문법번역과 직업번역 간의 구별을 검토하였다. 문법번역은 외국어 습득에 있어서 학습을 보조하는 도구이다. 하지만, 직업번역은 두 언어 사이에서 교제하는 도구이다. 이 두 가지 다른 성질을 가지는 번역 사이에서 대응 관계와 모국어 습득은 발전 단계상 유사점이 있다. 언어 습득 및 번역 기능 습득을 이해하는 과정은 학생 번역자에게 이성적으로 번역 전략을 운용하여 문제를 해결하는 능력을 양성하는 데 도움이 된다. The paper explores the fundamental differences between grammatical translation and professional translation in the light of mother tongue acquisition. The former serves as a tool for foreign language learning and the latter for communication between two mutually incomprehensible tongues. The two types of translating performance come into a relay relationship, which has something in common with the developments of mother tongue acquisition. A rational exposure to what happens in translating and language learning provides student translators with a strategic approach to the solutions desired for their daily performance.

一個獨特民族的文學珍珠 ―《路得記》寫作探幽

궁영서 ( Ying-rui Gong ),이명애 ( Myeong-ae Lee ) 경남대학교 인문과학연구소 2017 人文論叢 Vol.43 No.-

《룻기》는 이스라엘 문학사에서 “문학의 진주”라는 명성을 지니고 있는 작품이다. 문학은 환경의 산물이다. 전기문학의 측면에서《룻기》는 광대한 민족사인 《구약성경》을 대표하는 민족문학이며, 다양한 형식의 문학작품을 탄생시키는 촉매역할을 했기 때문에 아시아와 아프리카의 고전이 되었고, 유럽문학의 원류 가운데 하나이다. 《룻기》는 전기문학의 전환점이며, 인류문학사의 참신한 텍스트가 되었다. “Ruth” is hailed as “literary pearls” in Israeli literature. Literature has its own soil to harvest results. This article explores writing skills of “Ruth”, showing that the Old Testament is a magnificent national historical biography with its unique national culture. It gives birth to a variety of literary works, making itself Afro-Asian classics and one of two European literary sources. “Ruth” is the glorious transformation of historical literature, creating a new genre in the human historical literature documentary novel.

중국 대학생의 위챗(WeChat) 모멘트를 통한 정보공유 의도에 관한 연구 -이용과 충족이론, 합리적인 행위이론을 중심으로-

왕예 ( Wang Rui ),염영영 ( Yan Ying Ying ),김종무 ( Kim Jong-moo ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회 2023 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.84 No.-

본 연구는 중국 대학생을 대상으로 위챗 모멘트(WeChat Moment) 사용자들의 정보공유 동기를 알아보고 정보공유 동기가 정보공유 태도, 정보공유 의도에 미치는 영향과 사용자의 주관적 규범이 정보공유의도에 미치는 요인을 분석 하였다. 이를 위해 위챗 모멘트를 이용하는 대학생 627명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였으며, SPSS 24 프로그램을 사용하여 요인분석, 상관관계 분석, 신뢰도 분석과 회귀분석을 하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 위챗 모멘트 정보공유 동기는 ‘정보추구’, ‘사회적 영향’, ‘자아표출’, ‘관계유지 강화’로 나타났다. 둘째, 위챗 모멘트 정보공유 동기 요인 중 정보추구 요인을 제외한 사회적 영향, 자아표출, 관계유지 강화 동기 요인은 정보공유 태도와 정보공유 의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 위챗 모멘트 정보공유 태도와 주관적 규범 모두 정보공유 의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 위챗 모멘트 이용자들의 정보공유 행동을 이해하는데 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이며, 정보공유 행동을 촉진하거나 감소시키는 요인을 이해하는데 참고자료가 될 것이다. This study examined the motives for information sharing among Chinese university students using WeChat Moment and analyzed the effects of information-sharing motives on information-sharing attitudes and intentions, as well as the factors influencing subjective norms on information-sharing intentions. To accomplish this, an online survey was conducted with 627 university students who use WeChat Moment, and factor analysis, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 24 software. The analysis results revealed the following: First, the motives for information sharing on WeChat Moment were identified as information seeking, social influence, self-expression, and relationship maintenance. Second, among the motives for information sharing on WeChat Moment, social influence, self-expression, and relationship maintenance motives, excluding the information-seeking motive, significantly influenced information-sharing attitudes and intentions. Third, both information-sharing attitudes and subjective norms on WeChat Moment significantly influenced information-sharing intentions. These findings can provide fundamental data for understanding the information-sharing behavior of WeChat Moment users and serve as a reference for understanding the factors that promote or inhibit information-sharing behavior.

Elevated Mean Platelet Volume is Associated with Presence of Colon Cancer

Li, Jia-Ying,Li, Ying,Jiang, Zheng,Wang, Rui-Tao,Wang, Xi-Shan Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.23

Background: Colon cancer is the second most common cancer in developed countries. Activated platelets play a key role in inflammation and atherothrombosis, with mean platelet volume (MPV) is an early marker of platelet activation. The aim of the study was to clarify the relevance of MPV in patients with colon cancer. Materials and Methods: We measured MPV levels in 128 patients with colon cancer before and after surgery, and 128 controls matched for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and smoking status. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colon cancer were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analyses across MPV quartiles. Results: Patients with colon cancer had higher MPV compared with controls. Surgical tumor resection resulted in a significant decrease in MPV levels (11.4 fL vs 10.7 fL; p<0.001). A positive correlation between MPV and tumor-nodule-metastases (TNM) stage was found. Furthermore, after adjusting for other risk factors, the ORs (95%CIs) for colon cancer according to MPV quartiles were 1.000, 2.238 (1.014-4.943), 3.410 (1.528-7.613), and 5.379 (2.372-12.198), respectively. Conclusions: The findings show that patients with colon cancer have higher MPV levels compared with controls, and these are reduced after surgery. In addition, MPV was found to be independently associated with the presence of colon cancer. Further studies are warranted to assess the utility of MPV as a novel diagnostic screening tool for colon cancer.

Preparation of minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K from American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848

Liu, Chun-Ying,Zhou, Rui-Xin,Sun, Chang-Kai,Jin, Ying-Hua,Yu, Hong-Shan,Zhang, Tian-Yang,Xu, Long-Quan,Jin, Feng-Xie The Korean Society of Ginseng 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.3

Background: Minor ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used in enzyme purification, thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used in enzyme hydrolysis and kinetics; crude enzyme was used in minor ginsenoside preparation from PPD-ginsenoside; the products were separated with silica-gel-column, and recognized by HPLC and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance). Results: The enzyme molecular weight was 75 kDa; the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed the C-20 position 20-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb1, then the C-3 position 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc with the pathway $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}C-K$. However, the enzyme firstly hydrolyzed C-3 position 3-O-${\beta}$-D-Glc of ginsenoside Rb2 and Rc, finally hydrolyzed 20-O-L-Ara with the pathway $Rb2{\rightarrow}C-O{\rightarrow}C-Y{\rightarrow}C-K$, and $Rc{\rightarrow}C-Mc1{\rightarrow}C-Mc{\rightarrow}C-K$. According to enzyme kinetics, $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ of Michaelis-Menten equation, the enzyme reaction velocities on ginsenosides were Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc > Rd. However, the pure enzyme yield was only 3.1%, so crude enzyme was used for minor ginsenoside preparation. When the crude enzyme was reacted in 3% American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside (containing Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) at $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0 for 18 h, the main products were minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K; average molar yields were 43.7% for C-Mc from Rc, 42.4% for C-Y from Rb2, and 69.5% for F2 and C-K from Rb1 and Rd. Conclusion: Four monomer minor ginsenosides were successfully produced (at low-cost) from the PPD-ginsenosides using crude enzyme.

语用视角下的汉语句末语气词的功能研究

宫英瑞(Gong, Ying-Rui),魏秀光(Wui, Soo-Kwang) 대한중국학회 2017 중국학 Vol.59 No.-

本文以关联和连贯理论为框架,探讨了汉语句末语气词“啊”、“吧”、“呢”的语用功 能,得出的基本结论有:与“啊”和“吧”相比,“呢”的篇章功能更为突出,或者说,与“呢” 相比,“啊”与“吧”的情态意义比较明显。本文还探讨了上述三个句末语气词语用功能差异背后 的深层次原因。具体而言,与“啊”和“吧”相比,“呢”的意义主要是语气意义;“呢”字历史 更为悠久;“呢”的语法化过程更为彻底。相比之下,“啊”和“吧”都具有较为明显的情态意 义;两个语气词使用历史不长;它们的虚化过程还在继续。 With relevance theory and coherence theory as the theoretical basis, this paper studies the pragmatic function of Chinese-Utterance final particles: a, ba and ne and claims that the discourse function of ne is stronger than a and ba. In other words, the modality meaning of a and ba is stronger than ne. This paper also studies the reason why a, ba and ne have different pragmatic functions and concludes that the meaning of ne is mainly the meaning of mood, ne has a longer history and the grammaticalization of ne is more complete while a and ba have obvious modality meaning; they have a shorter history than ne as mood particles and their grammaticalization still continues.

Two Transition Metal Complexes: Magnetic Properties and Treatment Effect via Focused High-Intensity Ultrasound on Alzheimer’s Disease

Chang-Lu Huo,Ting Yu,Cai-Ying Pei,Ling-Ling Liu,Ying-Rui Zhang,Ying-Li Zhang 한국고분자학회 2021 Macromolecular Research Vol.29 No.5

Two novel coordination polymers (where Cu for the complex 1 and the Co for the complex 2) with distinct transition metal ions containing 4-(3,5-dicarboxylphenyl)-2- methylpyridine (H2L), the pyridyl-dicarboxylic acid ligand, have been produced under the solvothermal reaction conditions, and the two compounds’ performances and architectures were also characterized. The chemical formulae determined of two complexes are respectively [Cu(L)(H2O)]·H2O (1) and [Co3(L)2Cl2(H2O)2]·2H2O (2). Complex 1 exhibits a 2D network with a (3,6)-connected kgd topology based on the dinuclear [Cu2O2] units. In complex 2, the linear trinuclear [Co3(μ-Ocarboxylate)2(COO)2Cl2] units with mixed carboxylate and μ-Cl triple bridges are cross-linked by the L ligands into a 3D framework with a (3,6)-connected rtl topology. The complexes’ magnetic performances reflected that between consecutive metal ions, there exists the antiferromagnetic coupling. Their treatment activities on Alzheimer's disease (AD) via focused high-intensity ultrasound were evaluated. Firstly, the Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining was implemented for the assessment of the apoptotic neurons percentage after compounds treatment. Next, the Aβ accumulation in the neurons was also detected via employing the western blotting assay.