사후가정사고의 심리적 기능과 응용적 가치

허태균 한국문화및사회문제심리학회 2002 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 Vol.8 No.2

Counterfactual thinking refers to a mental simulation of "What might have been," a cognitive process of once-possible-but-unrealized alternatives to facts, Counterfactuals have been reported to produce intensive emotional experiences, specifically regret. The present research reviewed and tried to integrate the previous inconsistent findings in the view of functional value of counterfactuals. Social psychologists proposed that counterfactuals could be categorized into upward(thoughts of better alternatives) versus downward(thoughts of worse alternatives) and additive versus subtractive. Counterfactual processes are more likely to occur following negative or unexpected rather than positive expected outcome, consistent with the minimization-mobilization hypothesis. Downward counterfactuals serve affective functions(to make one feel better) through contrast effects. Upward counterfactuals serve preparative functions(to prepare and improve performance in the future similar tasks) through causal inferences. Also, upward counterfactuals have been demonstrated in several studies to be followed by success-related attitudes and intentions and actual performance improvement. Furthermore, in terms of regulatory focus, downward counterfactuals were related with the prevention focus(to maintain the current status and upward counterfactuals were related with the promotion focus(to improve the current status). Those findings from numerous studies support that counterfactuals are functional to serve human ongoing motives. In conclusion, applicability and limitation of functional value of counterfactual thinking were discussed. 이미 일어난 사실과 다른 가상의 상황을 상상해 보는 “만약 ...다면, ...했을 텐데”와 같은 사고과정을 사후가정사고라 하며, 이러한 사고가 흔히 ‘후회’와 같은 부정적 감정의 경험을 수반하고 심리적 부적응과 관련 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 논문은 이러한 사후가정사고와 후회경험의 긍정적 측면, 즉 인간의 동기에 부합하거나 또는 목적을 달성하는데 도움이 되는 기능적 역할을 지지하는 연구들을 통합하여 그 응용적 가치를 논의하였다. 사회심리학자들은 사후가정사고에서 가상상황이 현실의 사실보다 나을 때와 못할 때에 따라 각각 상향적과 하향적 사후가정사고로 분류하였으며, 또한 그 구조에 따라 첨가형과 삭제형 사후가정사고로 분류하였다. 상향적 사후가정사고는 후회, 실망과 같은 부정적 감정을 동반하며 하향적 사후가정사고는 안도, 기쁨과 같은 긍정적 감정을 동반한다. 사후가정사고의 기능적 가치를 제안하는 일련의 연구를 통해, 사회심리학자들은 하향적 사후가정사고는 정서적 기능(부정적 감정의 완화와 긍정적 감정의 증대)을 상향적 사후가정사고는 미래준비기능을 수행하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 더 나아가, 조절적 동기에 관련된 일련의 연구들에서 상향적 사후가정사고는 향상적 동기와 하향적 사후가정사고는 예방적 동기와 깊은 관련이 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과들은 사후가정사고와 후회의 경험이 반드시 통제해야만 하는 부정적인 경험이 아닌 미래의 성공을 위한 준비적 기능으로 이해될 수 있다는 것을 제안한다. 이러한 사후가정사고의 다양한 현실사회에서의 응용 가치와 그 제한점들을 논의하였다.

On Subjunctives in Korean: Exploiting a Bilingual Corpus

( Sang Houn Song ) 한국언어정보학회 2014 언어와 정보 Vol.18 No.1

This paper provides a corpus study on subjunctives in Korean in a way of comparative semantics. The whole arguments of this paper are bolstered by distributional evidence taken from naturally occurring bitexts (i.e. a bilingual corpus), in which one sentence in a language is aligned with one translation in the other language. Since previous studies regard past tense morphology as the main component to express irrealis and uncertainty, this paper accordingly checks out whether the past tense morpheme ess in Korean is also responsible for conveying the meaning of subjunctives. My finding is that the past tense morpheme ess is a sufficient condition for forming subjunctives in Korean. The current corpus study verifies that the past tense morpheme is not obligatorily used in present conditional counterfactuals in Korean, unlike English. Yet, if (e/a) is used and the antecedent denotes a present situation, the conditional sentence can only be interpreted as conveying counterfactuality. On the other hand, wish constructions in Korean, irrespective of the semantic tense, often contain the past tense morpheme. Hence, this work substantiates Iatridou (2000)``s theory of `fake past tense`` is applicable to Korean subjunctives. The present corpus study, additionally, reveals that a conditional marker telamyen is a component of expressing past counterfactuals in Korean.

On Subjunctives in Korean: Exploiting a Bilingual Corpus

송상헌 한국언어정보학회 2014 언어와 정보 Vol.18 No.1

This paper provides a corpus study on subjunctives in Korean in a way of comparative semantics. The whole arguments of this paper are bolstered by distributional evidence taken from naturally occurring bitexts (i.e. a bilingual corpus), in which one sentence in a language is aligned with one translation in the other language. Since previous studies regard past tense morphology as the main component to express irrealis and uncertainty, this paper accordingly checks out whether the past tense morpheme ess in Korean is also responsible for conveying the meaning of subjunctives. My finding is that the past tense morpheme ess is a sufficient condition for forming subjunctives in Korean. The current corpus study verifies that the past tense morpheme is not obligatorily used in present conditional counterfactuals in Korean, unlike English. Yet, if \ess\ is used and the antecedent denotes a present situation, the conditional sentence can only be interpreted as conveying counterfactuality. On the other hand, wish constructions in Korean, irrespective of the semantic tense, often contain the past tense morpheme. Hence, this work substantiates Iatridou (2000)'s theory of `fake past tense' is applicable to Korean subjunctives. The present corpus study, additionally, reveals that a conditional marker telamyen is a component of expressing past counterfactuals in Korean.

On Subjunctives in Korean: Exploiting a Bilingual Corpus

Song, Sanghoun Korean Society for Language and Information 2014 언어와 정보 Vol.18 No.1

This paper provides a corpus study on subjunctives in Korean in a way of comparative semantics. The whole arguments of this paper are bolstered by distributional evidence taken from naturally occurring bitexts (i.e. a bilingual corpus), in which one sentence in a language is aligned with one translation in the other language. Since previous studies regard past tense morphology as the main component to express irrealis and uncertainty, this paper accordingly checks out whether the past tense morpheme (e/a)ss in Korean is also responsible for conveying the meaning of subjunctives. My finding is that the past tense morpheme (e/a)ss is a sufficient condition for forming subjunctives in Korean. The current corpus study verifies that the past tense morpheme is not obligatorily used in present conditional counterfactuals in Korean, unlike English. Yet, if (e/a)ss is used and the antecedent denotes a present situation, the conditional sentence can only be interpreted as conveying counterfactuality. On the other hand, wish constructions in Korean, irrespective of the semantic tense, often contain the past tense morpheme. Hence, this work substantiates Iatridou (2000)'s theory of 'fake past tense' is applicable to Korean subjunctives. The present corpus study, additionally, reveals that a conditional marker telamyen is a component of expressing past counterfactuals in Korean.

An Introduction to Causal Mediation Analysis With a Comparison of 2 R Packages

Sangmin Byeon,Woojoo Lee The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2023 예방의학회지 Vol.56 No.4

Traditional mediation analysis, which relies on linear regression models, has faced criticism due to its limited suitability for cases involving different types of variables and complex covariates, such as interactions. This can result in unclear definitions of direct and indirect effects. As an alternative, causal mediation analysis using the counterfactual framework has been introduced to provide clearer definitions of direct and indirect effects while allowing for more flexible modeling methods. However, the conceptual understanding of this approach based on the counterfactual framework remains challenging for applied researchers. To address this issue, the present article was written to highlight and illustrate the definitions of causal estimands, including controlled direct effect, natural direct effect, and natural indirect effect, based on the key concept of nested counterfactuals. Furthermore, we recommend using 2 R packages, 'medflex' and 'mediation', to perform causal mediation analysis and provide public health examples. The article also offers caveats and guidelines for accurate interpretation of the results.

반사실적 조건문과 인과적 의존

노호진(Roh, Ho-Jin) 서울대학교 철학사상연구소 2010 철학사상 Vol.35 No.-

루이스의 잘 알려진 반사실적 조건문 이론에 어려움을 일으키는 예들이 있다. 이 예들을 설명하기 위해 에징턴과 쉐퍼는 반사실적 조건문의 평가에서 전건과 인과적으로 독립적인 사실들이 고려되어야 한다고 주장하고, 누도프는 전건과 확률적으로 독립적인 사실들이 고려되어야 한다고 주장한다. 필자는 누도프의 주장이 잘못이라는 것을 보여주는 예를 제시하고, 우리의 언어적 직관은 인과적 의존을 따른다고 주장할 것이다. 그리고 인과 개념과 인과적 의존 개념이 어떻게 다른지 설명할 것이다. 끝으로 인과적 의존 개념을 도입하는 것은 인과의 이행성에 대한 겉보기 반례를 해소하는데 도움이 된다고 주장한다. There are examples of a kind which create a difficulty for Lewis"s well-known theory of counterfactuals. In order to explain these examples, Edgington and Schaffer argue that in assessing counterfactuals, we preserve facts which are causally independent of the antecedent, but Noordhof argues that we preserve facts which are probabilistically independent of the antecedent. I give an example which shows that Noordhof’s claim is wrong, and argue that our linguistic intuitions track causal independence. I also explain the difference between the concept of causation and the concept of causal dependence. Finally, I claim that introducing the concept of causal dependence helps to resolve the seeming counter-examples of causal transitivity.

사후가정사고와 사고통제방략이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향

오은아,박기환 한국건강심리학회 2011 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.16 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of counterfactual thinking and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. According to previous research, counterfactual thoughts could be categorized into upward versus downward with respect to the direction and functions. Upward counterfactuals serve preparative functions, and Downward counterfactuals serve affective functions. Based on this viewpoint, counterfactual thoughts were divided into two types(upward versus downward) in this study. We examined whether counterfactual thoughts and thought control strategies could predict posttraumatic growth, and whether there were interaction effects between counterfactual thoughts and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. For this purpose, the questionnaire including Traumatic Experience Schedule, Counterfactual Thinking for Negative Events Scale(CTNES), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory(PTGI), Thought Control Questionnaire(TCQ) and Social Desirability Scale(SDS) were completed by 438 adults(138 men and 300 women) who had experienced traumatic events before. The results were as follows. First, thought control strategies predicted posttraumatic growth significantly, but upward counterfactuals did not. And, there were no interaction effects between upward counterfactuals and thought control strategies on posttraumatic growth. Second, thought control strategies and downward counterfactuals predicted posttraumatic growth significantly, and there were no interaction effects between the two. In this light, this study suggests that preparative functions of upward counterfactuals can not demonstrate in traumatic events which happen very rarely and arouse severe psychological distress. However affective functions of downward counterfactuals can help posttraumatic growth by considering reason and meaning of the traumatic event in a positive direction to decrease negative emotions. 본 연구는 사후가정사고와 사고통제방략이 외상 후 성장에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 선행 연구에 따르면, 사후가정사고는 방향과 기능에 따라 각각 상향식과 하향식으로 분류되며, 그 중 상향식 사후가정사고는 미래준비기능을, 하향식 사후가정사고는 정서적 기능을 수행하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이에 본 연구는 사후가정사고를 상향식과 하향식으로 분류하여 각 사후가정사고가 사고통제방략과 함께 외상 후 성장을 예언하는 변인인지 확인해보고, 변인들 간의 상호작용 효과가 존재하는지 알아보기 위해 외상 사건을 경험한 대학생 이상 일반 성인 438명(남자 138명, 여자 300명)을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 사고통제방략은 외상 후 성장을 유의하게 예언하였으나 상향식 사후가정사고는 외상 후 성장을 예언하지 못하였으며, 두 변인 간의 상호작용 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 하향식 사후가정사고와 사고통제방략은 모두 외상 후 성장을 유의하게 예언하였으며 상호작용 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 외상 사건과 같이 드물게 일어나고 극심한 심적 고통을 동반하는 경우에는, 상향식 사후가정사고의 미래준비기능은 제대로 발휘되기 어려우나, 불쾌한 정서를 완화시키기 위해 긍정적인 방향으로 사건의 원인과 의미에 대해 고려해보는 하향식 사후가정사고의 정서적 기능은 외상 후 성장에 도움이 됨을 시사한다.

On the Peculiarities of Subject-Aux Inversion in Counterfactuals

( Kwang Sup Kim ) 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.30 No.4

Subject-Aux Inversion or T-to-C movement takes place in counterfactuals when if is not present. The inverted counterfactuals have two interesting constraints: (i) do-insertion is not permitted and (ii) not all auxiliaries can be inverted. This article argues that these constraints originate from the fact that the counterfactual C, just like the interrogative C, has an uninterpretable tense feature, while it c-selects a Counterfactual Phrase as its complement. In this article I claim that the counterfactual morpheme projects its own maximal projection independently of TP: that is, the INFL is split into CounterP and TP in counterfactuals, so that the counterfactual clause roughly looks like [CP C [CounterP ...[TP ...]]. This article shows that this split structure enables us to provide a principled account for why Subject-Aux Inversion is more constrained in counterfactuals than in interrogatives. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

On the Peculiarities of Subject-Aux Inversion in Counterfactuals

김광섭 한국현대언어학회 2015 언어연구 Vol.30 No.4

Subject-Aux Inversion or T-to-C movement takes place in counterfactuals when if is not present. The inverted counterfactuals have two interesting constraints: (i) do-insertion is not permitted and (ii) not all auxiliaries can be inverted. This article argues that these constraints originate from the fact that the counterfactual C, just like the interrogative C, has an uninterpretable tense feature, while it c-selects a Counterfactual Phrase as its complement. In this article I claim that the counterfactual morpheme projects its own maximal projection independently of TP: that is, the INFL is split into CounterP and TP in counterfactuals, so that the counterfactual clause roughly looks like [CP C [CounterP ...[TP ...]]. This article shows that this split structure enables us to provide a principled account for why Subject-Aux Inversion is more constrained in counterfactuals than in interrogatives. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

A Semantic Analysis of the Past Tense and the Past Perfect Counterfactuals in English

( Mean Young Song ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2014 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.65

Based on Kratzer’s (1991) theory of modality, this paper aims at exploring a unified semantic analysis of English counterfactual conditionals which exhibit the contrast between counterfactuals that are interpreted to convey a contrary-to-fact meaning and counterfactuals that are used to describe a future possibility. Accepting the past tense in the antecedent clause functions like a modal, along the line of Palmer (1986) and Schulz (2014), this paper argues that the former is distinguished from the latter in that the former is involved in the presupposition that the speaker knows or is quite certain that the eventuality described by the antecedent clause has been realized in the actual world, while this is not the case with the latter, and further claims that that eventuality is not consistent with the actual situation in the former case. This kind of information must incorporate into the modal base and the ordering source. Consequently, the domain of quantification of the former case is different from that of the latter case, which shows how the semantic contrast between the two can be captured.