{래도}의 기원에 대한 재고찰

안예리 ( An Ye-lee ) 한민족어문학회 2017 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.77

기존 사전 및 연구서들은 보조사적 용법의 `래도`, 연결어미적 용법의 `-래도`, 종결어미적 용법의 `-래도`가 모두 `-라(고) 하여도`에서 `(고) 하` 탈락 및 융합을 거쳐 형성된 것으로 논의해 왔다. 이는 인용 형식에서 기원한 `-ㄴ대도`, `-재도` 등과 동일한 형성과정을 전제한 것이다. 하지만 본고에서는 이형태 관계, 변이형, 문법적 분포 등을 고려하여 이들의 기원이 단일하지 않음을 논증하였다. Ⅱ장에서는 현대국어 말뭉치에서의 쓰임을 귀납적으로 분석하여 `라도`, `-라도`의 변이형 `래도①`, `래도②`, `-래도③`과, `-라(고)하여도`에서 기원한 융합형 `-래도④`, `-래도⑤`의 쓰임을 구분하였다. 변이형 `래`형은 지역 변인에 따라 선택되는 것으로 중부방언 등에서 널리 쓰인다. Ⅲ장에서는 `래`형이 문증되기 시작하는 19세기 말 20세기 초의 쓰임을 당대의 소설, 신문, 잡지 등을 통해 폭넓게 검토하였다. 현대국어에서 `래`형은 방언에서 널리 쓰이지만 20세기 초 자료에서는 아직 `라`형이 압도적 우세를 보여 `래`형은 20세기 동안 확산된 것으로 보인다. `래`형은 인용 구문에서 융합된 `-래도④`의 발달로부터 유추된 것으로 보인다. 또한 당대에 발달한 `-더래도` 역시 변이형의 출현에 영향을 준 것으로 생각된다. Previous dictionaries and research have assumed that the Korean auxiliary particle `redo,` connective ending `-redo,` and final ending `-redo` all originated from the quotative construction `-ra(go) hayeodo` by the dropping and fusion of `(go) ha.` This viewpoint has been taken for granted given that `-ndedo` and `-jedo` are said to have formed through the same process. However, the present paper argues, by considering allomorph relationships, variants, and grammatical distributions, that the foundation of `redo/-redo` was not a single linear process. Part 2 examines contemporary uses of `redo/-redo` in corpora and classifies them into two groups: variant forms `redo(1),` `redo(2),` and fusion forms `-redo(4)` and `-redo(5).` It is confirmed that the variant `re` forms are used in the midland dialects in contemporary Korean. Part 3 analyzes the uses found in novels, newspapers, and magazines published from the late 19^thtotheearly20^thcenturies,when`re` forms first began to appear. In the 21^stcentury,`re` forms are widely used in dialects; however, in the early 20^thcentury,`ra` forms in texts were dominant; therefore, we can say that the use of `re` forms expanded during the 20^thcentury.Thevariant`re` forms seemed to appear through their close similarity with the fusion form `-redo(4),` which had formed from the longer quotative construction. Moreover, the advent of `-deoredo` is also thought to have affected the appearance of the variant forms.

Non-canonical Ending Systems in Jeju Korean

김지홍 한국방언학회 2017 방언학 Vol.0 No.26

There have been observed (and listed) a plenty of non-canonical endings in Jeju Korean without any explanation. This paper claims that they be ascribed at least to three systems; firstly, derived endings through truncation process (table 4), secondly, amalgamated forms adopting nominal constructions (table 5) and, lastly, merged construction of two final endings (table 6) in terms of their intrinsic characteristics. All of them, needless to say, deserve the frame to classify canonical or typical endings with registers and moods (table 1) which fact implies they are no more idiosyncratic at all. All the morphemes used and the way to transfer relevant functions to target forms are typically Korean rudimentary elements (all the same but different applications). It is presumed that these non-canonical forms must be superior to canonical ending in daily informal conversation style. Once their distribution is fully proved with ‘big data’ support, they never be secondary status at all, regardless of later development. This means that both must have been necessarily required to fulfill pragmatic uses in daily lives. The derived forms of non-canonical endings (table 4) can be explained with omission phenomena pragmatically in which interlocutors share the context in common. Although the second form of nominal constructions (table 5) needs further research to interpretate, the vacant ‘N/A’ columns allow us to read ‘formative noun forms’ and other two forms as complimentary in way of composite features such as [± publicity, ± formality]. It requires modality to be expanded to cover endings with nominal construction, because only small number of special formative nouns are adopted. The last form (table 6) keeps some principle to have the only host ‘-ə’ (-어) which form is the default ending without any content added in spoken Korean. The fused form of consecutive endings is parallel to the so-called ‘emphatic’ constructions with ‘it~ that ~’ in English whose overall function asks more attention from hearer primarily. This may explain why there is no application in imperative mode except declaration and interrogation in table 6. A full description on Jeju Korean endings and its systematic explanation in Kim (2014 and 2016) says that all the grammatical forms used are Korean but uniquely different applications.

'-ㄹ게-'와 '-ㄴ게-'의 융합 양상과 의미 기능

최형강 한국어학회 2007 한국어학 Vol.34 No.-

This thesis is to emphasize sentence final ending '-lge' is one of the '-lge-' fused forms through the semantic functions of '-lge-' linked to sentence final endings. There are two types in the fused forms. Sentence final ending '-lge' is always a non-restorable fused form, but the cases of '-nge-' and '-lge-' linked to sentence final endings are restorable or not. Sentence final ending '-lge' requires the first person, but the fused forms of '-nge-' and '-lge-' linked to sentence final endings may require other grammatical persons. And sentence final ending '-lge' means 'promise' but the fused forms of '-lge-' linked to sentence final endings may mean 'intention' or 'conjecture'. In the fused forms of '-nge-', the semantic functions of restorable forms are related to 'description or ascertain of past', but non-restorable forms are related to 'conjecture of past'.

Does Baseline Mental Health Influence Outcomes among Workers’ Compensation Claimants Undergoing Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion?

Patel Madhav Rajesh,Jacob Kevin Chacko,Amin Kanhai S.,Ribot Max A.,Pawlowski Hanna,Prabhu Michael C.,Vanjani Nisheka Navin,Singh Kern 대한척추외과학회 2023 Asian Spine Journal Vol.17 No.1

Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study.Purpose: This study investigated the influence of preoperative mental health on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) among workers’ compensation (WC) recipients undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF).Overview of Literature: No studies have evaluated the impact of preoperative mental functioning on outcomes following MIS TLIF among WC claimants.Methods: WC recipients undergoing single-level MIS TLIF were identified. PROMs of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), 12-item Short Form Physical and Mental Composite Scale (SF-12 PCS/MCS), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function evaluated subjects preoperatively/postoperatively. Subjects were grouped according to preoperative SF-12 MCS: <41 vs. ≥41. Demographic/perioperative variables, PROMs, and MCID were compared using inferential statistics. Multiple regression was used to account for differences in spinal pathology.Results: The SF-12 MCS <41 and SF-12 MCS ≥41 groups included 48 and 45 patients, respectively. Significant differences in ΔPROMs were observed at SF-12 MCS at all timepoints, except at 6 months (p≤0.041, all). The SF-12 MCS <41 group had worse preoperative to 6-months SF-12 MCS, 12-weeks/6-months VAS back, 12-week VAS leg, and preoperative to 6-months ODI (p≤0.029, all). The SF-12 MCS <41 group had greater MCID achievement for overall ODI and 6-weeks/1-year/overall SF-12 MCS (p≤0.043, all); the SF-12 MCS ≥41 group had greater attainment for 6-month VAS back (p=0.004).Conclusions: Poorer mental functioning adversely affected the baseline and intermediate postoperative quality-of-life outcomes pertaining to mental health, back pain, and disability among WC recipients undergoing lumbar fusion. However, outcomes did not differ 1–2 years after surgery. While MCID achievement for pain and physical function was largely unaffected by preoperative mental health score, WC recipients with poorer baseline mental health demonstrated higher rates of overall clinically meaningful improvements for disability and mental health

인터랙티브 테크놀러지를 활용한 무용 공연《 New Forms》사 례 연구

박경숙 ( Kyung Sook Park ) 한국무용교육학회 2015 韓國舞踊敎育學會誌 Vol.26 No.4

The social product art needs to communicate with audience in the form of the corresponding time by embracing changes of time, and technology has been included in the category of dance also for the dance arts of the present time of cutting-edge science & technology. As technologies that utilize various cutting-edge media have been actively implemented and utilized, new techniques and forms of choreography have been created and expanded, while ensuring efficiency and functionality in various aspects. Based on this case study on the《new forms》of dance performance using interactive technology, following conclusions have been deduced. First, the range enjoyment resulting from the sense of visual satisfaction and synchronism has been expanded because of the interactive interaction on stage in real-time. As its combination with technology expanded the concept of new stage background, it has allowed the stage scene performance transcending time and space, thereby offering new and innovative aesthetic experience to audiences. Second, the effect of avatar creation can be generated with only a small number of dancers. It can be helpful for small scale organizations with the shortage of dancers based on the visual effect of simultaneous movement of multiple dancers upon projecting interactive image on the screen. Third, it has created modern and futuristic performance atmosphere. Contrary to the structure stage devices constructed with cloth, wood and steel, the use of technology has created surrealistic atmosphere as it can create a significant visual diversity and endless images. Fourth, the understanding of fusion performance is required. In this case, it would be necessary to understand the respective characteristics of each genre and reflect them in the dance pieces through discussions and coordinations over an extensive period of time unlike the case of preparing for a single genre performance. While dancers need the understanding and knowledge of technology, media artists and techno-media experts also need to consider the characteristics of dance arts as much as possible. In the area of performing arts, it is currently being changed and expanded into an innovative paradigm of breaking down the boundary between science and arts by going beyond the dissolution of art genre by actively embracing technology. It is thought that innovative and diverse dance pieces that lead time can be created when dancers also actively embrace it.

Evaluation of Postoperative Mental Health Outcomes in Patients Based on Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Physical Function Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

Joon S. Yoo,Nathaniel W. Jenkins,James M. Parrish,Thomas S. Brundage,Nadia M. Hrynewycz,Franchesca A. Mogilevsky,Kern Singh 대한척추신경외과학회 2020 Neurospine Vol.17 No.1

Objective: To assess the relationship of preoperative physical function, as measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS PF), to improvement in mental health, as evaluated by Short Form-12 Mental Component Summary (SF-12 MCS) following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Methods: Patients undergoing primary ACDF were retrospectively reviewed and stratified based on preoperative PROMIS PF scores. PROMIS PF cohorts were tested for an association with demographic characteristics and perioperative variables using chi-square analysis and multivariate linear regression. Multivariate linear regression was utilized to determine the association between PROMIS PF cohorts and improvement in SF-12 MCS. Results: A total of 129 one- to 3-level ACDF patients were included: 73 had PROMIS PF <40 (“low PROMIS”) and 56 had PROMIS PF ≥40 (“high PROMIS”). The low PROMIS cohort reported worse mental health preoperatively and at all postoperative timepoints except for 1 year. Both cohorts had similar changes in mental health from baseline through the 6-month follow-up. However, at 1 year. postoperatively, the low PROMIS cohort had a statistically greater change in mental health score. Conclusion: Patients with worse preoperative physical function reported significantly worse preoperative and postoperative mental health. However, patients with worse preoperative physical function made significantly greater improvements in mental health from baseline. This suggests that patients with worse preoperative physical function can still expect significant improvements in mental health following surgery.

일반논문 : “ -지 않-” 의 축약과 융합 형태 “ -잖-” 의 특성 연구

한승규 ( Seung Kyu Han ) 연세대학교 언어정보연구원(구 연세대학교 언어정보개발원) 2014 언어사실과 관점 Vol.34 No.-

The purpose of this research is to study the characteristics of the contraction form “ -ci anh-” and the fusion form “ -canh-” , as well as reveal the diverse usages and characteristics of these, in order to further advance synchronic Korean language research. “ -canh-” and the combined forms of final endings are used widely in spoken language. “ -canh-” which has been contracted from “ -ci anh-” , has been diversely grammaticized and is within the grammaticalization process. “ -canh-” is used as the contracted form of “ -ci anh-” but it has also become a fusion form that has new meaning and usage. “ -canh-” is explained after being divided into “ -canh1-” , “ -canh2-” , “ -canh3-” , depending on the form and grammatical characteristics. “ -canh1-” is a derivative suffix that creates a psychological adjective that shows the negative perception of the speaker. “ -canh2-” , which is a contracted form of “ -ci anh-” , is a negative contraction that functions to negative contraction or is used in a rhetorical statement as confirmation. “ -Canh3-” no longer functions as a negation but is used in a declarative statement and functions to give confirmation.

전라방언 융합형 ‘-ㄴ고니’의 문법과 화용적 특성

이태영(Lee Taeyeong) 한국언어문학회 2010 한국언어문학 Vol.75 No.-

This study is aimed to introduce the grammatical and pragmatical properties of the dialect, especilly focusing on the fusional form ‘-ㄴ고니’, ‘-냐면’ and so on. This paper is not only for the historical change of complex ending construction, but also for pragmatic function of grammatical morpheme. For the purpose of this study, I concentrated on the literary corpus of Jeolla dialect.‘-ㄴ고 하니’ which used in Middle Korean has the structure as following: indirect interrogative ending ‘-ㄴ고’ + main clause verb ‘하-’ + connective ending ‘-니’. The main cause of fusion of ‘-ㄴ고 하니’ is the omitting of main clause verb ‘하-’. Although the function of ‘-ㄴ고니’ and that of ‘-냐면’ are similar each other, the each course of change are different. I will refer to the grammatical change process and functions that ‘-ㄴ고 하니’ and ‘-ㄴ고니’ had shown in sentences. The fusional form ‘-ㄴ고니’ in Jeolla dialect is the form that a interrogative ending has added to a connective ending. This fusional form has the function that state to interrogative content and explain other content. ‘-ㄴ가니’ and ‘*-ㄴ가면’ can be compared in the perspective of grammatical change.‘뭔고니’ is a redundant word. in ordinary utterance, ‘뭔고니’ starts in front of the main content, or can be used as a pragmatical marker that raises some questions. Usage of ‘뭐냐면’ in standard Korean is similar to ‘뭔고니’ of several Korean dialects. In conclusion, the formation of ‘-ㄴ고니’ and ‘뭔고니’ show us the typicality of the oral properties in Jeolla dialect.

융합 형식을 포함한 용언 종결형의 분석-‘-을X, -는X, -던X’ 형식을 중심으로-

최규수 한글학회 2014 한글 Vol.- No.305

The neun in –nunguna is considered a constituent of closing endings. The –eul [+guess] and neun [-past, -guess, -retrospect, -perfect] (or neu) in –neunda/nda must be closing endings. The neu [-retrospect] in –neunda/eunda/sda could be non-closing endings, but it is simple to consider them the constituent of closing endings. When we analysis -eul, -nuenda/nda, -neunda/eunda/nda, and –deonga, the grammatical informations of verbal forms with them can be represented as follows:V-eulkka: <V, eulkka[+guess]>V-neunda: <V, neunda[-pass, -guess, -retrospect, -perfect]>V-neunga: <V, neunga[-retrospect]>V-deonga: <V, deonga[+retrospect]> 이 글은 ‘-을까, -는구나, –는다/ㄴ다’, ‘-는가/은가/ㄴ가, -던가’에서, ‘을’과 ‘는’(이나 ‘느’), ‘더’를 안맺음토로 분석해야 하는지 아니면 맺음토의 부분으로 분석해야 하는지에 대하여, 안맺음토의 설정 기준에 따라 살폈는데, 간추리면 다음과 같다. 분포나 기능으로 볼 때, ‘-는구나’의 ‘는’은 맺음토의 일부로 보아야 한다. ‘-을까’의 ‘을’[+추정]과 ‘-는다/ㄴ다’의 ‘는’(이나 ‘느’)[-과거, -추정, -회상, -완료]는 맺음토의 일부로 보아야 한다. ‘-는가/은가/ㄴ가’의 ‘느’[-회상]은 ‘-더-’[+회상]과 대립하는 안맺음토로 분석할 수 있으나, 맺음토의 일부로 보는 것이 간결하다. 안맺음토 ‘-더-’를 포함하고 있는 ‘-던가’도 ‘-는가’에 대립하는 하나의 맺음토로 분석할 수 있다. 이 맺음토들의 문법 정보는 안맺음토가 가질 문법 정보를 포함하는 것으로 표시할 수 있다. -을까[+추정];-는다[-과거, -추정, -회상, -완료];-는가[-회상]; -던가[+회상]

퍼지기반 융합 무선위치추정기법

조성윤(Seong-Yun Cho) 한국전자통신학회 2015 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.10 No.4

거리 측정정보를 사용하는 무선위치추정시스템에서 추정기법으로 반복기법기반 근사해를 주로 많이 사용하고 있으나 지역최소문제 및 계산량을 고려해 대안으로 선형 닫힌 형태의 해가 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 각 닫힌형태의 해는 별도의 특성을 가진 오차요인을 갖고 있으며 이 문제로 인해 그 사용이 제한되기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 대표적인 두 닫힌 형태의 해를 융합하여 각 해가 갖는 오차요인을 서로 상쇄시키는 기법을 제안한다. 두 해를 융합하기 위한 가중치를 각 오차요인이 갖는 오차 특성 기반 퍼지 기법으로 결정하는 방법을 사용한다. 제안된 기법의 성능은 시뮬레이션 기반으로 검증한다. In the wireless localization systems using range measurements, iteration method-based approximated solutions have been used. Also, linear closed-form solutions have been investigated in the light of local minimum problem and computational load. However, each closed-form solution has individual error factors that cause usage limit of the solutions. In this paper, a fusion method integrating two representative closed-form solutions is presented. The presented method cancels the error factors of each solution out. Weights for integrating the standalone solutions are determined using the error factors-based fuzzy method. The performance of the proposed method is verified using some simulation results.