운동과 혈중 콜레스테롤에 대한 관련성

조성채 木浦海洋大學校 2000 論文集 Vol.8 No.2

Blood cholesterol is recognized as a main risk factor of Coronary artery disease(CAD) called syndrome X. One of the main factor which effects the blood cholesterol density is exercise. Periodic and continuous aerobic exercise give a positive effects to reduce the CAD by reforming the cholesterol better, because it makes blood total cholesterol(TC) low, and increases high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), a protective factor of the CAD, and also decrease risk factor of the low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). In conclusion, the most ideal control of the body cholesterol is the following states: total cholesterol and LDL-C is low, and HDL-C is high. In this paper, although a general exercise method to reform cholesterol is suggested, we believe that a deeper research about definite density, time, and duration of exercise to change cholesterol density of a health person, a patient, and a player will be continued soon. Also, to protect and avoid adult diseases, it should be necessary to have a periodic exercise, enough sleeping, three meals per day, keeping standard body weight, no smoking, no drinking, and no drug abuse.

characteristics of Subjects with Very low Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

( Jae Geun Lee ),( Sung Joo Koh ),( So Yeon Yoo ),( Jung Re Yu ),( Sang Ah Lee ),( Gwan Pyo Koh ),( Daeho Lee ) 대한내과학회 2012 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.27 No.3

Background/Aims: The clinical implications of hypocholesterolemia have not been well studied, although some studies have revealed an association between hypocholesterolemia and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We evaluated the clinical characteristics of subjects with very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and compared the risk for ICH using various clinical parameters. Methods: Using hospital records, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of subjects with LDL-C levels ≤ 40 mg/dL (very low LDL-C group). We also evaluated the risk for ICH in this very low LDL-C group and in subjects with low LDL-C ≤ 70 mg/dL (low LDL-C group). Results: Among 34,415 subjects who presented at the laboratory for serum LDL-C measurements, 250 subjects had a very low serum LDL-C level (≤ 40 mg/dL). About half of the subjects were statin users; the very low LDL levels in the other subjects were likely attributable to alcohol consumption or a various chronic illness such as liver disease or endstage renal disease (ESRD). ICH occurred in three subjects with very low LDL-C, all of whom had no history of statin use. ESRD tended to be associated with ICH in subjects with serum LDL-C ≤ 70 mg/dL. Conclusions: About 1% of the subjects whose LDL-C was measured in the hospital had a LDL-C level ≤ 40 mg/dL, and about half of these subjects had no history of hypolipidemic therapy. ICH incidence was not related to LDL-C level or statin use.

Effect of Honey on Serum Cholesterol and Lipid Values

Karsten Münstedt,Sven Hoffmann,Annette Hauenschild,Michael Bülte,Richard von Georgi,Andreas Hackethal 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.3

Small studies have suggested that honey benefits patients with high cholesterol concentrations. The present study aimed to confirm this finding in a larger group of subjects. Sixty volunteers with high cholesterol, stratified according to gender and hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) treatment (yes/no), were randomized to receive 75g of honey solution or a honey-comparable sugar solution once daily over a period of 14 days. Baseline measurements, including body mass index (BMI) and lipid profile, were obtained, and subjects also completed dietary questionnaires and the Inventory for the Assessment of Negative Bodily Affect–Trait form (INKA-h) questionnaire. Measurements were repeated 2 weeks later. BMI and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values were significantly correlated (r=−0.487; P<.001) as were BMI and a lower ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (r=0.420; P<.001), meaning that subjects with a high BMI had a lower HDL cholesterol value. INKA-h scores and LDL cholesterol values were also significantly correlated (r=0.273, P=.042). Neither solution influenced significantly cholesterol or triglyceride values in the total group; in women, however, the LDL cholesterol value increased in the sugar solution subgroup but not in the women taking honey. Although ingesting honey did not reduce LDL cholesterol values in general, women may benefit from substituting honey for sugar in their diet. Reducing the BMI lowers the LDL cholesterol value, and psychological interventions also seem important and merit further investigation.

성인의 심혈관계 위험인자를 적용한 고저밀도지단백-콜레스테롤혈증과 건강행태의관련성 연구 : 국민건강영양조사 제6기 (2013 ~ 2015) 자료 이용

차보경 한국영양학회 2018 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.51 No.6

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the relationship between health behaviors and high levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) according to cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on the sixth Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES Ⅵ). Participants were 13,841 adults aged 19 years and older. Cardiovascular risk factors were stroke, myocardial infarction or angina, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, aging, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) under 40 mg/dL and HDL-cholesterol over 60 mg/dL. Cardiovascular risk groups were classified as very high risk (stroke, myocardial infarction or angina), high risk (diabetes mellitus), moderate risk (over 2 risk factors), and low risk (below 1 risk factor). The prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol was calculated using the LDL-cholesterol target level according to cardiovascular risk group. Results: The prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol was 25.5% in males and 21.7% in females. Complex sample cross tabulation demonstrated that the high LDL-cholesterol and normal groups differed significantly according to age, education, body mass index, percentage of energy from carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat and n-6 in males and females. These two groups were also significantly different according to smoking in males and the percentage of energy from n-3 in females. Complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for multiple confounding factors demonstrated that the probability of high LDL-cholesterol was significantly associated with current smoking (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.40-1.99), obesity (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.64-2.31) in males, and current smoking (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19-2.52), obesity (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39-1.90), percentage of energy from n-3 (quartile 1 vs. quartile 2; OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.96; quartile 1 vs. quartile 3; OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.94; quartile 1 vs. quartile 4: OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51-0.87) in females. Conclusion: This study reveals the impact of smoking, obesity, energy percentage of nutrient intake on LDL-cholesterol. 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제6기 (2013 ~ 2015) 원시자료를 이용하여 심혈관계 위험인자를 적용한 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증과 건강행태의 관련성을 조사하기 위해 수행되었으며, 19세 이상 남자 5,939명, 여자 7,902명의 총13,841명을 대상으로 하였다. 심혈관계 위험인자는 뇌졸중, 심근경색증 또는 협심증, 당뇨병, 고혈압, 흡연, 저HDL-콜레스테롤 (40 mg/dL 미만), 연령 (남자 45세 이상, 여자 55세이상), 고HDL-콜레스테롤 (60 mg/dL 이상)을 포함하였다. 뇌졸중이나 심근경색증 또는 협심증은 초고위험군, 당뇨병은 고위험군, 이외 위험인자가 2개 이상은 중등도위험군, 1개 이하는 저위험군으로 구분하였다. 각 위험군 별목표 수치를 기준으로 한 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 유병자는 남자 25.5%, 여자 21.7%이었다. 건강행태와 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 유무의 연관성을 복합표본 교차분석으로 분석한 결과, 남녀 모두 연령, 교육수준, 결혼상태, 체질량지수, 탄수화물 에너지 섭취 비율, 지방의 에너지 섭취비율, 포화지방 에너지 섭취비율, n-6 지방산의 에너지 섭취 비율에 따라 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 유무는 유의한 연관성이 있었다. 그리고 흡연은 남자에서, n-3계 지방산의 에너지 섭취 비율은 여자에서 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 유무와각각 유의한 연관성이 있었다. 건강행태와 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 발생 위험과의 관련성을 확인하기 위해 복합표본 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 교란인자 보정후 남자에서는 현재 흡연 (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.40-1.99), 비만 (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.64-2.31) 에서 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 유병 오즈비가 유의하게 높았다. 여자의 경우 현재흡연 (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19-2.52), 비만 (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39-1.90)에서 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 유병 오즈비가 유의하게 높았고, n-3 지방산 에너지 섭취 비율이 ‘하’ (Q1)에 비해 ‘중 · 하’ (Q2) (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.96), ‘중 · 상’ (Q3) (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.94), ‘상’ (Q4) (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51-0.87) 에서 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 유병 오즈비가 유의하게 낮았다. 따라서 고LDL-콜레스테롤혈증 개선을 위한 전략 수립에 금연, 정상 체중 유지가 필요하며, 영양소별 적정한 에너지 섭취 비율 유지를고려해야 한다.

Addition of Methionine to Rice Protein Affects Hepatic Cholesterol Output Inducing Hypocholesterolemia in Rats Fed Cholesterol-Free Diets

Lin Yang,Motoni Kadowaki 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.5

To elucidate whether a low methionine (Met)/glycine (Gly) ratio is responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of rice protein (RP), the effects of adding Met to RP, increasing its Met/Gly ratio, on hepatic cholesterol output was investigated in rats fed cholesterol-free diets. The hepatic secretion of cholesterol into bile or circulation was measured from isolated perfused livers of 7-week-old male Wistar rats fed RP (cultivar Koshihikari) with a lower Met/Gly ratio and methionine-supplemented RP with a higher Met/Gly ratio (RP-M) matched with casein (CAS). RP-M produced a significant hypocholesterolemic effect, whereas the effect of RP on plasma cholesterol level was comparable to that of CAS. Hepatic accumulation of total lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids was higher in RP-M rats than in RP rats, again following a pattern similar to that in CAS rats. The hepatic total and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol secretions into circulation were effectively decreased by RP, but not by RP-M. Bile flow and biliary outputs of bile acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids were significantly stimulated by RP-M, causing an increase in fecal sterol excretion compared with CAS and RP. Neither biliary output nor fecal excretion of bile acids was affected by RP compared with CAS. The present results demonstrate that the plasma cholesterol-lowering effect of RP cannot be merely ascribed to the low Met/Gly ratio of RP in growing rats fed cholesterol-free diets. Results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic response induced by RP-M with a higher Met/Gly ratio primarily contributes to the stimulation of hepatic cholesterol for elimination via biliary secretion rather than the inhibition of hepatic cholesterol release via VLDL into circulation.

Characteristics of Subjects with Very Low Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and the Risk for Intracerebral Hemorrhage

이재근,고성주,유소연,유정래,이상아,고관표,이대호 대한내과학회 2012 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.27 No.3

Background/Aims: The clinical implications of hypocholesterolemia have not been well studied, although some studies have revealed an association between hypocholesterolemia and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We evaluated the clinical characteristics of subjects with very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and compared the risk for ICH using various clinical parameters. Methods: Using hospital records, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of subjects with LDL-C levels ≤ 40 mg/dL (very low LDL-C group). We also evaluated the risk for ICH in this very low LDL-C group and in subjects with low LDL-C ≤ 70 mg/dL (low LDL-C group). Results: Among 34,415 subjects who presented at the laboratory for serum LDL-C measurements, 250 subjects had a very low serum LDL-C level (≤ 40 mg/dL). About half of the subjects were statin users; the very low LDL levels in the other subjects were likely attributable to alcohol consumption or a various chronic illness such as liver disease or endstage renal disease (ESRD). ICH occurred in three subjects with very low LDL-C, all of whom had no history of statin use. ESRD tended to be associated with ICH in subjects with serum LDL-C ≤ 70 mg/dL. Conclusions: About 1% of the subjects whose LDL-C was measured in the hospital had a LDL-C level ≤ 40 mg/dL, and about half of these subjects had no history of hypolipidemic therapy. ICH incidence was not related to LDL-C level or statin use.

A Comparison of Pectin, Polyphenols, and Phytosterols, Alone or in Combination, to Lovastatin for Reduction of Serum Lipids in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine

Metzger, B.T.,Barnes, D.M.,Reed, J.D. The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.4

Greater than 50% of Americans use some form of a dietary supplement, and a diagnosis of coronary artery disease is associated with higher supplement use. The objective of this study was to compare nutritional supplements (pectin, polyphenols, and phytosterols) to lovastatin to reduce serum cholesterol. Familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) swine received the same amount of basal diet (control) in addition to pectin (30 g/day), polyphenols (20 g/day), phytosterols (6 g/day), and all possible combinations in contrast to lovastatin (3 mg/kg of body weight). The experimental design consisted of 4 weeks of basal diet followed by 4 weeks of basal diet plus the supplement treatment. All of the supplements, except pectin, reduced total cholesterol by an average of $71\;{\pm}\;19\;mg/dL$ in comparison to the control diet ($53\;{\pm}\;20\;mg/dL$) and lovastatin ($143\;{\pm}\;21\;mg/dL$) during the 5.8-week treatment period. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol remained unchanged, while serum triglycerides changed independent of diet. During the 5.8-week treatment period serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was reduced maximally 22%, 19%, 20%, 17%, 18%, and 17% by polyphenols, phytosterols, pectin+polyphenols, pectin+phytosterols, polyphenols+phytosterols, and pectin+polyphenols+phytosterols, respectively, compared to control (8%) and lovastatin (40%). Phytosterols was the most effective supplementation, while both phytosterol and polyphenol supplements enhanced the reduction in LDL-cholesterol of pectin-containing diets. Supplements effectively reduced cholesterol in FH swine by half compared to lovastatin. Results suggest that more research on the use of dietary supplements, alone or in combination with statins, to reduce LDL-cholesterol is justified.

Low Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Increase the Risk of Post-Thrombectomy Delayed Parenchymal Hematoma

Ahn Seoiyoung,Roth Steven G.,Jo Jacob,Ko Yeji,Mummareddy Nishit,Fusco Matthew R.,Chitale Rohan V.,Froehler Michael T. 대한신경중재치료의학회 2023 Neurointervention Vol.18 No.3

Purpose: Low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) have been suggested to increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) following acute ischemic stroke. However, the literature on the relationship between LDL-C levels and post-thrombectomy HT is sparse. The aim of our study is to investigate the association between LDL-C and delayed parenchymal hematoma (PH) that was not seen on immediate post-thrombectomy dual-energy computed tomography (DECT).Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on all patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion who underwent thrombectomy at a comprehensive stroke center from 2018–2021. Per institutional protocol, all patients received DECT immediately post-thrombectomy and magnetic resonance imaging or CT at 24 hours. The presence of immediate hemorrhage was assessed by DECT, while delayed PH was assessed by 24-hour imaging. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify predictors of delayed PH. Patients with hemorrhage on immediate post-thrombectomy DECT were excluded to select only those with delayed PH.Results: Of 159 patients without hemorrhage on immediate post-thrombectomy DECT, 18 (11%) developed delayed PH on 24-hour imaging. In multivariable analysis, LDL-C (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; P=0.038; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59–0.99; per 10 mg/dL increase) independently predicted delayed PH. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and statin use were not associated. After adjusting for potential confounders, LDL-C ≤50 mg/dL was associated with an increased risk of delayed PH (OR, 5.38; P=0.004; 95% CI, 1.70–17.04), while LDL-C >100 mg/dL was protective (OR, 0.26; P=0.041; 95% CI, 0.07–0.96).Conclusion: LDL-C ≤50 mg/dL independently predicted delayed PH following thrombectomy and LDL-C >100 mg/dL was protective, irrespective of statin. Thus, patients with low LDL-C levels may warrant vigilant monitoring and necessary interventions, such as blood pressure control or anticoagulation management, following thrombectomy even in the absence of hemorrhage on immediate post-thrombectomy DECT.

A Comparison of Pectin, Polyphenols, and Phytosterols, Alone or in Combination, to Lovastatin for Reduction of Serum Lipids in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine

B.T. Metzger,D.M. Barnes,J.D. Reed 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.4

Greater than 50% of Americans use some form of a dietary supplement, and a diagnosis of coronary artery disease is associated with higher supplement use. The objective of this study was to compare nutritional supplements (pectin, polyphenols, and phytosterols) to lovastatin to reduce serum cholesterol. Familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) swine received the same amount of basal diet (control) in addition to pectin (30g/day), polyphenols (20g/day), phytosterols (6g/day), and all possible combinations in contrast to lovastatin (3mg/kg of body weight). The experimental design consisted of 4 weeks of basal diet followed by 4 weeks of basal diet plus the supplement treatment. All of the supplements, except pectin, reduced total cholesterol by an average of 71±19mg/dL in comparison to the control diet (53±20mg/dL) and lovastatin (143±21mg/dL) during the 5–8-week treatment period. Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol remained unchanged, while serum triglycerides changed independent of diet. During the 5–8-week treatment period serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was reduced maximally 22%, 19%, 20%, 17%, 18%, and 17% by polyphenols, phytosterols, pectin+polyphenols, pectin+phytosterols, polyphenols+phytosterols, and pectin+polyphenols+phytosterols, respectively, compared to control (8%) and lovastatin (40%). Phytosterols was the most effective supplementation, while both phytosterol and polyphenol supplements enhanced the reduction in LDL-cholesterol of pectin-containing diets. Supplements effectively reduced cholesterol in FH swine by half compared to lovastatin. Results suggest that more research on the use of dietary supplements, alone or in combination with statins, to reduce LDL-cholesterol is justified.

Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol/High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio Predicts Plaque Vulnerability in Patients With Stable Angina

김정현,정명호,홍영준,이기홍,김인수,최윤하,이민구,박근호,심두선,김주한,안영근,조정관,박종춘,강정채 대한심장학회 2012 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.42 No.4

Background and Objectives: The relationship between lipid profile and coronary plaque tissue characteristics in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tissue characteristics and lipid profile and predictors of unstable plaques (UPs) in patients with SAP by virtual histology intravascular ultrasonography (VH-IVUS). Subjects and Methods: VH-IVUS was performed for target lesions in patients with SAP (61.7±9.2 years, 174 males, n=266) at the time of coronary angiography. UPs are characterized by thin-cap fibroatheroma, ruptured plaque, or remaining thrombus with VH-IVUS. Results: The present study showed that 34 SAP patients had UPs (61.6±9.2 years, 24 males, 12.8%). The percentage of plaque area in the minimum luminal area in high low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)/high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio patients was significantly higher than in low LDL-C/HDL-C ratio patients (72.7±9.5% vs. 69.9±9.3%, p=0.035). An LDL-C/HDL-C ratio >2.0 was an independent predictor for UPs in SAP patients (odds ratio 5.252, 95% confidence interval 1.132-24.372, p=0.034). Conclusion: An elevated LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is a positive predictor for coronary plaque vulnerability in patients with SAP.