계층화와 기능적 분화

고봉진 한국법철학회 2017 법철학연구 Vol.20 No.2

The question I would like to look at in this paper begins with a question about Luhmann's theory of social differentiation (which Luhmann dealt with in Chapter 4 ‘Differentiation’ of Society in Society). Luhmann deals with the functional differentiation of systems from the viewpoint of system theory by recognizing the priority of functional differentiation in the form of modern society, but not in terms of system theory functional differentiation. From the viewpoint of system theory, there is a possibility that if we deal with the functional differentiation of the system, we may miss the meaning of the functional differentiation of the other domain and overlook the variation of hierarchical differentiation. It is true that the main form of the differentiation has changed from the hierarchical differentiation to the functional differentiation, but is not the hierarchical differentiation still a form of differentiation in the modern society? In fact, it seems to be functional differentiation in the outer form, is not the hierarchical differentiation in the inside? If hierarchical differentiation still takes effect in the form of differentiation, is not there a problem with the viewpoint of the system theory of society? In conceiving a normative social theory model, I think the following should be considered essential. First, the new social theory must consider both stratification and functional differentiation. Second, normative social theory is needed to solve social problems on the premise of functional differentiation. Third, the concept of functional differentiation should be considered as a normative task and a plan to prevent the overall system of economic system should be sought. Fourth, it is necessary to operate a functional system that deals with the problem of stratification professionally. 필자가 본 논문에서 살피고자 하는 문제는 루만이 ‘사회의 사회’ 제4장 ‘분화’에서 다룬 ‘사회분화 이론’에 대한 의문에서 시작되었다. 루만은 기능적 분화의 우선성을 현대 사회의 형식으로 파악하여 체계이론의 관점에서 체계의 기능적 분화를 다루었지만, 기능적 분화를 체계이론의 관점에서만 볼 것은 아니다. 체계이론의 관점에서 체계의 기능적 분화를 다루다 보면 의도하지 않게 다른 영역의 기능적 분화가 가지는 의미를 놓쳐 버릴 염려가 있고, 계층적 분화의 변이를 간과하게 될 여지가 있다. 필자는 다음의 의문을 제기하였다. 계층적 분화에서 기능적 분화로 분화의 주요 형식이 바뀐 것은 사실이지만, 현대 사회에서도 계층적 분화는 여전히 힘을 발휘하는 분화 형식이지 않을까? 외형상으로 기능적 분화로 보이는 것도 사실은 그 내면에는 계층적 분화가 작용하는 것이 아닌가? 분화의 형식으로 계층적 분화가 여전히 효력을 띠고 있다면, 사회를 바라보는 체계이론의 관점에 문제가 있는 것은 아닐까? 규범적 사회이론 모델을 구상함에 있어 다음 사항은 필수적으로 고려되어야 한다고 필자는 생각한다. 첫째는 새로운 사회이론은 계층화와 기능적 분화를 동시에 고려해야 한다는 점이다. 둘째는 기능적 분화를 전제로 사회문제를 해결하는 규범적 사회이론이 요구된다는 점이다. 셋째는 기능적 분화 개념 자체를 하나의 규범적 과제로 제시하면서 경제체계의 총체성을 막는 방안이 모색되어야 한다. 넷째는 계층화의 문제를 전문적으로 다루는 기능체계의 작동이 필요하다는 점이다.

Multiscale, Hierarchically Patterned Topography for Directing Human Neural Stem Cells into Functional Neurons

Yang, Kisuk,Jung, Hyunjung,Lee, Hak-Rae,Lee, Jong Seung,Kim, Su Ran,Song, Ki Yeong,Cheong, Eunji,Bang, Joona,Im, Sung Gap,Cho, Seung-Woo American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.8

<P>Various biophysical and biochemical factors are important for determining the fate of neural stem cells (NSCs). Among biophysical signals, topographical stimulation by micro/nanopatterns has been applied to control NSC differentiation. In this study, we developed a hierarchically patterned substrate (HPS) platform that can synergistically enhance the differentiation of human NSCs (hNSCs) by simultaneously providing microscale and nanoscale spatial controls to facilitate the alignment of the cytoskeleton and the formation of focal adhesions. The multiscale HPS was fabricated by combining microgroove patterns (groove size: 1.5 μm), prepared by a conventional photolithographic process, and nanopore patterns (pore diameter: 10 nm), prepared from cylinder-forming block copolymer thin films. The hNSCs grown on the HPS exhibited not only a highly aligned, elongated morphology, but also a greatly enhanced differentiation into neuronal and astrocyte lineages, compared to hNSCs on a flat substrate (FS) or single-type patterned substrates [microgroove patterned substrate (MPS) and nanopore patterned substrate (NPS)]. Interestingly, the application of the HPS directed hNSC differentiation toward neurons rather than astrocytes. The expression of focal adhesion proteins in hNSCs was also significantly increased on the HPS compared to the FS, MPS, and NPS, likely a result of the presence of more focal contact points provided by nanopore structures. Inhibition of both β1 integrin-mediated binding and the intracellular Rho-associated protein kinase pathway of hNSCs eliminated the beneficial effects of the HPS on focal adhesion formation and actin filament alignment, which subsequently reduced hNSC differentiation. More importantly, hNSCs on the HPS differentiated into functional neurons exhibiting sodium currents and action potentials. The multiscale, hierarchically patterned topography would be useful for the design of functional biomaterial scaffolds to potentiate NSC therapeutic efficacy.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-8/nn501182f/production/images/medium/nn-2014-01182f_0009.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn501182f'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

창의성에 대한 이해 지평의 확대와 국어교육적 재조명

최홍원 한국국어교육학회 2012 새국어교육 Vol.0 No.89

This study aims at probing the meaning scope about creativity and through the process I want to shed new light on creativity in the field of Korean education, giving rise to new understanding, based on the reflection that inquiry on creativity was not enough so far. In order to solve the problems mentioned above, I raised the uncertainty of creativity and mysterious approaches, the origin of the uniqueness and the relevance with tradition as the misunderstanding and issues about creativity. This is a new approach about creativity and a base to lead to three dimensions including spacial, time and educational horizons. I expanded the scope of understanding about creativity through the enlargement of spacial horizons according to the involvement of socio-cultural environment, the expansion of time horizons depending on the tradition of the past and the extension of educational horizons concerning the hierarchical differentiations. Also, I added two elements of the essence of it: looking at deeply and differently. The proposal is based on the interpretation that creativity can carry out a role as mediation to relate with oneself as penetrating the essence of problems. Moreover, I clarified the needs to set up hierarchical differentiations in accord with individual experiences through educational horizons. Such discussion can be the foundation of the establishment of the concept of creativity in Korean education. At the same time, it can lead to the effect of feedback about all over creativity as general education. By pioneering a new horizon, I hope that this study may be helpful in various studies in relation with creativity. 이 연구는 창의성에 대한 일련의 교육적 수행과 실천의 담론에 앞서, 창의성에 대한 천착이 충분히 이루어지지 않았다는 반성에 따라 창의성의 의미역을 탐색하고, 이를 통해 국어교육에서의 창의성에 대해 재조명하고 새로운 이해를 가져오는 데 목적을 둔다. 기존의 연구가 국어교육적 차별성을 강조하려는 의도에서 국어교육적 특질만을 앞세운 나머지, 창의성 그 자체에 대해서는 충분한 논의가 이루어지지 않았다는 문제의식에 따른 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 창의성에 대한 오해와 쟁점으로 창의성의 불명확성과 그에 따른 개인 차원의 신비적 접근, 독창성의 기원과 전통과의 연관성 문제를 제기하여 창의성에 대한 새로운 이해와 접근의 필요성을 일깨우고자 하였다. 나아가 이는 창의성에 대한 새로운 접근으로서 공간적, 시간적, 교육적 지평의 확대라는 세 차원을 이끌어내는 바탕이 되는 것이다. 사회 문화적 환경의 관여에 따른 공간적 지평의 확대, 과거 전통의 관여에 따른 시간적 지평의 확대, 위계 및 수준 설계에 따른 교육적 지평의 확대를 통해 창의성에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓혔다. 이를 통해 창의성은 문제의 본질을 깊이 헤아려 꿰뚫어보면서 자기와 관련짓는 중재로서의 성격을 갖는다는 점에서, 깊이보기와 달리보기를 그 본질로 추가할 것을 제안하게 되었다. 나아가 교육적 지평을 통해 개인 차원의 경험과 위계에 부합하는 단계 설정의 필요성도 밝혔다. 이러한 논의는 국어적 창의성의 개념 정립의 단초를 마련하면서, 동시에 교육 일반으로서 창의성 전반에 대한 송환의 효과를 도모하고 있다. 창의성에 대한 국어교육적 모색이 새로운 지평 개척을 통해 창의성을 과제로 하는 여러 학문에 기여하게 되길 희망하는 것이다.

‘참여적 진화’의 관점을 통한 사회생태주의의 복잡성 연구 - 김지하의 시를 중심으로

김동명(Kim, Dong-myeong) 한국비평문학회 2022 批評文學 Vol.- No.84

이 논문에서는 김지하 시에 나타나는 사회생태주의를 논의했다. 그 결과 그의 시는 위계의 획일성 비판과 주관성으로서의 자유부터 호혜적 개방체계와 자기조직화의 역동성, 자기초월적 생성과 창발적 분화 등 참여적 진화의 관점을 통한 사회생태주의적 복잡성으로 파악되었다. 먼저 위계화된 억압적 국가 체제와 착취적 자본주의 체제에 대한 비판을 근거로 주관성으로서의 자유를 지향하는 사회생태주의의 특성이 도출되었다. 그의 시에서 위계의 획일성 극복과 그로 인한 자유의 활성화가 ‘참여적 진화’의 관점을 통한 사회생태주의의 복잡성으로 도출된 것이다. 둘째, 그의 시에서 생태계 전체의 호혜적 개방체계와 자기조직화의 역동성이라는 사유가 도출되었다. 생태계의 어떤 대상도 자기 극복과 성장의 기회를 타자에게 양보할 수 없지만 어떤 대상도 상호작용하지 않고 존재를 발현할 수 없다는 호혜성과 자기조직화의 역동성이 추출된 것이다. 마지막으로 인간을 비롯한 모든 개체의 기원은 복잡성에 의해 부여된 선택의 증가라는 사유가 추출되었다. ‘참여적 진화’의 지향성은 생태공동체의 성장과 복잡성에 근거하고 있기에 스스로 자기초월적 생성을 통해 창발적 분화를 노정해야 한다는 것이다. This study discusses social ecologism found in Kim Ji-ha’s poems. According to the findings, his poems are understood with criticism on the uniformity of hierarchy and also the complexity of social ecologism grounded on the perspectives of ‘participatory evolution’, for instance, freedom as subjectivity, the reciprocal open system, growth of self-organization, dynamism of self-transcendence, or emergent differentiation. First of all, with the ground of criticism on the hierarchic and suppressive national system and exploitative capitalistic system, this author has drawn the characteristics of social ecologism pursuing freedom as subjectivity. In his poems, overcoming the uniformity of hierarchy and vitalizing freedom grounded on that are drawn as the complexity of social ecologism based on the standpoint of ‘participatory evolution’. Second, from his poems, this study has drawn the reason that the reciprocal open system of the overall ecosystem is the dynamism of self-organization. In other words, the reason that although any subjects of the ecosystem cannot give up their opportunity of self-overcoming and growth for others, they can realize the dynamism of self-organization grounded on reciprocality that no subjects can manifest their existence without relying on each other has been extracted. Lastly, this researcher has extracted the reason that the origin of all entities including human beings is the increase of choice granted by complexity. It implies that because the directivity of ‘participatory evolution’ is grounded on the growth and complexity of an ecological community, one has to reveal emergent differentiation through the creation of self-transcendence on their own.

國語敎育의 位階化

김대행 서울대학교 국어교육연구소 2007 국어교육연구 Vol.19 No.-

Needless to say, it is presumably beyond question that the contents of teaching Korean are not same in primary school and high school. Nonetheless, there are not any consideration and discussion about the difference of content along with hierarchy in Korean language education. Therefore many planners and teachers have set up the contents of subject Korean are just same in primary, middle, and high school, and many researchers have approached teaching Korean without regard to the students. Hierarchical differentiation in Korean language education is necessary for the efficiency of education, in the light of this, I propose hierarchical differentiation as focused performance, analysis, and evaluation in primary, middle, high school each other. It is drawn from the nature of human development, education, and language all around. In performance focused primary school, there should always be a keen interest in words - their sounds, shapes and meanings - from the point of view of hearing them, reading them, speaking them, writing them and thinking about them, and that pupils should have access to as many of them as possible. In analysis focused middle school, there should be systematic analysis about various materials and situations of language activities, therefore thinking activities through language are important in this hierarchy. In evaluation focused high school, Korean language teaching should emphasize the ability of having subjectivity through evaluation of language activities. 상식적으로 생각해 보더라도 초등학교의 교육 내용과 고등학교의 교육 내용이 동일할 수는 없다는 데 의심의 여지가 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국어교육에서는 교육의 위계에 따른 내용의 차이를 고려하지도 않았고, 이에 대한 논의조차 없었다. 그러기에 초·중·고등학교의 국어교육을 동일한 성격의 것으로 간주한 채로 기획하기도 하였고, 어느 수준의 교육인지도 고려하지 않은 채 국어교육을 논의하는 일이 빈번하였다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고자 국어교육의 위계화를 위하여 인간 발달, 교육, 언어의 본질이라는 세 가지 기준을 살펴 초·중·고등학교의 국어교육을 수행 중심, 분석 중심, 평가 중심의 세 단계로 차별화할 것을 제안한다. 수행 중심에서는 언어 그 자체에 관심을 갖고 말하고, 듣고, 읽고, 쓰고 사고함으로써 소리, 형태, 의미에 주목하면서 가능한 한 많은 언어 자료와 상황에 접하는 것이 중요한 내용이 된다. 분석이 중심이 되는 중학교에서는 다양한 언어 자료를 체계에 맞추어 분석하고 언어활동의 상황을 분석하는 능력을 기르는 것이 중요한데 이를 위해서 강조해야 하는 것은 사고의 중요성이다. 고등학교의 교육 내용이 평가 중심이라는 것은 사고의 수준에서 한 걸음 더 나아가 자기 정체성과 관련된 태도의 문제가 중요함을 말해 준다. 평가는 언어 자료의 이해는 물론이고 사고의 내용을 언어로 표현하는 활동에서도 두루 관여하며, 이것이 자기 정체성을 강조하는 길로 나아가게 된다.

개화기(開化期) 문법(文法) 교과서(敎科書)의 교수학적(敎授學的) 연구(硏究)

신호철(申昊澈) ( Shin¸ Ho-cheol ) 한국어문교육연구회 2020 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.48 No.4

본고는 개화기에 간행된 문법서를 대상으로 교수학적 접근을 시도하였다. 이 문법서들은 대체로 문법 연구서로서의 기능과 문법 교과서로서의 기능을 겸하고 있지만, 주로 문법 연구서로서의 기능에 초점을 두고 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 따라서 본고에서는 교수학적 접근을 위해 개화기 문법 교과서 6개를 선정하여, 교육 목표의 선정, 교육 대상 설정, 교육 내용 위계화라는 기준으로 분석해 보았다. 교육 목표의 선정에서는 ①리봉운의 경우만 명백하게 드러나고 있고, ⑥주시경의 경우는 국문의 중요성과 국문 사용의 필요성에 대하여 언급하고 있었다. 교육 대상 설정에서는 ①리봉운과 ③김희상은 신문의 광고문을 통해, ④유길준과 ⑥주시경은 자서(自序)를 통해 교육대상을 추론할 수 있었으며, ③김희상과 ⑤주시경의 경우 교과서 제목을 통해 확인할 수 있었다. 교육 내용 위계화에서는 훈민정음을 포함한 문자론 내용, 음운론, 품사 분류를 포함한 단어론, 문장의 성분과 종류를 포함한 문장론의 내용을 공통적으로 다루고 있었고, 교육 내용의 배열 분석 결과, ③김희상과 ⑤주시경은 ‘과(課)’ 단위를 두고 있었다. This study attempts korean educational approach about grammar textbooks which are published during the enlightenment period(1895~1910). Grammar books during the enlightenment period are known as taking two roles, grammar studies and grammar textbooks which contains education contents for grammar education. However, looking at the results of research on grammar books during the period of over a century, it can be seen that the studies were focused on the function of grammar studies. Therefore, this paper attempted to grasp the characteristics of grammar education in grammar textbooks during the enlightenment period and to seek the didactical meaning. For this, 6 out of 22 grammar textbooks were selected. And the criteria, subjects of education selection, objectives of education setting, and hierarchical differentiation of education contents, were set for didactical approach to the textbooks. In the objectives of education selection, only the case of ①Lee Bongwoon was clearly revealed, and the case of ⑥Ju Sigyeong was referring to the importance of Korean and the necessity of using Korean. In the subjects of education setting, ①Lee Bongwoon and ③ Kim Huisang could be inferred through advertisements in newspapers. ④Yu Guljun and ⑥Ju Sigyeong were able to infer the subjects of education through the author’s preface. In the case of ③Kim Huisang and ⑤Ju Sigyeong, the subjects of education was confirmed by explicitly revealing the school level in the textbook title. In the hierarchical differentiation of education contents, the contents of the study of writ ing including Hunminjeongeum, phonology, morphology including part-of-speech classification, and syntax including the sentence constituents and type of sentences were dealt with in common. And, as a result of examining the hierarchical differentiation of educational contents, ③Kim Huisang and ⑤Ju Sigyeong have a unit of ‘department’ that is different from the general table of contents.

Hierarchical Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch for Active Distribution Network with Multi-microgrids

Li Xueping,Zhao Wanzhao,Lu Zhigang 대한전기학회 2023 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.18 No.3

The interconnection of active distribution network and multi-microgrids leads to the increase of variable dimension of optimal reactive power dispatch. The overall reactive power dispatch will face the problems of high dimension, slow convergence, and reduced accuracy. Meanwhile, the decomposition dispatch requires a large number of coordination iterations. Hence, this paper proposes a hierarchical optimal reactive power dispatch method for active distribution network with multi-microgrids based on differential evolution algorithm and the network loss sensitivity. In this method, the upper layer takes the minimum loss of the distribution network as the goal, regards each microgrid as a generator node, and formulates the interactive power between each microgrid and the distribution network. The lower layer aims to minimize the network loss of the microgrid, regards the point of common coupling as the balance node, and make the power of the lower layer meet the constraints of the upper layer in the form of penalty function. To minimize the network loss of the whole network, the sensitivity is calculated to correct the output of reactive power equipment for further optimization. The improved IEEE-33 bus distribution network system is used to verify the method, and the results are compared with the global optimization results. Due to the reduction of the network scale, the number of iterations of each system of hierarchical optimization is 1000, which is greatly reduced compared with 10,000 of the overall optimization. The results show that the proposed method improves the economy of active distribution network system with multi-microgrids and significantly shortens the running time.

교사 및 교수 · 학습활동 요인이 학업성취수준 도달에 미치는 차별적 효과

임현정(Im, Hyun-Jung),김양분(Kim, Yang-boon) 한국교육평가학회 2012 교육평가연구 Vol.25 No.1

2007년 국가수준 학업성취도 평가 중에서 고등학교 1학년 대상 국어와 수학성취도 평가 자료를 분석하여 교사와 교수․학습활동의 특성이 학생의 성취수준에 따라 차별적으로 작용하는지를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 상위 성취수준 도달을 종속변수로 하는 학생-교사의 2수준 위계적 일반화선형모형을 적용하여 분석한 결과, 교사 및 교수․학습 활동 변인이 학생의 학업성취수준에 따라 다르게 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 국어과에서 교직경력은 우수학력 도달에, 수업준비 정도와 문학영역 강조 여부는 보통학력 도달에 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 자기주도학습을 강조하는 교사에게 수업을 받은 학생은 기초학력도달 확률이 약 1.3배 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 수학과에서 부모와의 진학관련 대화는 학업성취수준이 우수할수록 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 특히, 학부모의 사회․경제적 지위는 보통학력 이상에는 영향을 주지만, 기초학력에 도달하는 데 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 향후 기초학력미달 학생에 대한 종합적인 원인 진단 시스템이 필요하며, 학생의 성취수준에 적합한 차별적인 지원과 배려가 필요함을 제언하였다. This study is to identify how characteristics of teaching-learning activity affected differentially according to the performance level of students' achievement by analyzing the National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA) results aimed to highschool first grades in 2007. After applying the ratio of reaching upper achievement level as the dependent variable to student-teacher two-level hierarchical generalized linear model, teacher and instructional activity variables were identified as differentially effective according to students' academic achievement level. In Korean subject, teaching experience affected on reaching advanced level, and class-preparation as well as emphasizing literature domain were effective on reaching proficient level. Besides, ratio of students taken classes under teachers emphasizing self-directed learning for reaching basic level was 1.3 times higher. In mathematics subject, conversation with parents about entrance into a school of upper grade was positive for higher academic achievement, but negative for basic level. Especially, parents' socioeconomic status was effective for students above proficient level, but not significantly important for basic level. As a result, it is found that a comprehensive diagnostic system for understanding causes about underachievement is necessary, and differential support and system have to be provided according to students' academic achievement level.

Graphene Oxide Hierarchical Patterns for the Derivation of Electrophysiologically Functional Neuron-like Cells from Human Neural Stem Cells

Yang, Kisuk,Lee, Jaehong,Lee, Jong Seung,Kim, Dayeong,Chang, Gyeong-Eon,Seo, Jungmok,Cheong, Eunji,Lee, Taeyoon,Cho, Seung-Woo American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.28

<P>Graphene has shown great potential for biomedical engineering applications due to its electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, flexibility, and biocompatibility. Topographical cues of culture substrates or tissue engineering scaffolds regulate the behaviors and fate of stem cells. In this study, we developed a graphene oxide (GO)-based patterned substrate (GPS) with hierarchical structures capable of generating synergistic topographical stimulation to enhance integrin clustering, focal adhesion, and neuronal differentiation in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). The hierarchical structures of the GPS were composed of microgrooves (groove size: 5, 10, and 20 mu m), ridges (height: 100-200 nm), and nanoroughness surfaces (height:, similar to 10 nm). hNSCs grown on the GPS exhibited highly elongated, aligned neurite extension along the ridge of the GPS and focal adhesion development that was enhanced compared to that of cells grown on GO-free flat substrates and GO substrates without the hierarchical structures. In particular, GPS with a groove width of 5 mu m was found to be the most effective in activating focal adhesion signaling, such as the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, thereby improving neuronal lineage commitment. More importantly, electrophysiologically functional neuron-like cells exhibiting sodium channel currents and action potentials could be derived from hNSCs differentiated on the GPS even in the absence of any of the chemical agents typically required for neurogenesis. Our study demonstrates that GPS could be an effective culture platform for the generation of functional neuron-like cells from hNSCs, providing potent therapeutics for treating neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal disorders.</P>

차별적 접촉요인과 자기통제력이 비행청소년의 도박문제에 미치는 영향

부민서,조윤오 한국민간경비학회 2023 한국민간경비학회보 Vol.22 No.3

Gambling problem means that various aspects of an individual's life are negatively affected by gambling, and despite recognizing this, they cannot control their behavior or the desire to participate in gambling which also causes difficulties in life. The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of differential association factors and self-control on the gambling problem of juvenile currently under probation. A survey was conducted on students under probation who visit probation offices across the country. 113 samples were used for analysis. As a result of hierarchical regression analysis, gender and age, the control variables input into model 1, did not have a statistically significant effect on gambling problems, but the experience of witnessing a friend's gambling act, a differential association factor input into model 2, had a statistically significant effect. It was found to have a positive (+) effect. Also the self-control added in Model 3 was found to have a negative (-) effect on gambling problems, but the effect of the experience of witnessing a friend's gambling act was disappeared. In other words, when controlling for other variables, it could be said that self-control has a negative (-) effect on the gambling problem of juvenile delinquents. Recommendations related to the results and the limitations and significance of this study were dealt in detail.