Serologic and electropherotypic characterization of the bovine rotaviruses isolated in Korea

정정원,장정호,강신영,박봉균,조재진,안수환,Chung, Chung-won,Chang, Chung-ho,Kang, Shien-young,Park, Bong-kyun,Cho, Jae-chin,An, Soo-hwan The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 1998 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.38 No.1

국내분리 소 로타바이러스의 genomic RNA 형태, 분리주간의 교차면역반응 그리고 단클론 항체를 이용한 중화시험에 의해 혈청형을 조사한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 국내분리주들의 genomic RNA 형태는 크게 NCDV 형태(7/11 시료)와 non-NCDV 형태(4/11 시료)의 두가지로 나타났다. 교차면역시험에서 표준주인 NCDV주에 대한 양성혈청은 국내분리주들에 대해서는 비교적 낮은 중화력을 나타내었으나 국내분리주에 대한 양성혈청들은 타 국내분리주 뿐만 아니라 NCDV주에 대해 서로 높은 중화력을 나타내었는데, 분리주 중 678, P44, M4에 대한 양성혈청은 NCDV를 포함한 대부분의 분리주에 대해 100%의 중화력을 나타내었다. 또한 288주에 대한 양성혈청은 288, 678,P44, M4주에 대해서는 높은 중화력을 나타내었으나 다른 분리주들에 대해서는 비교적 낮은 중화력을 나타내었다. 국내분리주의 단크론 항체를 이용한 G혈청형 감별결과는 G6유사형이 45.8%(11/24주), G10 유사형이 54.2%(13/24주)로서 두가지 G형이 존재하였다. 한편 G6형에 반응한 것들의 P형은 표준주인 NCDV주(P1)와는 다른 것으로 확인되었으며, G10 유사형에 속하는 14주는 모두 P11 혈청형으로 판명되었다.

Free radical에 의한 지질과산화와 단백질산화에 대한 α-tocopherol의 항산화효과

정정원,허린수,Chung, Chung-won,Huh, Rhin-sou 대한수의학회 1994 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effects of vitamin E on the oxidative damage of cellular lipids and proteins in free radical reaction induced by $FeCl_3$, and ascorbic acid. In this experiment, a vitamin E treated rat group was administered with 100mg/kg body weight of $dl-{\alpha}-tocophery$ 1 acetate and an untreated rat group was administered with the same volume of corn oil. And then assays of malondialdehyde and carbonyl group in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of rat liver were carried out at the scheduled time. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. Lipid peroxidation levels in vitamin E administered rat liver cells were significantly (p<0.05) decreased at the intervals between 1 hour and 4 hours in liver homogenate, at all times except for 1 hour point in mitochondrial fraction, and also at the intervals between 0.5 hour and 3 hours in microsomal fraction compared with those of the control rat liver cell. 2. Protein oxidation levels in vitamin E administered rat liver cell were also significantly (p<0.05) decreased at the intervals between 1.5 hours and 4 hours in liver homogenate, at over 4 hours in liver mitochondrial fraction, and at the intervals between 0.5 hour and 3 hours in liver microsomal fraction compared with those of the control rat liver cells.

감정동사의 사실성 재고

정정원(Chung Jung Won) 한국노어노문학회 2012 노어노문학 Vol.24 No.1

본고에서는 러시아어 감정동사의 사실성을 여러 측면에서 재고한다. 우선 영미권의 사실성 및 사실동사에 대한 연구들이 주로 취하고 있는 통사적인 기준을 통해 사실술어를 감별할 경우, 의미적으로 사실성을 가진 술어가 통사적 기준에 통과하지 못하거나, 의미적으로 사실성이 명시적으로 드러나지 않음에도 통사적인 기준에는 통과하는 경우가 발생한다. 즉 사실술어는 의미적, 통사적 기준 모두를 만족시키지 못하는 주변적인 사실성과 의미적, 통사적 기준을 통과하는 핵심적인 사실성을 포함하는 이질적인 범주이다. 따라서 사실술어의 어휘의미에 따라 사실성의 정도가 달라지는데, 사실술어 중에서도 앎의 인지술어와 감정술어의 사실성이 차이가 나며, 앎의 인지술어보다는 감정술어의 사실성이 좀 더 강하게 전제된다. 사실술어의 핵심을 이루는 감정술어와 결합하는 종속절 명제의 참성은 특정한 화용적 맥락에서 부정될 수 있다. 이것은 사실 또는 사실성 개념이 언어적 틀 안에서 해석될 때 실제 정황에 부합하는 절대적으로 참인 명제에서 나오는 것이 아니라 화자와 청자의 주관적인 평가에 의해 결정되는 상대적인 개념이기 때문이다. 러시아어에서는 동사, 형용사, 상태범주, 형동사 구문, 전치사 구문 등 다양한 술어 유형을 통해 감정을 지시할 수 있는데, 러시아어 감정술어 중에서도 지시되는 감정의 종류에 따라 사실성 발현 정도에서 차이가 나며, 주어진 감정술어가 과정성을 가지고 있느냐 그렇지 않느냐에 따라, 즉 감정동사인가 기타 감정술어인가에 따라, 명제에 대한 감정 주체의 사실적 평가만을 전제하느냐, 화자의 사실적 평가까지 전제하느냐가 결정된다. The paper deals with the factivity of Russian emotion verbs and compares it with the factivity of the other factive predicates and especially the other emotion predicates. The former studies on factive verbs tend to provide syntactic criteria for the factivity. Actually the factive is based on the semantic and pragmatic factors like truth value condition and presupposition, and those syntactic criteria do remain exceptional cases. On the other hand, it has been ignored that the lexical meaning of the verb plays an important role in its factive reading. The predicates of knowing and emotion which are considered as a representative of the factives differ from each other in the degree of the factivity. The emotion predicates are stronger factives than the predicates of knowing, where the factivity of the subordinate phrases can be easily cancelled under specific syntactic and pragmatic conditions. The emotion predicates themselves are not homogeneous due to their different degrees of the factivity, which depend more on the types of emotions or predicates. Though the emotion predicates seem to be endowed with the factivity by nature due to their lexical meanings, their actual factivity in fact can rather be determined by the subjective evaluation of the speaker and the addressee. Russian emotion predicates also are considered as having factivity due to their lexical meanings. However, it turned out that not all the Russian emotion predicates are absolute factives. The Russian emotion verbs do not always guarantee the factivity of the subordinate phrase, whereas the other Russian emotion predicates always have a factive reading. If both the subject and the speaker presuppose the factivity of the emotion predicate, it remains to be a factive. If the speaker does not presuppose the factivity of the subordinate phrase, the sentence does not have a factive reading. Therefore using Russian emotion verbs, the speaker can be more neutral about the factivity of the subordinate phrase, because the process meaning of the emotion verbs makes the speaker to hesitate to accept the truth of the subordinate phrase.

슬라브어의 호칭 체계: 권력, 결속력, 거리감의 상관관계

정정원 ( Jung Won Chung ) 한국외국어대학교 러시아연구소 2011 슬라브연구 Vol.27 No.2

슬라브인들은 애칭과 부칭, 그리고 T형과 V형 혹은 3인칭 형태 등을 통해 청자와의 관계를 표현한다. 2인칭 대명사의 T형과 V형의 구분은 다른 대부분의 인구어에서도 발견되는 것이지만, 슬라브어에서는 T형의 사용이 비교적 넓으며, 여러 슬라브어에서 3인칭 형태를 통해 화자와 청자와의 거리를 넓힘으로써 상대방을 높이는 호칭법 또한 발견된다. 또한 슬라브어에서는 이름 자체를 부르는 방법이 발달되어 있어, 부칭과 애칭을 통해 사람들 사이의 관계를 정교하게 구분하는 것이 가능하다. 마지막으로 슬라브어에서는 "주인"이라는 의미의 어원을 갖는 pan과 господин으로 공식적인 호명을 하는 것이 가능한데, 이러한 호칭은 그 의미 때문에 공산주의 시절에 금지되고 ``동지``라는 의미의 단어로 대체되었으나, 이 새로운 호칭 형태는 원래 의도와는 달리 결속력을 강화시키기보다는 권력 차이를 강화시키는 역할을 담당하게 되었다. 본고에서는 객관적인 변수인 권력, 결속력이라는 개념 이외에 주관적인 변수인 수평적, 수직적 거리감이라는 개념을 도입하여 슬라브어 호칭 체계를 설명하였다. The paper deals with the Slavic address system that reflects the interpersonal distances. The Slavic people reveal their interpersonal relationships in the affectionates, patronyms, T/V forms and Mister/Mrs/Miss forms. Although the affectionate forms exist in most Indo-European languages, the Slavic affectionate forms are more often and widely used. In addition, some Slavic languages, such as Russian, Belorussian, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian, have a three-name system consisting of a first name, a surname and a patronym. The Bulgarian patronym played a role of a surname until the early 20th century and the eastern Slavic patronyms function as a means to indicate that the given person is in the high social position or he is not quite close to the speaker. The T/V system is also found in the other European languages but the use of T form is relatively frequent and it is considered as an unmarked part of T/V opposition in most Slavic languages. Moreover, the second person can be named in the 3rd person form in some Slavic languages. The 3rd person form denoting second person makes the addressee higher than the speaker or formalizes the utterance situation, widening distance between the speaker and the addressee. The Slavic Mister/Mrs/Miss forms are divided into two morphological groups, i.e. ``pan`` type and ``gospodin`` type meaning "master/mistress." Due to the original meaning of these words presupposing unequal social statuses of the interlocutors, the communist authority banned their use. However, the alternative ``equal`` address forms meaning ``comrade`` obtained the formal and honorific meanings and ironically became a means to express "unequal" interrelationship in spite of its original lexical meaning. "Solidarity" and "Power" have been considered as a key concept deciding the address forms since Brown and Gilman`s study. However, the neutralization of the Power, unlike their assertion, does not always strengthen the Solidarity between the speaker and the addressee and vise versa. Therefore new parameter "interpersonal distance" had to be introduced. The existence of any of two distances, i.e. horizontal and vertical distances, can cause the lack of the Solidarity and consequently make the formal and honorific address forms appear.

러시아어 감정술어의 의미와 통사적 결합가의 상관관계

정정원 ( Jung Won Chung ) 한국러시아문학회 2010 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.35 No.-

The paper deals with the correlation between syntactic and semantic valencies of Russian Emotion Predicates. There have been a couple of studies on the syntactic valencies of Russian Emotion Predicates, but they focus just on the morpho-syntactic aspect. However, we payed more attention to the semantic roles and the predicate meanings. The semantic role of the Cause is essential in the emotion sentences. It can be represented as an adjunct with the free prepositions ot and iz-za which are not subordinated to the predicates. On the other hand, the semantic role of cause of emotion can be a complement, which is closely related to the predicate meaning and can not be omitted. The cause of the emotion is divided into several subgroups: the Stimulus, the Causer or initiator of the situation, the Object of thinking, the Object of avoidance, the Object of empathy and the Background Reason. In the Russian language the Stimulus takes dative case or na+accusative case. The Causer takes instrumental case. The Object of avoidance takes genitive case. The Object of thinking takes o+prepositional case or po+dative case. The Object of empathy and The Background reason take za+accusative case. In most of the Russian emotion predicate constructions the syntactic valency depends on the meaning of Emotion Predicates, and the syntactic valencies are closely related to the subtypes of the cause in these constructions.

슬라브어의 생략과 화제, 테마, 주어: 러시아어, 폴란드어, 체코어, 불가리아어 문어텍스트 분석

정정원 ( Jung Won Chung ) 한국러시아문학회 2013 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.42 No.-

The paper deals with topicality, themehood and subjecthood of elliptical co-referent in Russian, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian literary texts. Grammatical subjects are ellipted more than any other components in all the analyzed Slavic texts. The subjecthood of the ellipted co-referent and the antecedent plays a crucial role especially in the ellipsis of Russian literary texts. As for topic and theme, they corelate with ellipsis on different levels. Topicality is a criterion for ellipsis on a sentence level, whereas themehood is a criterion for ellipsis on a text level. A theme is likely to be ellipted in Polish and Czech literary texts, where coreference reaches to an extrasentential antecedent. Polish and Czech pronouns of nominative case are rarely used to denote co-referentiality and null subject is unmarked. On the other hand, the use of explicit subjects are marked and it indicates the contrast or disambiguates intervening and main themes in Polish and Czech texts. Topicality is involved with ellipsis in Russian literary texts, where ellipted co-referent should have an intrasentential antecedent. Here co-referentiality outside the sentences can be indicated by pronouns. Coordinate construction, subjecthood of both the antecedent and the ellipted co-referent and short distance between co-referents are very important conditions for ellipsis of Russian literary texts. Bulgarian ellipsis in literary texts shares characteristics with both groups. Like Polish and Czech, the theme, even as a subject in the very beginning of a sentence can be ellipted and like Russian, pronouns are used relatively frequently.

슬라브어 담화 직시와 대용

정정원 ( Chung Jung Won ) 경희대학교 비교문화연구소 2016 비교문화연구 Vol.45 No.-

본고에서는 슬라브어, 특히 러시아어, 폴란드어, 체코어, 불가리아어 담화 직시의 전반적 특징을 살펴본다. 슬라브어에서는 무엇보다도 근칭지시사가 담화 직시사로 기능하는 경향이 강하다는 공통점이 있지만, 개별 슬라브어에서 담화 직시사의 구체적 사용양상은 상이하다. 폴란드어와 체코어에서는 원칭지시대명사와 인칭대명사가 담화 직시사로 거의 기능하지 못하는 반면, 러시아어는 원칭지시대명사가 담화 직시사로 활발하게 사용되며, 인칭대명사도 사용 가능하다. 불가리아어에서는 원칭지시대명사가 담화 직시사로 거의 사용되지 않는 반면, 인칭대명사는 자주 사용된다. 이와 같이 슬라브어 담화 직시사는 개별 언어에서 상이하게 직시와 대용 기능을 수행하는데, 근칭, 원칭 지시대명사와 인칭대명사가 모두 담화 직시사로 기능하는 러시아어에서는 그것의 직시성이 다른 언어에 비해 두드러지며, 가장 분석적인 슬라브어인 불가리아어에서는 인칭대명사의 사용이 잦아 다른 슬라브어에 비해 담화 직시사의 대용기능이 두드러진다. This paper deals with Slavic discourse deixis comparing Russian, Polish, Czech and Bulgarian demonstrative and personal pronouns. In general, the Slavic proximal pronouns have precedence over the distal ones. Proximal pronouns, such as Russian eto, Polish to, and Bulgarian tova, are employed more frequently and widely than their distal counterparts to, tamto and onova. The distance-neutral pronoun to in Modern Czech was also a proximal pronoun in the past. These Slavic proximal and former-proximal pronouns function as a discourse deixis marker, whereas, in most other languages, the discourse deixis is mainly a function of distal or non-proximal demonstrative pronouns. However, the Russian, Polish, Czech, and Bulgarian discourse deixis differs in distal demonstrative and personal pronouns. In general, the Polish and Czech discourse deixis does not employ the distal demonstrative pronoun tamto or the personal pronoun ono. The Russian distal demonstrative pronoun to is actively used as a discourse deixis marker, and the personal pronoun ono can also be used to refer to the preceding discourse, though it is not frequent. In Bulgarian the distal demonstrative pronoun onova is rarely used to refer to a discourse, but the personal pronoun to frequently indicates a discourse that is repeatedly referred to in a text. The discourse deixis, which is a peripheral deixis and can be both deixis and anaphora, reveals different characteristics in different Slavic languages. In Russian, where all of the proximal, distal, and personal pronouns function as a discourse deixis marker, the deixis itself plays a crucial role in distinguishing these three pronouns from each other, revealing the speaker`s psychological, emotional, temporal, and cognitive proximity to or distance from a given discourse. In Bulgarian, the most analytic Slavic language, the personal pronoun is used more as a discourse deixis marker to reveal the highest givenness of a discourse, and it seems that Bulgarian discourse deixis is more anaphoric than the other Slavic discourse deixis is.

슬라브어 담화 직시와 대용

정정원(Chung, Jung Won) 한국노어노문학회 2016 한국노어노문학회 학술대회 발표집 Vol.2016 No.10

슬라브어의 시간 -시간 어휘 속에 반영된 슬라브인의 세계관-

정정원 ( Jung Won Chung ) 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 러시아연구소 2009 슬라브연구 Vol.25 No.2

본고에서는 슬라브어 시간 어휘의 내적 형식에 대한 고찰을 통해서 시간을 보는 슬라브인의 관점이 어떻게 언어에 반영되어 있는지를 살펴보고, 더 나아가 세상을 보는 슬라브인의 관점이 언어라는 의사소통 체계 속에서, 특히 어휘 속에 어떻게 녹아 있는지 살펴본다. 슬라브어 시간 어휘 속에는 시간을 인지하는 슬라브인의 관점이 드러나며, 순환적 시간관과 직선적 시간관이 드러나기도 한다. 또한 구체적인 시간 단위인 달, 계절, 요일, 하루에 대한 슬라브어 명칭과 내적 구조, 지시 내용은 슬라브인들의 생활상, 기후 및 가치관을 잘 반영한다. The concept of time is universal, but its conceptualization is rather culture-specific or language-specific. Vremjain Russian and vreme in Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian, meaning `time`, come from a Proto-slavic form *verme, meaning `to turn, to rotate`, and it indicates that the ancient Slavic people consider the time as a revolving circle. It is common for the Slavic languages that the summer(leto, ljato, lato etc.) is read as a whole year and it shows that the very short and intense summer in the Slavs` habitation was considered as a starting point of the year or a border line of the years. The week-day names and their inner forms are also analogical among the Slavic languages but the Slavic people do not have their own word meaning `weekend`. They do not need to have the word `weekend`, because the Slavic words indicating Sunday(nedelja, nedela etc.) are combined with the inner form `no+work` with the meaning `the day of no works`, which the English `weekend` are supposed to implicate. The Slavic names of the months, unlike the other names indicating time units, are not analogical among themselves. In some Slavic languages month names coincide with the ones of the other European languages and the other Slavic languages have their own month names representing specific features of the nature and seasonal events. It is because the Roman calendar system was adapted relatively late in the Slavic world. Thus the Slavic time words show how the time is conceptualized and lexicalized in the Slavic languages and reflected on their inner forms. Eventually the Slavic time words reveal the way the Slavic people see the world, i.e., the ancient and modern Slavs` world view.

러시아어 근칭 지시사의 감정적 기능

정정원 ( Chung Jungwon ) 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 러시아연구소 2020 슬라브연구 Vol.36 No.3

본고는 러시아어 근칭지시사의 감정적 기능이 발현되는 유형과 그 특징에 대해 고찰한다. 러시아어 근칭지시형용사 этот는 지시체에 대한 화자의 감정을 표현할 수 있으며, 이러한 감정적 этот은 고유명사, 일반명사 및 형용사를 수식하거나, 피수식 명사 없이 독립적으로 사용되는데, 대체로 대상에 대한 부정적 감정을 표현하지만, 긍정적 감정 표현이 배제되는 것은 아니다. 근칭지시사 этот뿐 아니라, 원칭지시사 тот 또한 지시체에 대한 화자의 태도를 드러낼 수 있는 데, 이때 этот이 대상에 대한 보다 적극적 감정을 표현한다면, тот은 대상으로부터 거리두기와 회피를 통해 부정적 감정을 암시한다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 러시아어 감정적 근칭지시형용사는 지시체에 ‘친숙함’ 자질을 부여하거나 강조하며, 담화 내 선행 표현과 더불어 대상을 공지시하는 대용적 기능을 수행하나, 물리적 거리에서 파생된, 대상에 대한 화자의 감정적 거리를 은유적으로 표현하며 주관화한다는 점에서 직시적 특징을 배제할 수 없다. 즉, 러시아어 감정적 지시사 этот은 대용사이면서 동시에 직시사로 기능한다. This article analyzes the emotive function of Russian proximal demonstratives, examining the conditions when this function stands out and specifying the Russian emotive demonstratives’ characteristics distinguished from other functions and other languages. The Russian proximal demonstratives in a form of the determiner etot can reveal the speaker’s emotional attitude toward the referent, sometimes even appearing in a context where the demonstrative is not obligatory either as a deictic marker or as an anaphoric expression. They modify proper and common nouns of generic and specific reference, and even zero forms. In the majority of cases Russian proximal emotive demonstratives reveal the speaker’s negative emotions toward the referent, but positive emotions are not excluded. Not only the Russian proximal demonstrative determiner etot, but also the distal demonstrative tot can express the speaker’s attitude toward the referent, though the emotive tot is found much less frequently. These two emotive demonstratives differ from each other in that etot apparently reveals the speaker’s positive and negative attitudes toward the referent, while tot implicitly indicates the speaker’s sense of detachment or evasive attitude toward the referent, implying that he/she is not involved with it at that moment or wants to be away from it. The Russian proximal demonstrative determiner assigns the givenness feature ‘familiarity’ to a relatively unfamiliar referent or emphasizes this feature of the already familiar referent. That is, it functions as an anaphoric means to co-refer to the referent familiar to the speaker or the addressee. On the other hand, its deictic aspect cannot be ignored, inasmuch as the Russian demonstratives metaphorically express the speaker’s degree of emotional involvement with the referent by means of the demonstrative adjectives referring to his/her physical distance from it. Thus the Russian emotive demonstrative etot functions both as an anaphoric and deictic marker.