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산술 부호화와 연성워터마킹 방법을 이용한 영상조작 검지기법
朴成日,韓丞洙 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 2005 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.24 No.-
In this paper, a new fragile watermarking algorithm for digital images is proposed. It makes possible to resolve the security and forgery problem of the digital images. The most suitable watermarking method that verifies the authentication and integrity of the digital image is the Wong's method, which invokes the hash function (MD5). The algorithm is safe because this method uses the hash function of the cryptology. The operations such as modulus, complement, shift, bitwise exclusive-or, bitwise inclusive-or are necessary for calculating the value of hash function. But, in this paper, an Arithmetic coding method, which only includes the multiplication operation, is adopted. This technique prints out accumulative probability interval that is obtained by multiplying the input symbol probability interval. In this paper, the initial probability interval is determined according to the value of the key, and the input sequence of the symbols is adjusted according to the key value so that the accumulative probability interval will depend on the key value. The integrity of the algorithm can be verified by an experiment. The PSNR is above the 51.13db and the verifying time is 1/3~1/4 of the verifying time of the hash function (MD5), So, it can be used in the real-time system.
이승란,김도한,나영수,이창한,박영식,윤태경,송승구 한국환경과학회 2002 한국환경과학회지 Vol.11 No.3
The lab-scale anaerobic continuous reactor which was filled with the sludge of anaerobic digestion from Suyoung wastewater treatment plant was operated by feeding of various concentrations and flow rates. This experiment indicated that more than 6,870 ㎎COD/L of substrate concentration was required to promote good metabolism and growth of anaerobic biomass. And increasing loading rate slowly was also required in order to treat substrate of higher concentration and higher loading rate. The substrate concentration of about 10,000 ㎎COD/L was adequate to generate biogas efficiently. The pH was sharply decreased at the onset of higher loading rate, but the pH was restabilized soon at 8. During the experiment, the amount of the attached biomass was kept constant.
토끼에서 Etofenprox와 Spinosad 합제의 국소자극성 시험
황윤환,김명석,송인배,박병권,양승호,임용현,송치용,안성한,남현수,임정교,정상일,명노일,윤효인 忠南大學校 獸醫科大學 附設 動物醫科學硏究所 2008 動物醫科學硏究誌 Vol.15 No.1
This study was performed to evaluation the skin and eye irritation of etofenprox 8% and spinosad 4% combination in male New Zealand White rabbits. In skin irritation test, the combination of etofenprox and spinosad did not showed any change of body weight but caused slight skin irritation with the P.I.I. (primary irritation index) value 0.25. The etofenprox and spinosad combination showed severe eye irritation 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after ocular treatment, having the A.O.I. (acute ocular irritation) value of 37.3. Therefore, these result indicated that the combination of etofenprox and spinosad might be irritant formulation on eye and skin.
Cheng Han Ng,Daniel Q. Huang,Mindie H. Nguyen 대한간학회 2022 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.28 No.4
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects about a third of the world’s adult population and is a major public health concern. NAFLD is defined by the presence of hepatic steatosis and the absence of other causes of liver disease. As NAFLD is closely associated with the presence of the metabolic syndrome, several experts have called for a change in nomenclature from NAFLD to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to better reflect the underlying pathophysiology of NAFLD as a metabolically driven disease and shift to a “positive” diagnostic criteria rather than one of exclusion. Recent studies have suggested that the global prevalence of MAFLD is higher than that of NAFLD, and patients with MAFLD have more metabolic comorbidities compared to those with NAFLD. Emerging data also suggest that all-cause and cardiovascular mortality may be higher in MAFLD compared with NAFLD. In this synopsis, we discuss differences in clinical features, prevalence and clinical outcomes between NAFLD and MAFLD. In addition, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of a name change from NAFLD to MAFLD from the perspective of the scientific community, care providers and patients.
Cheng Han Ng,Kai En Chan,Yip Han Chin,Rebecca Wenling Zeng,Pei Chen Tsai,Wen Hui Lim,Darren Jun Hao Tan,Chin Meng Khoo,Lay Hoon Goh,Zheng Jye Ling,Anand Kulkarni,Lung-Yi Loey Mak,Daniel Q Huang,Mark C 대한간학회 2022 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.28 No.3
Background/Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with diabetes. The cumulative impact of both diseases synergistically increases risk of adverse events. However, present population analysis is predominantly conducted with reference to non-NAFLD individuals and has not yet examined the impact of prediabetes. Hence, we sought to conduct a retrospective analysis on the impact of diabetic status in NAFLD patients, referencing non-diabetic NAFLD individuals. Methods: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018 was used. Hepatic steatosis was defined with United States Fatty Liver Index (US-FLI) and FLI at a cut-off of 30 and 60 respectively, in absence of substantial alcohol use. A multivariate generalized linear model was used for risk ratios of binary outcomes while survival analysis was conducted with Cox regression and Fine Gray model for competing risk. Results: Of 32,234 patients, 28.92% were identified to have NAFLD. 36.04%, 38.32% and 25.63% were non-diabetic, prediabetic and diabetic respectively. Diabetic NAFLD significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, chronic kidney disease, all-cause and CVD mortality compared to non-diabetic NAFLD. However, prediabetic NAFLD only significantly increased the risk of CVD and did not result in a higher risk of mortality. Conclusions: Given the increased risk of adverse outcomes, this study highlights the importance of regular diabetes screening in NAFLD and adoption of prompt lifestyle modifications to reduce disease progression. Facing high cardiovascular burden, prediabetic and diabetic NAFLD individuals can benefit from early cardiovascular referrals to reduce risk of CVD events and mortality.
Han, Jin-Hee,Cho, Jee-Sun,Cheng, Yang,Muh, Fauzi,Yoo, Won Gi,Russell, Bruce,Nosten, Francois,Na, Sunghun,Ha, Kwon-Soo,Park, Won Sun,Hong, Seok-Ho,Han, Eun-Taek American Society for Microbiology 2018 Infection and immunity Vol.86 No.9
<P>Plasmodium vivax parasites preferentially invade reticulocytes in human beings. P. vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1) and PvMSP1 paralog (PvMSP1P) may have important functions in reticulocyte adherence during invasion. These proteins share similar structures, including the presence of two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored domains at the C terminus. However, there have been no reports concerning the functional activity of PvMSP1P in reticulocyte adherence during P. vivax invasion. In this study, the ability of PvMSP1P-19 to bind to reticulocytes and normocytes was analyzed. The reticulocyte binding activity of PvMSP1P-19 was 4.0-fold higher than its normocyte binding activity. The binding of PvMSP1 P-19 to reticulocytes and normocytes was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by antibodies from immunized rabbits and by antibodies from vivax parasite-infected patients. Consistently, antibodies against PvMSP1 P inhibited parasite invasion during short-term in vitro cultivation. Similar to the case for PvDBPII binding activity, PvMSP1P-19 binding activity was reduced in chymotrypsin-treated reticulocytes. However, no significant difference between the binding of PvMSP1P-19 to Duffy-positive and Duffy-negative erythrocytes was found. The minimal binding motif of PvMSP1P-19 was characterized using synthetic peptides. The results showed that the residues at amino acid positions 1791 to 1808 may have an important function in mediating merozoite adherence to reticulocytes. The positively charged residues within the EGF-like domain were shown to constitute a key binding motif. This work presents strong evidence supporting the role of PvMSP1P in host target cell selection and invasion of Duffy-independent pathway in P. vivax. Moreover, PvMSP1P-19-specific antibodies may confer protection against P. vivax reinvasion.</P>