사카모토 료마의 국가 건설사상

임태홍(Lim Tai-hong) 한국정치사상학회 2004 정치사상연구 Vol.10 No.2

이 연구는 사카모토 료마의 ‘선중팔책’이 나오게 된 배경과 그 사상적인 특징을 살펴본 것이다. 그의 제안은 단순한 구상에 머문 것이 아니라 이후 ‘대정봉환’이나 ‘메이지유신’ 등으로 현실화되었다. 그의 정치적 입장은 분열되어 있는 각 정치세력을 하나로 묶어 강력한 통일정부를 만드는 데에 있었기 때문에, 그에 대한 연구는 일본 근대의 정치사상을 이해하는데 있어 그리고 아직도 진정한 의미의 민족국가 수립을 못하고 있는 우리 민족에게는 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본론에서는 ‘선중팔책’을 중심으로 사카모토 료마의 행적과 그 배경을 살펴보고 ‘선중팔책’의 내용과 특징을 고찰하였다. 특징을 명확히 하기위해서 멀리 중국과 한국의 사례와 비교해보았다. 중국의 경우는 태평천국시기에 룽훙(容?)이 태명천국에 제시한 방안과 청말의 쑨원(孫文)이 리홍장(李鴻章)에게 제출한 건의안, 그리고 한국은 동학 운동시기의 폐정개혁안과 갑신정변시 개화파가 제시한 신 정령 14개 조항을 참고하였다. 사카모토 료마의 ‘선중팔책’은 메이지 유신 직전에 제시되었는데, 그 당시 일본의 대표적인 건국 방략이라고 할 수 있다. 그의 제안은 국가의 정체(政體), 사법, 행정, 의회, 외교, 헌법, 군대 등 범위가 광범위하며 어느 한쪽으로 편증되어 있지 않다. 그리고 지국의 문제를 일본을 넘어선 국제적인 시간에서 파악하려는 특징이 강하다. 또한 ‘선중팔책’에는 서구의 의회정치나 법률, 외교 등의 제도를 적극적으로 받아들이려고 한 사카모토 료마의 노력이 뚜렷이 드러나 있다. 중국이나 우리나라의 개혁안과 비교해 보면, 사카모토 료마와 그 주변 사람들의 상황인식이 얼마나 폭이 넓고 깊이가 있었는가를 잘 알 수 있다. ‘선중팔책’은 이미 서양에서 진행되고 있었던 근대 국가 건설의 핵심을 정확히 짚어내고 또 그러한 시대적인 방향을 정확히 제시하였다는 점에서 매우 평가할 만한 방책이었다고 할 수 있을 것이다. This paper examines the Sakamoto Ryoma's "Great Plan at Sea" or eight-point plan, which he wrote aboard ship in 1867. Especially, It is focused on the background of the plan's formation and its feature as a nation building thought. Sakamoto's plan was very important. Because it was not merely an idea, but became a real after a few months. For example by his proposal, Yoshinobu Tokugawa, the 15th Shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate, returned his political power to the Emperor, that is the so-cold "The Return of Sovereignty"(Taisei Houkan) of November 1867. In the main part, the writer examines the Sakamoto Ryoma's circumstance and analyzes the contents and the feature of the Sakamoto's plan. In order to clarify the plan's feature, this paper attempts to compare the plan to the Long Hong's(容?) proposal to Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Sun yatsen's(孫文) suggestion to Lee Hong-Chang(李鴻章), the Jeon Bong-Jun's(全琫準) reforming politics plan in the Dong Hak movement, and the reformists' 14 suggestions of the Military Revolution (the Kapshin coup) in 1884. The eight-point plan of Sakamoto Ryoma was suggested right before Meiji Restoration(1868). It was a representative plan for nation building in the era of Modern Japan. Sakamoto's proposal broadly included the system of government, judicature, administration, assembly, diplomacy, constitution, and troops, etc. Although the plan was concern with the domestic affairs of Japan, it had the international judgment, and was most distinctively beyond the boundary of the country. In the Sakamoto's plan, there was a remarkable effort to receive the Westem civilization of the times. Comparing with the cases of Long Hong's, Sun yatsen's, and Jeon Bong-Jun's, Sakamoto's recognition about the era and the circumstance around his country was very spacious and very deep. In conclusion, Sakamoto Ryoma seemed to have a clear grasp of the essence of nation building movement of Western Countries, and his eight-point plan for Modern Japan showed his country the correct way of the new times.

침전법에 의한 알루미나 분말제조 Ⅲ. 소결체의 열적·기계적 특성

임헌진,이홍림,이형직,홍기곤 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1992 논문집 Vol.24 No.1

A precipitation method was adopted in order to prepare high-tech Al₂O₃ceramics. Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O was used as a starting materials and alumimum hydroxides were obtained by single precipitation method at the pH condition 7 and 11, using NH₄OH as a precipitation agent. Fine Al₂O₃powders were prepared at optimum calcination condition and were sintered at 1650℃ for 4 h in air. Microstructures and mechhanical properties of Al₂O₃ceramics were investigated. Doped MgO limited the grain growth of Al₂O₃and increased grain size homogeneity of Al₂O₃Flexural stregth values were 340∼430 MPa. Critical temperature difference?? was 175 K showing rapid strength degradation by thermal shock.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A UV FLAME DETECTOR FOR THE AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM FOR ENGINE COMPARTMENT FIRES

Lim,Sung-Mook,Jung,Ki-Chang,Kim,Eung-Sik,Kim,Hong 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

In this work, a new type of UV flame detection system was developed. In order to measure the performance of UV flame detector, various kinds of experiments was performed. The results show that the maximum response time of the UV flame detector is 0.2 seconds when the detection distance is one meter The advantages of this system include wide area, high speed response and high sensitivity. After testing the W flame detector in engine compartment it detected fire within 0.09 seconds and extinguished within 5 seconds. Hence, the UV flame detector can be applied in automatic fire suppression system for automobiles.

연령증가에 따른 혈압요소들의 좌심실비대 및 관동맥질환과의 관련성

박재석,박창규,박미영,박재형,김용현,나진오,신성희,서순용,홍순준,박성미,임홍의,김응주,서홍석,오동주,노영무 대한순환기학회 2004 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.34 No.2

활성탄을 이용한 낙동강 상수원수의 수처리 효과

임영성,강관호,이홍재,서동철,허종수,손보균,조주식 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.3

상수원수를 보다 효과적으로 처리함으로서 양질의 수돗물을 공급하기 위한 기초자료를 얻고자 낙동강 상수원수를 대상으로 활성탄처리에 의한 공탐체류시간 및 활성탄 여층 깊이에 따른 수처리 효율과 생물활성탄으로서의 이용 가능성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 공탑체류시간(EBCT)에 따른 수처리 효율은 EBCT가 증가할수록 증가되었으나 운전시간이 경과함에 따라 활성탄 흡착능력은 감소되어 처리효율도 서서히 감소하였다. 활성탄 여층깊이에 따른 pH 변화는 활성탄 층 깊이에 따라 거의 없었으며, D0는 활성탄 층 깊이가 깊을수록 서서히 감소하였다. KMnO^4 소비량, UV254 흡광물질 DOC 및 THMFP 처리효율은 활성만 표층으로부터 하부로 내려갈수록 증가하였으며, 운전시간이 경과할수록 활성탄 상층부에 형성되어 있던 흡착대파 하부로 이동하였다. DOC의 상당 부분이 활성탄여과지에 서식하는 미생물 작용에 의해 분해 제거되는 것으로 나타났으며, 운전개시 126일 후의 BAC에서 활성탄 표층으로 부터깊이 20 cm 부근에 미생물이 1.1*10^7 cell/cm^3 이상 존재하는 것으로 관찰되어 생물활성탄 조건을 만족시키고 있었다. This study was carried out to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiencies of the advanced drinking water treatment using mated carbon process. For raw water, Nakdong river was used. From the activated carbon adsorption experiment, the following results were obtained. The efficiency of water treatment enhanced with increase in empty bed contact time. Variation of pH was not detected to the bed depth, but DO content gradually decreased with the bed depth, Removal efficiency of KMnO₄ consumption, UV254 absorption, DOC and THMFP also were increased by increasing in the bed depth. Transition of adsorption zone from upper parts of the bed to the lower parts were detected as treatment periods increased. Large portion of DOCs were degraded and removed by the microbes growing on the surface of activated carbons. Cell numbers of microbes were estimated over 1.1 × 10 exp(7) cell/㎤ at the depth of 20 ㎝ from the surface 126 days after starting operation. The results shown that the activated carbon filter was successfully acted as a biofilm filter.

속성 퇴비화에 관한 연구

임채규,박경수,김홍섭,노영복 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 1988 自然科學硏究 Vol.11 No.1

This experiment was conducted to fine out the rapid composting method and the effects microorganism agent. The results were summarilized as follows; 1. Each temperatures of every composts highest rised at the 5 days during the experiment composting. 2. Composting temperature of the more 60℃ was killed the harmful lavar and pathogenic microorganisms. 3. The lowest C/N ratio was No.2, among the each treatments. 4. C/N ratio of the each treatments were same results of the general compost C/N ratio. 5. The synthesized of these results were recognized the effects of microorganism agent and the each treatments were showed the more rapid composting then general compost.

卒業定員制 實施 以後의 被學事警告者의 實態에 關한 調査硏究 : Focusing on the BNU Students of Academic Years 1981 and 1982 釜山大學校 1981, 1982學年度 入學生을 中心으로

林再澤,鄭弘燮 釜山大學校 學生生活硏究所 1982 硏究報 Vol.18 No.1

The present study is an attempt to find some informations of the under-graduate students who were probated or dismissed by BNU for unsatisfactory academic reasons since the Graduation Quota Policy. The variables considered in this research were several life backgrounds, college entrance examination score, attitudinal characteristics, and personality of the students. The subjects were 1961 students (1330 freshmen and 631 sophmores) who were probated or dismissed by the BNU regulations for Spring and Fall semesters of Academic Year 1981 and Spring semester of Academic Year 1982. The Groduation Quota Policy refers to a new educational system in which, out of 130% of college entrees, only 100% of the students are supposed to be given bacelers degree, whereas the rest of students (30%) are supposed to drop out of college programs since the Academic Year 1981 in case of every College and University in Korea. According to the implementation of this policy. students with a cumulative undergraduate course average below 1.8, or two or more grade F for two or more times before the graduation of the college are removed their name from the register by the school. The life backgrounds and the attitudinal characteristics of the subject were measured on the questionaries which were established by the Student Guidance Center at BNU, and their Personality Characteristics were measured on the Standardized Personality Diagnostic Test by Sang Ro Lee et al. These data including the subjects' college Enterance examination scores were collected at the beginning of the subjects' college entrance. As a reference, we constrasted some variables of the subjects with those of the other equivalent students including the subjects at BNU. The major findings are as follows: 1) The students who were probated or dismissed for unsatisfactory academic reasons after implementation of Grduation Quota System relatively increased more than those before the implementation of Graduation Quota System, that is, 11.7% to 1.8%, 11.2% to 1.9%, and 10.3% to 0.8% at Spring and Fall semesters of Academic Year 1981 and Spring semester of the Academic Year 1982 respectively. 2) By the analysis of data in terms of the place of residence family atmosphere, and socio-economic status, there were no significant difference between the distribution of the subjects and that of the other equivalent general students. But the propotion of the rural subjects were significantly higher that of urban subjects on the .005 level of significance. 3) There were no significant differences between the distribution of the subjects and that of the other general students according to the liberal high schools and the specialized high schools including commercial, technical, agricultural schools. 4) The less college entrance examination scores the subjects earned, the higher proportion of them were probated or dismissed by BNU concerned for unsatisfactory academic performance reasons. 5) There were a little significant relations between college entrance examination score and the subjects involved. That is, the subjects who have earned less college entrance examination scores appeared more dominant in the order of humannities, physical sciences, social sciences, engineering, and arts area. 6) Students who earned the college entrance examination scores under the lower 30 percentile in each department were equal to 41.9% of all the probated and dismissed students. and the propotion of the subjects who were higher than 20 percentile of college entrance examination score distribution of the whole students each department appeared 9.8 percent of the total subjects. 7) Where were no significant differences between the distribution of the subjects and that of the other general students in terms of types of perception of the social problems, levels of satisfaoften with their areas of study, level of interest in circle activities, and personality traits

Strut-and-Tie Model을 利用한 鐵筋콘크리트 部材의 剪斷解析

林承旭,朴弘用 명지대학교 공학기술연구소 1992 공학기술연구소 논문집 Vol.7 No.-

Recently, Strut-and-Tie Model(STM) is proposed as a rational and consistent basis for analysis and design of any part of cracked reinforced and prestressed concrete structures which include so called disturbed or discontinuity regions, subject to bending, shear and torsion. In this paper, first, theoritical backgrounds of STM as well as modelling and analyzing methods are introduced. Then, the funtion of STM is confirmed by applying STM to some examples of other reseacher's experiments on reinforced concrete deep beams and comparing with test results and ACI Code provisions.

낙동강 상수원수의 오존처리 효과 : II. 회분식 오존처리에 의한 휘발성유기화합물 및 조류제거 효과 II. Removal of VOCs and Algae in Raw Water by Conducting Batch Test of Ozonation Experiments

임영식,이홍재,이도진,허종수,손보균,조주식 한국환경과학회 2002 한국환경과학회지 Vol.11 No.12

This study was carried out to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiencies of the advanced drinking water treatment using ozonation process. For raw water, Nakdong River was used. By conducting batch test of ozonation efficiencies of the ozonation were 94 to 92%, respectively. Removal efficiencies of single VOC compound or mixed VOC compounds in the raw water were 80% to 90% by the ozonation with 2 mg/ℓ dosage and 10 minutes contact time. Removal efficiencies of ABS by the ozonation with 1 mg/ℓ, 3 mg/ℓ dosage and 20 minutes contact time were 83% to 96%, respectively. Almost 67% of chlorophyll-a at the concentration of 38.㎍/ℓ was removed by ozonation at ozone dosage of 1mg/ℓ for 20 min. considering the efficiency of ozone utilization and water treatment, the most effective ozonation could be obtained with high ozone dosage and short and short contact time.

침전법에 의한 알루미나 분말의 제조 Ⅰ. 알루미나 분말의 제조 및 특성

홍기곤,이홍림 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1990 논문집 Vol.22 No.1

In this study, a precipitation method, one of the most effective liquid phase reaction methods, was adopted in order to prepare high-tech Al₂O₃ceramics. Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O was used as a starting material and NH₄OH as a precipitation agents. Various types of metal hydroxides were obtained by precipitation method at the pH condition between 7 and 11. Fine powders were prepared at optimum calcination condition after the properties of metal hydroxides on heat-treatment temperature were examined. The phases of aluminum hydroxides were changed from amorphous aluminum hydroxide to pseudo-boehmit of AlOOH form and bayerite, gibbsite, hydragillite and nordstrandite of Al(OH)₃form with increasing pH. Purity, average particle size and specific surface areas of α-Al₂O₃powders were 99.99%, 0.74-1.49 ㎛ and 11.1-17.4㎡/g, respectively α-Al₂O₃powders prepared in this study were soft agglomerates, and, therefore, average particle sizes were remarkably reduced to 0.06 - 0.12 ㎛ by mechanical crushing.