Lidocaine, Thrombin, Epinephrine 의 항균효과

김진우,이동건,전혜선,김승준,김석찬,안중현,김치홍,권순석,김영균,김관형,문화식,신완식,송정섭,박성학 대한감염학회 2005 감염과 화학요법 Vol.37 No.6

목적 : 기관지내시경 검사에서 흔히 사용되는 국소마취제인 lidocaine과 내시경시 지혈목적으로 사용되는 thrombin과 epinephrine이 각종 균주에 미치는 항균효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 균주는 가톨릭대학교 성모병원에서 2004년 3월부터 2004년 9월까지 임상검체 에서 동정된 S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa 각각 42, 42, 42, 43주를 대상으로 하였다. Lidocaine, thrombin, epinephrine 감수성 검사는 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, 2002)의 기준에 따랐다. 결과 : Lidocaine은 S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa에서 MIC_(50), MIC_(90) 모두 20,000 ㎍/mL 이었다. K. pneumoniae는 각각 10,000 ㎍/mL이었다. Thrombin은 S. aureus와 P. aeruginosa에서 MIC50 500 lU/mL 과 MIC_(90) 500 IU/mL 이상이었고, K. pneumoniae에서는 MIC_(50)과 MIC_(90)이 모두 500 lU/mL이상이었으나 S. pneumoniae에서는 MIC_(50)과 MIC_(90)은 125 IU/mL이었다. Epinephrine은 K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae에 대한 MIC_(50), MIC_(90)가 모두 >500 ㎍/mL이었고, S. aureus와 P. aeruginosa에 대한 MIC_(50), MIC_(90)가 모두 500 ㎍/mL이었다. 결론 : 기관지 내시경 검사에서 흔히 쓰이는 lidocaine, thrombin, epinephrine 등의 약제들이 호흡기 질환의 흔한 병원균인 S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa 균주들에 대해 항균 효과가 있을 수 있어 세균배양검사에 영향을 미칠 수 있겠다. Background : We performed this stody to find out about antimicrobial effect of lidocaine which is commonly used local anesthetic, and thrombin and epinephrine used for hemostasis during bronchoscopic procedures. Materials and Methods : The microorganisms that were cultured from specimens obtained during bronchoscopy were Staphylococcus aureus (n=42), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=42), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=42), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=43) collected from St. Mary's Hospital, from March to Sep 2004 were used for susceptibity testing. Susceptibility to lidocaine, thrombin, and epinephrine were tested according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Result : MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of lidocaine for S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa were all 20,000 ㎍/mL and that for K. pneumoniae were 10,000 ㎍/mL. MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of thrombin for both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was 500 IU/mL and above 500 IU/mL, respectively; that for K. pneumoniae were all above 500 IU/mL and for S. pneumoniae they were 125 IU/mL, MIC_(50) and MIC_(90) of epinephrine for K. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae were above 500 ㎍/mL; that for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were 500 ㎍/mL. Conclusion : We observed possible antimicrobial effect of lidocaine, thrombin, and epinephrine in vitro against pathogens such as S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, which are common respiratory microorganisms. The use of these agants could affect the result of bacterial culture.

인간 배자 두경부의 외형 발생에 관한 연구

박형우,이규석,김원규 대한해부학회 1992 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.25 No.3

톨루엔 노출 근로자에서 요중마뇨산 배설농도로 평가한 호흡보호구 착용효과에 관한 연구

김범석,박정일,임현우,김형아,오상용 大韓産業醫學會 2001 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.13 No.4

목적 : 보호구 착용 효과에 대한 실제적, 구체적자료를 제시함으로서 예방목적의 보호구 사용에 대한 근로자들의 인식을 제고시키기 위함이다. 방법 : 서울시내에 소재한 일부 그라비아 인쇄소에서 톨루엔이 함유된 잉크 및 희석제를 취급하는근로자 26명을 대상으로 본 연구를 수행하였다. 유기가스용 방독마스크 미착용 상태와 유기가스용 방독마스크 착용후 작업환경 중 톨루엔 개인노출농도와 요중 마뇨산 시간별 농도를 측정, 비교하였다. 결과 : 그라비아 인쇄소의 공기중 톨루엔 개인노출농도는 유기가스용 방독마스크 미착용일과 착용일에서 각각 147.52+57.34 ppm 및 134.55+52.44ppm으로 통계학적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 방독마스크 미착용일파 착몽일의 작업종료 후 요중 마뇨산 농도의 기하평균값은 각각 1.5) 10.33:1 g/L 및0.49(0.14) 하였으며 두 일간에 유의한 차이를 보였단. 방독마스크 미착용일에서 요중 마뇨산 농도는 근무시작 4시간 후(오후 작업시작전, 13:00)부터 유의하게 증가하기 시작하였으며, 착용일에서는 근무종료시까지 유의한 증가를 보이지 않았다. 유기가스용 방독마스크 착용 효과를 톨루엔 대사산물인 요중마뇨산 농도로 평가하면 착용시 농도가 미착용시에비하여 89.3% 감소하였다. 보호구 미착용일에 있어서 공기중 톨루엔 개인노출농도와 요중 마뇨산 농도는 유의한 상관성을 나타났으며 회귀방정식은 Y(요중 마뇨산, g/L) =0. OO7x (공기중 톨루엔, ppm)+0.665로 계산되었다. 결론 : Fit Test등 올바른 보호구 착용 교육을 통한 전 작업시간에 걸친 유기가스용 방독마스크 보호구 착용은 직업적인 톨루엔 노출의 호흡기 흡수를거의 대부분 차단하였다. Objectives : This study was carried out in order to raise workers' recognition of the effects of respirator use by providing concrete and practical data. Methods : Twenty-six workers who dealt with toluene based ink and diluents at a gravure printing office in Seoul were investigated. The toluene exposure level and urinary hippuric acid level were monitored under respirator non-wearing (RNW) and under respiratory wearing (RW) conditions. Results : The mean concentrations of toluene exposed to each worker through the air of gravure printing office were 147.52±57.34 and 134.55±52.44 ppm on respirator non-wearing day and respirator wearing day, respectively. There was no significant difference in toluene exposure concentration for the two days. The mean concentration of urinary hippuric acid in RNW and RW groups were 1.51 (0.53) g/L and 0.49 (0.14) g/L, respectively, as measured at the end of the workday. There was a significant difference seen in urinary hippuric acid concentration between the two days. The urinary hippuric acid concentration began to increase at 4 hours after the start of the workday (13:00) in RNW. However, there was no significant increase until the end of the workday in the case of RW. The urinary hippuric acid concentration in RW reduced 89.3% as compared with the concentration seen in RNW. There was a significant correlation between the toluene concentration and the urinary hippuric acid concentration in RNW. The regression equation was Y (urinary hippuric acid concentration, g/L) = 0.007 ×χ(toluene concentration in the air, ppm) + 0.665. Conclusions : Our results indicate that the respirator intercepted most toluene that may have been absorbed Into the respiratory organs, and suggested that properly wearing a respiratory such as wearing the respirator during the entire workday and performing a proper fit test played an important role in the protection from toluene exposure

교정치료 시 브라켓 부착 및 제거에 따른 치아색 변화

김석필,황인남,조진형,황현식 대한치과교정학회 2006 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.36 No.2

본 연구는 교정용 브라켓 부착을 위한 레진 접착부위 및 그 인접부위 즉, primer만 도포된 부위의 색변화를 알아보기 위하여 시행되었다. 교정치료를 위해 발치된 60개의 건전한 소구치를 재료로 사용하여 분광측정기로 색을 측정한 후 CIE L*a*b* 색표계로 기록하였다. 20개의 소구치에 광중합형 접착레진으로 브라켓을 부착한 후 부착 전과 제거 후의 색을 측정하였으며 다른 20개의 소구치에는 primer만 도포하고 도포 전과 도포 후의 색을 측정한 후, L* 값을 이용하여 명암 변화를 살펴본 결과 브라켓 부착 및 primer 도포 모두의 경우 명도가 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, a* 값과 b* 값을 이용하여 색상 변화를 살펴본 결과 황색이 증가하는 양상을 나타내었다. 또한 측정된 L*a*b* 값을 이용하여 색변화를 산출하고 임상적으로 인지할 수 있는 색변화 값 3.7을 기준치로 하여 비교 및 분석을 시행한 결과 브라켓 부착 전과 제거 후의 색변화는 기준치보다 큰 것으로 나타났으며 primer 도포에 따른 색변화는 기준치보다 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 한편 primer만 도포한 경우 칫솔질에 따른 색변화를 알아보고자 나머지 20개의 소구치를 대조로 하여 칫솔질을 시행한 결과 칫솔질 시행 후 색변화는 기준치보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 브라켓 제거 후 자연광 노출의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 모든 경우에 추가적으로 photoaging을 시행한 결과 부기적인 색변화는 기준치보다 작은 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 교정치료를 위한 브라켓 부착으로 인해 브라켓 부착 및 인접부위의 치아색 변화가 있음을 의미하며 임상과정에서 이에 대한 고려가 필요함을 시사하였다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tooth color changes of resin bonding sites and their adjacent sites on orthodontic bracket bonding. Sixty extracted sound premolars were used and the tooth color was recorded according to the CIE L*a*b* color system using a spectrophotometer. The tooth colors of the twenty premolars were measured and compared before bracket bonding and after removal. On a further twenty premolars, the tooth color was measured before and after only primer application. In the change of L* values, according to the bracket bonding and primer application, the lightness was decreased, and in the change of a* and b* values, the color was changed into a more yellowish color. The color differences (ΔE*) were calculated from the L*a*b* values and compared with the standard value of clinical detection (ΔE*=3.7). The color differences between before the bracket bonding and after removal noted exceeded the standard value and those of between before and after the primer application were not larger than the standard value. Tooth brushing was performed after application of the primer to evaluate the color changes according to the primer abrasion. As a control, toothbrushing was performed on the last twenty premolars. The color differences noted were larger than the standard value after toothbrushing. Also, to evaluate the color changes of the tooth which is exposed to sun irradiation after bracket removal, additional photoaging was performed and the color was measured for all teeth. The additional color differences after photoaging were smaller than the standard value. The above results suggest that the tooth color changes after fixed orthodontic treatment.

과학 놀이 활동이 아동들의 과학적 태도와 탐구능력에 미치는 효과

김용권,이충형,이석희 한국초등과학교육학회 2004 초등과학교육 Vol.23 No.1

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of science-play activity that isn't easily completed in a course of study, put in practice an development activity class on the scientific inquiry skills and the scientific attitude of elementary school students. For this purpose, the general activity was applied for the comparative group (40 students), the science-play activity was applied for the experimental group (34 students); they are composed of 5th and 6th graders elementary school students of 74, a class of an hour during a week. The results were analyzed by means of comparing between groups as well as within groups as well as within groups. The results of this research is as follows: Firstly, the science-play activity as an development activity was effective in the improvement of the scientific attitudes of elementary school students. Secondly, the science-play activity as an development activity was effective in the improvement of the scientific inquiry skills of elementary school students.

2축 서보시스템을 위한 위치제어장치 설계

김기택,김형중,장석호 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 1991 産業技術硏究 Vol.11 No.-

In this study, we design a position controller or two axis servo system.The position controller performs numerical control(NC)to DC or AC servo motor or step motor, and also has a digital input output sequence capability. The control program composed of position and sequence command, which is called channel, is programed easily and user interactivtively. And it is interpreted and the straight line and are position command iinterpolated . We develop the Z80 microprocessor based system and the software with assembly and Clanguage, and also PC based graphic simulator for the debugging and educational purposes.

스티렌 현탁 중합반응에서 폭주반응 해석

박형일,신석주,이헌창,장서일,김태옥 한국산업안전학회 2002 한국안전학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The runaway reaction was analyzed experimently and theoretically at the batch styrene suspension polymerization process. In the experiments, the reaction temperature with time was measured at various experimental conditions. According to the experimental results, the risk of the runaway reaction was increased with increasing the ratio of the monomer(styrene, M) to the dispersion medium(water, W), the concentration of the initiator(BPO), and the monomer mass, respectively. And simulation results showed that the runaway reaction was significantly affected by the reaction rate constant of the propagation and that the phenomena of the runaway reaction occurred at about 70% conversion. Also, we found that the runaway reaction did not occur under the operation condition of below 0.5 for M/W, approximate 3 wt% BPO, and below 75℃ for the cooling temperature.

사람 Ferritin 유전자를 이용한 담배의 형질전환

이주안,김형석,임채완,김해영,박영두 경희대학교 생명자원과학연구원 2002 硏究論文集 Vol.22 No.-

사람 H-chain ferritin 유전자를 Agrobcterium-mediated transformation 방법으로 담배(Nicotiana tabaccum L)에 전이시켰다. 이를 위하여 사람 H-chain ferritin 유전자를 C_(S)VMV promotor와 NOS terminator를 운반하는 plant binary vector, pILTAB 357에 도입하였다. pILTAB 357를 포함하는 Agrobcterium tumefaciens LBA4404로 담배 잎 절편체를 감염시킨 후 형질전환 신초는 MS배지에 1 5 ㎎/L BA, 50 ㎎/L kanamycin 그리고 200 ㎎/L cefotaxim이 첨가된 1차 선발배지에서 유도하였다. 유도된 신초는 MS배지에 100 ㎎/L kanamycin과 200 ㎎/L cefotaxim이 포함된 2차 선발배지에서 뿌리를 유기하였다. 뿌리가 형성된 재분화 개체는 온실에서 재배하였으며 자가수분하여 종자를 수확하였다. 사람 H-chain ferritin유전자의 담배 genome내로의 전이여부를 H-chain ferritin 유전자내의 primer를 이용하여 PCR 방법으로 확인한 바 형질전환 개체에서 예상했던 560bp 단편을 볼 수 있었으나 형질전환을 시키지 않은 식물체에서는 PCR 산물을 확인할 수 없었다. Kanamycin 저항성 분석은 전이유전자의 후대로의 안정적인 유전을 보여 주었으며 저항성 종자들은 homozygous개체를 확보하기 위해 온실에서 재배 중에 있다. A human H-chain ferritin gene was introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) plants by Agrobcterium-mediated transformation. To introduce this gene, human ferritin gene was cloned into plant binary vector, pILTAB 357, horboring CsVMV promotor and nopalin synthase terminator (3' NOS). After infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 containing pILTAB 357, transformed shoots were induced from first selection media (MS media + 1.5 ㎎/L BA + 50 ㎎/L kanamycin + 200 ㎎/L^(1) cefotaxim). Induced shoots were rooted in second selection media (MS media + 100 ㎎/L kanamycin + 200 ㎎/L cefotaxim). Rooted shoots were cultivated, selfed, and seeds were harvested in the green house. To confirm the transfer of the human H-chain ferritin gene in the genome of tobacco plants, PCR was conducted using specific primers of the H-chain femritin gene. A PCR fragment of 560 bp was obtained from each transformed plants, which is the predicted size of the H-cham ferritin gene but not from nontransformed plants. Kanamycin resistance assay showed that transgenes were stably inherited to next generation in all lines. These resistance seeds from each line were cultivated in the green house to obtain homozygous lines for further study.

신아세포종에 병발된 폐 색전증 1예 보고

박용욱,김형중,서중석 大韓法醫學會 1999 대한법의학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Wilms' tumor is the most common urinary tract neoplasm and one of the most frequent solid abdominal malignant tumors of childhood, usually diagnosed between the ages of 2 and 5 years. Typically, it is manifested as an asymptomatic unilateral or upper abdominal mass. Abdimonal pain after some traumatic incident, fever, anemia, hematuria and hypertension are other patterns of presentation. In a considerable number of these patients, pulmonary metastases are present at the time of primary diagnosis. But, the initial presentation of acute pulmonary tumor emboli without surgical manipulation is very rare. We describe a sudden unexpected infantile death case diagnosed as pulmonary tumor embolism preexisting Wilms' tumor. To our knowledge, this is the initial autopsy presentation of Wilms' tumor with tumor embolism as sudden and unexpected death in Korea.

보일러내의 Nox 저감 3차원 수치모델

전영남,송형운,김정열,유경석 조선대학교 환경공해연구소 2004 環境公害硏究 Vol.18 No.-

This paper presents numerical simulation of the flow and combustion process in a pulverized coal fired utility boiler of 350MWe with 24 swirl burners installed at the boiler front wall. The numerical model is applied to an Eulerian-Eulerian model of coal combusiton and NOx formation, It uses Eulerian, time averaged, conservation equations for all the dependent variables. Especial attention is paid to the accuracy of the representation of the several physical submodels of the coal particle, such as particle drying, volatilization or heterogenous combustion. In this systematic investigation, burning characteristics of pulverized coal were calcuated temperature, NOx, unburned carbon content of char and exhaust gas composition in utility boiler. Parametric screening studies have been achieved for the suggestion of improvement operating conditions for reducing NOx and unburned carbon content.