독일어 인칭대명사의 사용방식

진정근 ( Jeongkun Jin ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.73

In this paper, we discuss how German third person pronouns are used. Traditionally there is the dominating opinion that German third person pronouns are anaphorical used, while the first person and second person pronouns are for deictic determinates. Here we will present an idea in opposition to this mainstream opinion. We will show that third person pronouns can be used also deictically, and first and second person pronouns anaphorical. Further, with the help of usage examples we can point out the similarity of usage between first, second, and third person pronouns in relative clauses. The similarity of the use of German first, second, and third person pronouns does not stop here. The so-called adnominal use is regarded as the exclusive property of the demonstrative pronouns. However, we will demonstrate that first and second pronouns participate in that use as well. The basic consequence of the research on German personal pronouns is that linguistic expressions for the deictic and anaphoric reference are not fixed for one or other usage pattern, but mobilized according to communicative constellations.

Транспозиция местоимений и семантика категории лица

남혜현 한국슬라브어학회 2012 슬라브어연구 Vol.17 No.1

This article is devoted to a transposition of personal forms, i.e. the usage of pronouns and finite forms of verbs in the secondary sense. The category of person is a pragmatic category, marking participants of speech act depending on their roles in communications. Under certain pragmatic conditions pronouns can carry out the secondary meanings, based on the potential of their primary meaning. Thus pronouns form the dynamical structure whose elements are capable to get new functions in concrete speech acts. And actualization of this or that meaning of a personal pronoun is connected with interaction of semantics and pragmatists of a pronoun. Transpositions of personal pronouns are divided into two groups: 1) cases when they indicate participants of communications and the third person (referential transpositions); 2) cases when they indicate an uncertain group of the persons (non-referential transpositions). And in all these cases, their basic meanings are preserved. For example, 1st person plural pronoun «мы» shows referential and non-referential transpositions. In a referential transposition «мы» indicate participants of speech acts, i.e. the listener. Pronoun «мы» has a direct connection with the speaker, therefore designating the listener with the pronoun «мы», speaker includes him in one group with himself and expresses indulgent participation, sympathy, participation in a condition of the listener. And in non-referential transpositions pronoun «мы» can indicate a generalized person. In this case it is underlined that personal experience and belief of the speaker is generalized. The 2nd person pronoun «ты» shows referential and non-referential transposition in which it indicates the generalized person. In this case the generalized subject always corresponds with the speaker and the semantic element “personal participation” is underlined. And the 3rd person plural pronoun «он, они» shows the most various transpositions. It can indicate participants of speech acts and indefinite or generalized person. Naming himself and listener by 3rd personal form, speaker makes impression, as though he looks at himself from the outside, from the point of view of third person and by that creates effect of objectification. In non-referential transpositions of a 3rd person pronoun, an indefinite or a generalized subject always corresponds with others except the speaker and the listener, and the effect of objectification is created by that. Therefore, transpositions of personal pronouns specify in high degree of functional mobility of this category of words.

현대몽골어와 한국어의 인칭대명사 대조 연구

김기성 한국몽골학회 2015 몽골학 Vol.0 No.40

In this study, the modern Mongolian personal pronouns(биеийн төлөөний үг) were arranged and looked at their form, meaning, and function etc. Based on these personal pronouns(first-person:‘би’, ‘бид’, ‘бид нар’, second-person:‘чи’, ‘та’, ‘та нар’, third- person:‘энэ’, ‘тэр’, ‘эд’, ‘эд нар’, ‘тэд’, ‘тэд нар’), they were analyzed and contrasted with Korean pronouns each other. In addition, through these contrasting analysis they were looked at what kind of similarities and differences they have. Also, the basic information, such as correct use of the personal pronoun which appears important in the situation of a discourse, context etc. were presented to the learners of both languages. Personal pronouns in modern Mongolian have the ability to instruct a substitute for the person in the sentence just as Korean. In general, distinguished by first-person pronoun, the second-person pronoun, third person-pronoun, and each one has a singular and plural form. Therefore, this system can be described as the similarities of both languages. However, being different from Mongolian, Korean language has many cases of using the expression varied by a identity relationship between the speaker and other listener. Depending on the status of the listener, it has differentiated by ‘haching(non honorific, kind of command)’, ‘pyeongching(between ordinary, fair relation)’, ‘jonching (honorific,respect)’, ‘geukjonching(very exalted)’, etc. and the appropriate selected pronoun has to be used. This point seems to be a big difference with the modern Mongolian. Because modern Mongolian, except for the second-person ‘та’, which represents the meaning of the honorific of pronouns, has not this like definite distinction. Modern Mongolian and Korean pronouns seem to have relatively many differences than similarities in the morphological and meaning field. Depending on surrounding environment, the front and the rear context or flow of conversation, specific pronouns in modern Mongolian can be used like Korean pronouns that each one has a varied meanings of ‘haching’, ‘pyeongching’, ‘jonching’, ‘geukjonching’, etc. Therefore, its meaning should be correctly grasped within the context of the sentence or flow of conversation to select the appropriate corresponding form of the related language.

인칭대명사의 기능 변화 유형과 원인

양영희(Yang Young-hee) 우리말글학회 2006 우리말 글 Vol.38 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changing pattern and its cause focused on the usage of ‘Janae, Dangsin, Jagi’. The reason for this study is that these three were the third personal pronoun in the middle Korean, but it is using as the second personal pronoun in the modern Korean. First of all, ‘Janae, Dangsin, Jagi’ are set as the third personal pronoun. It is because the fact ‘that indicates the third person’ places on the higher position of the subject, and this is the opposite view to the existing one which regards those three as reflective pronoun. After that, the changing pattern from the third personal pronoun to the second personal pronoun is divided into ‘horizontal shift’, ‘ascending shift’, and ‘sharp-ascending shift’. ‘Horizontal shift’ means the changing pattern of ‘Janae’, that is the function of the third personal pronoun succeeds to that of the second personal pronoun. ‘Janae’, which was the third personal pronoun in the fifteenth century, indicated the objects placed in higher position than ‘Jeo’ and in lower position than ‘Jagya’. In the sixteenth century, it continuously indicated similar objects, though it shifted to the second personal pronoun. In contrast, ‘ascending shift’ means the changing pattern of ‘Jagi’, that is the function which indicated the lower objects moved to the higher position which indicated the objects of ‘Hae’ form in the process of converting from the third personal pronoun to the second personal pronoun. This shift contains the phenomenon like the case of ‘Dangshin’ named as ‘sharp-ascending shift’. The reason for this is the third personal pronoun which indicated the lower objects shifted to the second personal pronoun and this change indicated the objects of ‘Hapshow’ form.

한국어의 이인칭 대명사와 대응되는 미얀마어 표현 연구

투에이 수 흘랑(HTWE SU HLAING ) 경희대학교 학술단체협의회 2023 高凰論集 Vol.72 No.-

이 글은 한국어의 이인칭 대명사에 대응하는 미얀마어 표현을 대조분석함으로써 미얀마인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 교육을 위한 참고 자료를 구성하고자 한 연구이다. 한국어의 인칭 대명사 사용이 화자와 청자 간의 연령, 사회 계층, 화자와 청자의 관계 등 사회 변인에 따른 인칭 대명사 표현이 다양하게 한다. 이에 특히 한국어의 이인칭 대명사 표현이 상대를 높낮춤의 표현으로 사회적인 상황에 맞게 다양한 사용으로 표현하기 때문에 외국어로서의 한국어 학습에 도움이 되는 사회문화적인 이인칭 대명사 표현의 연구가 필요하다. 한국어와 미얀마어는 이인칭 대명사의 표현이 상대에게 높임의 표현과 낮음의 표현, 화자와 청자의 관계에 따른 표현이 공통적이다. 그리고 화자와 청자 간의 사회적 상황에 따라 상대를 경칭의 표현으로 부르는 말이 되고 낮추어 부르는 말이 되기도 한다는 점이 유사하다. 한국어의 이인칭 대명사 표현에 구어체에서 쓸 수 있는 이인칭 대명사의 경칭 사용, 성별 구별의 사용이 존재하지 않으며 구어체와 문어체의 이인칭 대명사 표현이 따로 존재하지 않는다. 반면에, 미얀마어에서는 성별 구별의 이인칭 대명사 사용의 표현, 구어체와 문어체의 이인칭 대명사 표현이 따로 존재한다. 그리고 외래어 용어의 이인칭대명사 표현으로 사용하기도 하는데, 이는 사회적 상황에 따른 표현으로 한다. 불교 신자인 스님들의 종교적인 사회에서 빨리어(parli)용어 표현하고, 사회 계충을 높여 보이려고 하는 중년 교육 정도의 사회에서는 영어의 이인칭 대명사를 사용하여 표현하기도 한다. 이런 차이점에서 한국어와 미얀마어의 사회적인 상황에 맞게 사용하는 이인칭 대명사의 다양한 표현을 비교하기로 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 한국어와 미얀마어의 이인칭 대명사의 순수 언어 사용의 표현을 비교 및 분석 후 사회 변인에 따른 한국어 이인칭 대명사와 대응되는 미얀마어 표현을 살펴보기로 한다. 이러한 차이점과 대응 양상을 이해하는 것은 미얀마인 한국어 학습자들이 모어와 다른 한국어의 이인칭 대명사의 특징을 이해하고 학습하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대하다. This article aimed at constructing reference materials for Korean language education for Myanmar Korean learners by comparatively analyzing Myanmar expressions corresponding to second-person pronouns in Korean. The use of personal pronouns in Korean varies the expression of personal pronouns according to social variables such as the age between the speaker and the listener, social class, and the relationship between the speaker and the listener. In particular, since the expression of second-person pronouns in Korean is an expression of exalting and lowering the other person, it is necessary to study sociocultural second-person pronoun expressions that are helpful in learning Korean as a foreign language. In Korean and Myanmar, the expressions of second-person pronouns have in common the expressions of highness and lowness to the other person, and expressions according to the relationship between the speaker and the listener. Moreover, it is similar in that it is a word that calls the other person as an expression of honor or a word that calls the other person down depending on the social situation between the speaker and the listener. In the expression of second-person pronouns in Korean, there is no use of honorifics and gender distinctions of second-person pronouns that can be used in spoken language, and there is no separate expression of second-person pronouns in spoken and written languages. On the other hand, in Myanmar language, there are separate expressions of using second-person pronouns for gender distinction, and second-person pronoun expressions in spoken and written language. In addition, it is also used as a second-person pronoun expression of a loanword, which is an expression according to the social situation. In a religious society of Buddhist monks, parli terms are expressed, and in a society with a middle-aged education that tries to raise the social class, it is expressed using English loanword in secondperson pronouns. In light of these differences, this article will compare various expressions of second-person pronouns used in accordance with social situations in Korean and Myanmar. In this study, after comparing and analyzing the simple language use of second-person pronouns in Korean and Myanmar, it will be examined at Myanmar expressions corresponding to Korean second-person pronouns according to social variables. Understanding these differences and correspondence patterns is expected to help Myanmar Korean language learners understand and learn the characteristics of second-person pronouns in Korean that are different from their mother tongue.

蒙古語和碩特土語的人稱代詞

사금파특이 ( Sechenbaatar ) 한국알타이학회 2010 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.20

Belonging to the Oirat dialect of Mongolian, the Khoshut subdialect obviously shares many phonetic, grammatical, lexicological, and semantic features with other Oirat subdialects. However, the subdialect has some features and peculiarities in the system of personal pronouns. In terms of the category of person, the Khoshut subdialect has a system of personal pronouns comprising all the three persons: the first person (the speaker/s), the second person (the addressee/s), and the third person (the person/s spoken of). The pronouns for all the three persons have distinct singular and plural forms, and the pronouns for the first, second and third (proximal) persons have dual forms, which are formed with stems of the personal and demonstrative pronouns plus suffixes from the numeral expressing “two”. Due to the existence of the dual forms, the plural in the system of personal pronouns of the subdialect differs from that in other dialects or subdialects. Specifically, the plural in other dialects expresses “two or more” while that in Khoshut subdialect means “three or more”.

Authority and Objectivity: The Use of Personal Pronouns in Student Academic Writing

백주현 언어과학회 2013 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.64

The study aims to investigate how far Korean EFL writers can gain credibility or objectivity by representing an author identity and displaying confidence in their evaluations and commitment to their ideas. It comprises two empirical studies: the corpus-based analysis focuses on examining the frequency and use of personal pronouns in a corpus of corpus of L1 and L2 student academic essays written by speakers of English and Korean. The recall interviews were undertaken to support the corpus data by reasoning behind their choices of personal pronouns. The result showed that there was a high presence of the cases for first-person singular pronouns expressing personal opinions and ownership of assertions in contexts which involved making arguments or claims in Korean student corpus. This contrasted with the findings from English native student corpus in which the majority of cases for first-person singular occurred with a detachment of the writer's responsibility for the propositions. Although pragmatic transfer from L1 to L2 did not occur in the use of first-person singular, culture-specific patterns of a more interactive and interpersonal use of first-person plural and second- person pronouns occurred in the Korean student corpus. The use of personal pronouns invested with personal and authoritative voice seemed to be still problematic for many non- native writers. There is thus a need for teaching alternative strategies to raise both cultural and genre-specific awareness in second language writing.

2인칭대명사의 변천과 사회문화적 요인

민승희 ( Min Seung-hee ) 한국일어일문학회 2016 日語日文學硏究 Vol.99 No.1

This study is watched the historic change of second personal pronouns. Concretely. Analysis is focused the creation and extinction of second personal pronouns and historic change social factors. The creation and extinction of second personal pronouns is very frequently occurred in Japanese The social factors have a influence on second personal pronouns. There are three important points. First. the historic change of second personal pronouns reflects how to understand about the group. Second, the historic change of second personal pronouns reflects how to understand about the individual. Third, the second personal pronouns reflect the social change.

러시아어 담화직시

정정원(Chung, Jung Won) 충북대학교 러시아 알타이지역 연구소 2016 러시아학 Vol.- No.13

This paper investigates Russian pronouns of discourse deixis and their deictic aspects. Russian discourse deixis is expressed by means of the demonstrative pronouns eto ‘this’, to ‘that’ and the personal pronoun ono ‘it (neutral gender, singular number and third person)’. The proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’ is unmarked way to render discourse deixis and it reveals the given event’s perceptual, temporal, psychological proximity to the narrator-speaker, the high level of involvement of the subject in the given event and new or foreground information. The distant demonstrative pronoun to ‘that’ and the personal pronoun ono ‘it’, as a marked peripheral expression of discourse deixis, are not used as actively, widely and frequently as the proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’. The demonstrative pronoun to ‘that’ overtly expresses a perceptual, temporal and psychological distance from the narrator-speaker, the low level of involvement of the subject in the given event, and old or background information which are derived inter alia from the pronoun’s deictic meaning while the personal pronoun ono ‘it’ that is not supposed to demonstrate the overt distance merely implies a covert distance from the narrator-speaker. In any cases Russian pronouns of discourse deixis reveal the deictic information, just as the exophoric deictic pronouns, whereas generally the deictic information is neutralized in discourse deixis in other languages. This peculiarity of Russian pronouns of discourse deixis must come from at least two important characteristics of Russian discourse deixis. Firstly, the proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’ is unmarked in Russian discourse deixis. The proximal demonstrative refers to what is close while the distant demonstrative refers to what is not close, i.e., not only what is distant but also what is neither distant nor close, which makes the distant demonstrative can be used distance-neutrally in many languages. Namely, the Russian proximal demonstrative eto ‘this’ by nature cannot be neutral in the distance, while the distant demonstrative, such as English distant demonstrative that can. Consequently the other peripheral Russian pronouns of discourse deixis to that and ono it also cannot but reveal the lack of the proximity in overt and cover ways. Secondly, there are other means than the unmarked proximal demonstrative pronoun eto ‘this’ to express discourse deixis in Russian.Although the unmarked proximal demonstrative pronoun to ‘this’ is used also in Polish discourse deixis, the Polish distant demonstrative pronouns and personal pronouns are not employed in discourse deixis, and the proximal deictic meaning of to ‘this’, as the only means to express deictic discourse, is annulated. Meanwhile the existence of discourse deictic Russian to ‘that’ and ono ‘it’ makes the deictic contrast more vivid in Russian discourse deixis.

텍스트 유형에 따른 인칭대명사 번역연구

이은숙 한국중앙영어영문학회 2012 영어영문학연구 Vol.54 No.3

This study focuses on analyzing the translation phenomena of personal pronouns in English text type. One of the remarkable differences between Korean and English is personal pronouns. Korean personal pronouns are used practically as the lexical category and often omitted depending on the relationship between the speaker and listener or the situation. However, in English, personal pronouns are not omitted because they belong to the grammatical category. Also, this study analyzed translation phenomena in two text types, informative text and expressive text. Text type can affect translator’s translation strategy. In the case of informative text, faithful translation is used to keep the clarity and objectivity of the source language text. In addition, first person pronoun of English is translated into Korean faithfully. In the case of expressive text, it is observed that natural translation strategy is used and first person pronoun of English is often omitted in Korean version. In particular, second person pronoun is often omitted or shifted into honorific expression, a name, a title to fit into the Korean translation text linguistically and culturally. As a result of Korean cultural characteristic, second person pronoun(You) should be addressed differently depending on the relationship between the speaker and listener or the situation. In conclusion, this paper suggests that the translator should identify the text type and the cultural differences in addressing personal pronouns in order to produce more equivalent translation text.