A Profile of the 11 Functions of ‘That’ Used in Story Writing by English Proficiency Groups

Moonjung Jang,Jungok Bae 한국영미어문학회 2018 영미어문학 Vol.- No.131

The single word ‘that’ has amazing utility because it offers 11 different functions. This study investigated the 11 functions of that which students used implicitly when writing stories. The participants were 4 proficiency groups: 2 Korean elementary-school immersion groups, Korean students in a gifted program (6th-9th grades), and American junior-high-school students. Occurrences of that in the stories were classified into 11 functions, ranked in accordance with mean occurrences, and grouped into 2 larger categories: high-frequency (easier) vs. low-frequency (more difficult) functions. That functioned most often as an object clause or demonstrative pronoun, and least as a subject clause or complement clause. The high-frequency functions were used most often in the stories of the gifted Korean youths, indicating their enthusiasm and fluency. Low-frequency functions occurred most often in the writings of the American junior-high-school students. Low-frequency functions showed a small and gradual increase in the use as students’ proficiency rose. This study enhances educators’ understanding of the use of that functions in relation to implicit knowledge as manifest in spontaneous discourse and proficiency levels.

A Profile of the 11 Functions of ‘That’ Used in Story Writing by English Proficiency Groups

장문정,배정옥 한국영미어문학회 2018 영미어문학 Vol.- No.131

The single word ‘that’ has amazing utility because it offers 11 different functions. This study investigated 11 functions of that which students used implicitly when writing stories. The participants consisted of 4 proficiency groups (N=207): Korean elementary-school students (2 groups: middle vs. higher grades), Korean students in a gifted program (6th—9th grades), and American junior-high-school students. Occurrences of that in the stories were classified into 11 functions. These functions were ranked in accordance with the mean frequencies of occurrences, and grouped into 2 larger categories: high-frequency (easier) vs. low-frequency (more difficult) functions. That functioned most often as an object clause or demonstrative pronoun, and least as a subject clause or complement clause. The high-frequency functions were used most often in the stories of the gifted Korean youths, indicating their enthusiasm and fluency. Low-frequency functions occurred most often in the writings of the American junior-high-school students. The use of low-frequency functions showed a small and gradual increase as students’ proficiency rose. This study enhances educators’ understanding of the use of that functions in relation to implicit knowledge as manifest in spontaneous discourse and English proficiency levels.

“谢谢”隐性否定用法的功能与机制

何倩,袁立秋,임수경 대한중국학회 2023 중국학 Vol.82 No.-

In networking, social media and other occasions, some words with positive meanings will derive from the expression of negative emotions or evaluation. “Xiexie” has developed a use to express negative emotions or comments in social media and other contexts. This paper holds that this new usage belongs to implicit negation, which is essentially a false politeness strategy used to highlight the speaker’s subjective feelings and achieve some indirect speech act. Based on the corpus, this paper analyzes the structural characteristics of “xiexie”, and discusses its pragmatic function and evolutionary mechanism. From the perspective of speech act, this paper summarizes the pragmatic functions of this kind of “xiexie”, which can be roughly established into three categories: signaling function, cathartic function and teasing function. The evolutionary mechanism of negative emotion or evaluation is false politeness strategy and communicative subjectivity. The study of the implicit negative usage of “xiexie” provides a new Angle for the study of a class of words that indicate negative emotion or evaluation with positive meaning in communication.

김수영 산문에 나타나는 포괄 독자 지칭·호칭어 및 그 관련 표현의 사용 양상

김흥수 ( Heung Soo Kim ) 한국텍스트언어학회 2013 텍스트언어학 Vol.35 No.-

This paper aims to examine the distribution and pragmatic/ discourse/textual functions of the referential/vocative expressions for the readers in Kim Soo-yeong`s prose. For the analysis, the types of the expressions are divided into explicit expressions and implicit expressions. Careful consideration is given to the unique usage based on general use and diverse uses according to text types or various contexts. A special attention is paid on speech acts, communicative functions and the writer`s attitude toward the readers. The forms of explicit expressions include various lexical or grammatical expressions. The forms of implicit expressions include various sentence types accompanying speech acts or mood/style. Textual functions include speech act, management of communication, characterizing text types or the structures of the texts, reflecting the writer`s attitude and linguistic/expressive/stylistic functions. The explicit expressions mainly check reader`s response and create a communicative atmosphere. Relative clause is used for inducing the reader`s response. Singular second person pronoun individualizing inclusive readers is used for focusing on poetry or poet. Implicit/elliptic expressions chiefly induce reader`s response accompanying speech acts, express the writer`s negative attitude. Plural first person pronoun is used for speech acts or communicative function reflecting the unity of the writer and the readers.

Implicit-based computer-aided design for additively manufactured functionally graded cellular structures

Nguyen Cong Hong Phong,Kim Youngdoo,Do Quang Thang,Choi Young 한국CDE학회 2021 Journal of computational design and engineering Vol.8 No.3

Additive manufacturing has enabled the fabrication of complex structures such as cellular structures. Although numerous design frameworks have been proposed for cellular structures, their effectiveness was limited owing to the use of B-rep-based representation. To address the limitations in previous research, this study proposes an implicit-based computer-aided design framework customized for additively manufactured functionally graded cellular structures (AM-FGCSs). The proposed design framework effectively aids in both single- and multiscale structural optimization for designing FGCSs. Moreover, implicit-based modeling afforded a reliable geometric representation that could efficiently assist computation tasks such as visualization, validation, and process planning for fabrication. In addition, two case studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for designing FGCSs. The first case study on a three-point bending beam design problem proved the practicality of implicit-based representation in multiscale structural design. Meanwhile, the second case study validated the proficiency of the proposed framework in process planning for fabrication and engineering analysis, the two most vital computation tasks in designing cellular structures.

파라미터 기반 3차원 휴먼 모델 사전 정보 정확도의 내재 함수기반 세부적 의복 착용 3차원 휴먼 모델 생성에 미치는영향에 관한 연구

엄기문,송찬들,김원준,이희경,양승준,정원식,추현곤 한국방송∙미디어공학회 2024 방송공학회논문지 Vol.29 No.2

Both parameter-based techniques and implicit function-based techniques that are representative techniques for reconstructing 3Dhuman models based on deep learning from single or multi-view images have advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, as apreliminary study on the complementary fusion of these two techniques, we investigated the impact of the accuracy of theparameter-based human model when we use the parameter-based 3D human model as a prior information for reconstructing thedetailed clothed human model. As results of the experiment, although the accuracy of the parameter-based human model wasrelatively slightly lower, the accuracy of the final detailed clothed human model was improved in most images, so the effect ofthe accuracy order of the parameter-based human model was not significant. In the quantitative comparison results, we found thatthe accuracy of the parameter-based human model had some impact on the results of the detailed clothed human model generationif the accuracy difference between SOTA techniques was large, but the impact was relatively small when the accuracy differencewas small. Therefore, once the accuracy of the parameter-based 3D human model is secured to a certain degree, we believe that itis possible to develop a technique that can reconstruct detailed shapes while maintaining moel stability.

생산기반 가정아래서의 통행선택행위분석

문동주 대한교통학회 2007 대한교통학회지 Vol.25 No.5

이 논문은 통행선택행위를 간접효용함수 대신 체감비용을 비교하는 평가방법을 제시하였다. 체감비용 비교방법은 가계생산이론을 통행자가 통행비용과 시간 등 정량적 요소와 함께 안락성과 안전성 등 정량적 요소를 동시에 고려하는 경우에 적용하여 도출되었다. 이 분석에서는 통행행위가 통행목적 달성과 함께 여러 정성적 요소를 동시에 산출하는 과정을 기술하는 특수한 형태의 동차 공동생산함수를 고안하여 이용하였다. 통행대안별 체감비용은 금전적인 통행비용에 시간가치 중에서 정량적 요소에 대해 통행자가 느끼는 기회비용을 제한 값을 합하여 산출하였다. 이러한 체감비용은 통계적 측정가능조건을 충족시킬뿐더러 통행선택행위를 보다 합리적으로 설명할 수 있어, 통행선택에 대한 통계분석에서 간접효용함수에 비해 통계측정 대상으로서 보다 우수하다. This paper suggested an approach to characterize travel choice behaviors using the implicit price instead of the indirect utility. The choice criterion to compare the implicit prices of available trip options was developed from the utility maximization problem of a trip maker which is supposed to choose the best option from the available ones differentiated by only by the quantitative attributes such as travel cost and time but also by qualitative attributes such as comfort and safety. The utility maximization problem is constructed under household production theory, and is incorporated with a special kind of joint homogeneous production functions. The implicit price of a certain trip option is the sum of the monetary price and the multiple of travel time and the value-of-travel-time, and the value-of-travel-time refers to the portion of wage, which can be assignable to the trip-making activity. This choice criterion is statistically identifiable, and behaviorally plausible. Moreover, this criterion has the expression simpler than the indirect utility, and therefore could be an effective target of the statistical estimation for travel choice behaviors.

헤도닉모델을 이용한 소음 외부효과의 평가

권석재,토마스 글리갈루나스,이문숙,강길모 해양환경안전학회 2008 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.14 No.4

소음의 외부효과는 현대사회에서 흔히 발견되는 문제라고 할 수 있다. 소음은 재산적 피해와 같은 외부효과를 발생시키며, 따라서 소음으로 인한 재산피해를 평가하고 효과적 해결책을 찾아내는 연구는 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 분석결과는 통계적 유의성이 있으며, 소음이 재산적 가치에 부정적 효과가 있음을 보여 주고 있다. 모형의 주요 결과로는 소음 단위(데시빌)당 피해액이 추정(5,000 달러*로그(dB))되었고, 추정된 소음피해함수(잠재가격함수)는 소음의 한계효과가 감소함을 나타내고 있다. Noise externalities are a ubiquitous problem in modern societies. Research to estimate damages and potential efficient solutions therefore is important for addressing such problems. The results of a hedonic property model show that noise has a statistically significant and quantitatively important negative effect on property values. The key results for the best model show that damages (in year 2000 dollars) are - 5000 * (ln dB), where dB is noise measured in decibels, allowing for the influence of other factors. Because ln(dB) is a strictly concave funaion, the "noise damage function"exhibits diminishing marginal effects with noise.

대학 축구 선수의 집행 기능 및 암묵 학습 능력과 경기력 간의 관계

김태헌,유성은,하창현 충남대학교 사회과학연구소 2023 사회과학연구 Vol.34 No.4

This study investigates whether soccer players’ executive function and implicit learning ability can predict and explain their performance. The purpose is also to identify the usefulness of simple measurement tools rather than the complex tools used in previous studies. We recruited 10 college soccer players, in order to conduct a design fluency test and an implicit learning test. Next, participants played a soccer small side game(SSG), and we recorded the soccer game to analyze the players’ performance. Executive function correlated with players’ goal, pass, and tackle performance in Match 1, but executive function did not predict anything in Match 2 with regard to losing players’ stamina. The results of testing how much executive function and implicit learning ability predict players’ performance showed that executive function during Match 1 only predicted their performance. In Match 2, executive function and implicit learning ability could not predict performance. This study confirmed that players’ performance could be predicted by measuring executive function and implicit learning ability with simple tools, and it is meaningful to find that executive function explains players’ performance better than implicit learning ability.

암묵기억과 외현기억 인출의 신경학적 기전: 기능적 자기공명영상법

강형근,정광우,서정진,Gang, Hyeong-Geun,Jeong, Gwang-U,Seo, Jeong-Jin 대한영상의학회 2003 대한영상의학회지 Vol.48 No.3

목적: 개념처리 수준에서의 암묵기억과 외현기억 인출과 관련된 대뇌 중추의 지도화를 기능적 자기공명영상법(fMRI)을 이용하여 획득하고 이를 통해 기억에 관한 신경학적 기전을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 오른손잡이 정상인 7명(평균 22세)을 대상으로 혈중의 산소 소모율 (Blood Oxygenation Level Dependence: BOLD)을 기반으로 한 기능적 자기공명영상법 (BOLD-fMRI)을 이용하였다. 대뇌피질을 활성화하기 위하여 먼저 두음절의 단어를 외우게 하고나서 개념처리수준에서 암묵 .외현기억 인출을 수행하게 하였다. 이때 사용한 패러다임은 30초의 휴식기와 30초의 활성기로 구성되어 있고 휴식기에서는 화면상에 십자모양 (+)을 집중하도록 하였고, 활성기 동안에는 단어를 8개씩 기억하도록 하면서 영상을 획득하였다. 이때, 전교련 (AC)과 후교련 (PC)연장선과 평행한 10개의 단면영상을 얻었으며, 활성화지도는 SPM99 프로그램을 이용하여 재구성하였다. 결과: 암묵과 외현기억 인출의 비교 실험에서 피검자수를 기준으로 한 대뇌 각 부위의 활성화율(%)을 분석한 결과, 측두엽의 Rhs-35와 대상회의 PoCiG-23과 ICiG-26 .30 부위는 외현 기억에서만 활성화 되었으며,그 밖의 부위에서는 암묵과 외현기억 인출에서 공통으로 활성화 신호를 나타냈다. 두엽별 활성화율은 전두엽과 두정엽, 후두엽에서는 암묵과 외현기억 인출시 동일한 활성화율을 보였으나, 대상회와 측두엽에서는 암묵기억에 비하여 외현기억 인출시에 각각 약 30%와 10%더 높은 활성화율을 보였다.또한 대뇌 각 부위별 활성화된 pixel 수를 이용하여 활성화 지수 (%, 암묵기억 기준)를 측정한 결과, 외현기억 인출시 활성화도가 보다 높은 부위는 측두엽과 두정엽, 후두엽, 대상회의 모든 영역과 전두엽의 PrCeG-4와 Pr/PoCeG-43이었으며, 암묵기억 인출시에 활성화도가 높은 부위는 전두엽의 SCA-25, SFG/MFG-10, IFG-44 .45, OrbG-11 .47, SFG-6 .8,MFG-9 .46이었다. 좌 .우반구 우세도 (%, 좌반구 기준)는 암묵과 외현기억 인출 모두에서 좌반구 우세를 보였으나, 암묵기억에 비하여 외현기억 인출에서 2배 이상의 좌반구편재화가 더 크게 나타났다. 결론: 기능적 자기공명영상을 이용하여 개념처리 수준에서의 언어의 암묵인출과 외현인출에 따르는 대뇌 활성화 영역과 활성화도의 차이점을 밝혀냈으며, 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 암묵과 외현기억 인출의 기전은 인지 .신경과학적인 측면에서 서로 다르다는 사실을 밝혀낼 수 있었다. Purpose: To identify, using functional MR imaging, distinct cerebral centers and to evaluate the neural mechanism associated with implicit and explicit retrieval of words during conceptual processing. Materials and Methods: Seven healthy volunteers aged 21-25 (mean, 22) years underwent BOLD-based fMR imaging using a 1.5T Signa Horizon Echospeed MR system. To activate the cerebral cortices, a series of tasks was performed as follows: the encoding of two-syllable words, and implicit and explicit retrieval of previously learned words during conceptual processing. The activation paradigm consisted of a cycle of alternating periods of 30 seconds of stimulation and 30 seconds of rest. Stimulation was accomplished by encoding eight twosyllable words and the retrieval of previously presented words, while the control condition was a white screen with a small fixed cross. During the tasks we acquired ten slices (6 mm slice thickness, 1 mm gap) parallel to the AC-PC line, and the resulting functional activation maps were reconstructed using a statistical parametric mapping program (SPM 99). Results: A comparison of activation ratios (percentages), based on the number of volunteers, showed that activation of Rhs-35, PoCiG-23 and ICiG-26$.$30 was associated with explicit retrieval only; other brain areas were activated during the performance of both implicit and explicit retrieval tasks. Activation ratios were higher for explicit tasks than for implicit; in the cingulate gyrus and temporal lobe they were 30% and 10% greater, respectively. During explicit retrieval, a distinct brain activation index (percentage) was seen in the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe and cingulate gyrus, and PrCeG-4, Pr/PoCeG-43 in the frontal lobe. During implicit retrieval, on the other hand, activity was greater in the frontal lobe, including the areas of SCA-25, SFG/MFG-10, IFG-44$.$45, OrbG-11$.$47, SFG-6$.$8, and MFG-9$.$46. Overall, activation was lateralized mainly in the left hemisphere during both implicit and explicit retrieval tasks. For explicit retrieval, the lateralization index was more than twice as high as for implicit retrieval. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that there is neuro-anatomical dissociation between implicit and explicit retrieval of words during conceptual processing, suggesting, on the basis of cognitive neuroscience, that the performance of implicit and explicit memory-related tasks involves different mechanisms.