신생아에서 용질배설에 관한 연구

김경범,박재현,최병민,이현희,윤재균 관동대학교 의과학연구소 2000 關東醫大學術誌 Vol.4 No.1

Purpose : Determination of urinary concentration in neonate is mandatory for precise management of fluid and electrolyte requirements. Although measurement of urine specific gravity has been proposed far monitoring fluid requirements, the reliability of specific gravity does not accurately predict urine osmolalities in the neonate period. So specific gravity should be checked by measuring the osmolality. Also the urinary excretion of creatinine has been used for the assessment of hydration state. We present the result of specific gravity, urine osmolality, urine creatinine in a spot urine sample during the first week of life as a reliable reference standard. Methods : Spontaneously-voided urine sample were obtained in 40 full term neonates. Two urine samples were available with a interval of 4 to 7days (A: 1st day, B: 4 - 7days), Urine sample was tested for specific gravity with a strip test. Also urinary osmolality, urinary creatinine, urinary creatinine/osmolality ratio were measured. Results : The mean of specific gravity tested by the strip test was 1.006±0.0040 (A) , 1.005±0.0036 (B). The mean of urine osmolality and creatinine were 177.7 ± 103.0 and 30.9±21.6 (A), 145.7 ±90.3 and 26.4± 17.7 (B). The mean of excretion rate of urine creatinine/osmolality ratio was 18.2 ±8.5 (A), 19.4 ±9.1 (B). There was correlation between urine specific gravity and osmolality in neonate(r=0.833(A), 0.842(B) p<0.001). Urinary creatinine/osmolality levels of the first urine samples were closely correlated with the second samples (r=0.617, p<0.001). Conclusion : Specific gravity of urine was enough to predict the osmolality in neonate. But Specific gravity should be checked by measuring the osmolality of urine. Urine osmolality and creatinine were spread over a wider range and did not used to urinary excretion of solute in neonate. Urinary creatinine/osmolality ratio can be used to standadise the urinary excretion on solute in the first week of life.

유소아에서 일회용 기저귀를 이용한 소변 채취 방법

김미정,김지혜,임형은,강희,은백린,유기환,홍영숙,이주원,권정아,Kim Mi Jeong,Kim Ji Hae,Yim Hyung Eun,Kang Hee,Eun Baik Lin,Yoo Kee Hwan,Hong Young Sook,Lee Joo Won,Kwon Junga 대한소아신장학회 2005 Childhood kidney diseases Vol.9 No.2

목 적 : 기저귀를 사용하는 어린 유소아들의 소변검체를 얻기 위해 멸균 비닐백을 이용하고 있으나 현실적인 불편함 때문에 보다 간단한 채뇨방법을 모색하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 일차적인 선별검사를 위해 일회용 기저귀를 이용한 소변채취 방법이 기존의 멸균 비닐백을 이용한 방법을 대체할 수 있는지 알아보았다. 방 법 : 99명의 환자들을 대상으로 중간뇨(이하 신선뇨) 60 mL을 채취하여 절반은 고분자 흡수체가 포함되지 않은 일회용 기저귀에 흡수시킨 다음 압착하여 소변검체(이하 재수거뇨)를 얻고 나머지 신선뇨와 함께 일반 소변검사, 현미경적 요 세포검사 및 요 화학검사 등을 시험하였다. 결 과 : 신선뇨 99개와 재수거뇨 99개를 검사하였으며 요 비중, 요 산도, 요 당, 요 단백, 요 잠혈 등은 상관분석 결과 높은 상관관계(R>0.930, P<0.001)를 보였으며 요 백혈구(R=0.738, P<0.001)는 상대적으로 상관관계가 낮았지만 요 나트륨, 요 칼륨, 요 염소 및 요 크레아티닌 등은 두 방법간의 차이가 거의 없었다(R>0.995, P<0.001). 현미경적 요 세포검사에서는 적혈구(R=0.740, P<0.001)와 백혈구(R=0.602, P<0.001) 모두 상대적으로 상관관계가 낮았지만 통계적으로 유의한 수준이었다. 결 론 : 일회용 기저귀를 이용해 채취한 재수거뇨는 신선뇨보다 세포성분의 손실은 있지만 신선뇨의 일반 소변검사 및 요 화학검사 결과를 잘 반영하고 있어 일차적인 선별검사 목적의 채뇨방법으로 유용할 것이다. Purpose : Urine collection using a sterile adhesive bag for urinalysis has been used commonly in infants and young children. However, this method has had some drawbacks. So, this study was performed to evaluate the usage of disposable diapers as a substitute for the routine urine collection method. Methods : 60 mL of self voided fresh urine was collected from 99 patients. Half of the urine was poured on the disposable diapers which did not contain absorbent gel beads. After 1 hr, we obtained the urine samples(extracted urine) by compressing the wet diapers using a 50 ml syringe. Routine, microscopic and biochemical analyses were performed on the other half of fresh urine and extracted urine. Then we compared each result by correlative analysis. Results : 198 samples from 99 patients were evaluated. The results of routine urinalysis except WBC and biochemical urinalysis showed a significant correlation between the two groups(P<0.05). The relative coefficients of urine SG, pH, glucose, protein, blood and leukocytes between the two groups were 0.964, 0.938, 0.977, 0.956, 0.931 and 0.738, respectively. Those of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride and creatinine were 0.997, 0.998, 0.995 and 0.998, respectively Microscopic examinations showed lower relative coefficients than the other results, 0.740 for RBC and 0.602 for WBC, but these were still significant(P<0.05). Conclusion : The results of the urine analysis with extracted urine from diapers correlates well with that of fresh urine. This new method is very helpful and can be used as an alternative of urine collection, especially for infants and young children. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2005;9:128-136)

단회뇨의 protein/creatinine ratio를 이용한 일일 뇨단백량 예측에 영향을 미치는 인자

강신욱(Shin Wook Kang),최규헌(Kyu Hun Choi),이호영(Ho Yung Lee),한대석(Dae Suk Han),유태현(Tae Hyeon Yoo),류동렬(Dong Yul Ryu),신석균(Sug Kyun Shin),하성규(Sung Kyu Ha),노현진(Hyun Jin Noh),송현용(Hyun Yong Song),황재하(Jae Ha Hwang) 대한신장학회 2000 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.19 No.1

N/A It's well known that protein/creatinine ratio(P/C ratio) in random urine samples reflects 24-hour urine protein. However, the factors affecting accurate quantitation of proteinuria using random urine P/C ratio are not fully evaluated. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors affecting accurate quantitaion of proteinuria using random urine P/C ratio. 118 patients admitted in Yonsei university medical center during June 1998 and Dec. 1998 were assessed for the measurement of random urine protein/creatinine ratio from second voided urine. 118 patients(mean age 41.5year, male: female 2.36: 1) had mean creati-nine level 1.83±1.78mg/dL, 24-hour pmteinuria 6.06±7.64g/day and P/C ratio 4.80±4.48, All the patiient.s were divided into A, B, C, I, II, K, IV according to serum creatinine level and 24-hour proteinurim amount. The correlation coefficient(R value) between proteinuria and P/C ratio are shown that in all pa- tients is 0.875, group A(Cr≤1.4) 0.884, group B(1A <Cr≤4.0) 0.819, group C(4,0<Cr) 0.844, gmup I (24-hr pro'≤0.3) 0.8%, group II(0.3<24-hr pro≤1.0) 0.813, group III(1.0<24-hr pro≤3.5) 0.716, group IV (3.5<24-hr pro) 0.637. These R value were statisti-cally significant(p value<0.05).(Cr serum creatinine, mg/dL, 24-hr pro ' 24-hour urine protein amount, g/day). Greater amount of proteinuria in 24-hour urine less correlated in sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value with random urine P/C ratio. To evaluate factors affecting accurate quantitation of proteinuria by P/C ratio, multiple regression analysis was performed. The factors affecting accurate quantitation of proteinuria using random urine P/C ratio was 24-hour urine protein amount, not serum creatinine. Especially, in the patients with 24-hour pro-teinuria less than 4.0g/day, the random urine P/C ratio predicted 24-hour urine protein amount most accurately. In conclusion, random urine P/C ratio was well correlated with 24-hour proteinuria in the non-ne-phrotic range proteinuria especially, under 4.0g/day, irrespective of serum creatinine level.

Fasting Urine을 사용한 Microalbumin의 참고치에 관한 연구

김지영 ( Ji Young Kim ),진광호 ( Kwang Ho Jin ),배애영 ( Ae Young Bae ),김예나 ( Ye Na Kim ),서상원 ( Sang Won Seo ),이나리 ( Na Ree Lee ),전하영 ( Ha Young Jeon ),신숙희 ( Sook Hee Shin ) 대한임상검사과학회 2006 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.38 No.3

Microalbuminuria is most frequently caused by kidney damage from diabetes. Moreover, many other conditions can lead to kidney damage, such as high blood pressure, heart failure, cirrhosis, or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The measurement of the microalbumin in urine may be useful for the early diagnosis or as a predictor of nephropathy in diabetes. The most common method for getting a quantitative measurement of urinary protein relies on a 24-hour urine collection. The result of this method is accurate. But 24hr urine collection is difficult to obtain and variations in volume are frequent. Also the patients complain about urine collection. We tried to measure reference values for microalbumin using fasting urine and compare them with the albumin/creatinine ratio using 24hr urine. The concentrations of microalbumin in fasting urine and 24hr urine were 7.1±3.8 mg/L, 5.7±2.9 mg/L (r=0.61, p=0.27), respectively. The albumin/creatinine ratios using fasting urine and 24hr urine were 8.7±4.2 g/mg, 8.7±4.0 g/mg (r=0.76, p=0.88), respectively. This study indicated that the measurement of microalbumin in fasting urine was an easy and simple method for early diagnosis or to predict nephropathy in diabetes. Thus, setting up the reference value using fasting urine may be useful in the screening test for the diabetic nephropathy patients instead of using the 24hr albumin excretion rate (AER).

Human urine as a forward osmosis draw solution for the application of microalgae dewatering

Volpin, Federico,Yu, Hyeonjung,Cho, Jaeweon,Lee, Changsoo,Phuntsho, Sherub,Ghaffour, Noreddine,Vrouwenvelder, Johannes S.,Shon, Ho Kyong Elsevier 2019 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.378 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Human urine is a unique solution that has the right composition to constitute both a severe environmental threat and a rich source of nitrogen and phosphorous. In fact, between 4–9% of urine mass consists of ions, such as K<SUP>+</SUP>, Cl<SUP>−</SUP>, Na<SUP>+</SUP> or NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP>. Because of its high ionic strength, urine osmotic pressure can reach values of up to 2000 kPa. With this in mind, this work aimed to study the effectiveness of real urine as a novel draw solution for forward osmosis. Water flux, reverse nitrogen flux and membrane fouling were investigated using fresh or hydrolysed urine. Water flux as high as 16.7 ± 1.1 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP> was recorded using real hydrolysed urine.</P> <P>Additionally, no support layer membrane fouling was noticed in over 20 h of experimentation. Urine was also employed to dewater a <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I> culture. A fourfold increase in algal concentration was achieved while having an average flux of 14.1 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP>. During the algae dewatering, a flux decrease of about 19% was noticed; this was mainly due to a thin layer of algal deposition on the active side of the membrane. Overall, human urine was found to be an effective draw solution for forward osmosis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Hydrolysed urine can reach more than 2000 kPa in osmotic pressure. </LI> <LI> Real urine exhibited flux up to 16.7 ± 1.1 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP>. </LI> <LI> Support layer fouling caused by unfiltered urine was found negligible. </LI> <LI> Four times algal concentration was achieved using real urine as draw solution. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Comparison of the Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV test and the Roche cobas 4800 HPV test using urine samples

Lim, Myong Cheol,Lee, Do-Hoon,Hwang, Sang-Hyun,Hwang, Na Rae,Lee, Bomyee,Shin, Hye Young,Jun, Jae Kwan,Yoo, Chong Woo,Lee, Dong Ock,Seo, Sang-Soo,Park, Sang-Yoon,Joo, Jungnam Elsevier 2017 JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS Vol.243 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing based on cervical samples is important for use in cervical cancer screening. However, cervical sampling is invasive. Therefore, non-invasive methods for detecting HPV, such as urine samples, are needed.</P> <P><B>Objectives</B></P> <P>For HPV detection in urine samples, two real-time PCR (RQ-PCR) tests, Roche cobas 4800 test (Roche_HPV; Roche Molecular Diagnostics) and Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV test (Abbott_HPV; Abbott Laboratories) were compared to standard cervical samples.</P> <P><B>Study design</B></P> <P>The performance of Roche_HPV and Abbott_HPV for HPV detection was evaluated at the National Cancer Center using 100 paired cervical and urine samples. The tests were also compared using urine samples stored at various temperatures and for a range of durations.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>The overall agreement between the Roche_HPV and Abbott_HPV tests using urine samples for any hrHPV type was substantial (86.0% with a kappa value of 0.7173), and that for HPV 16/18 was nearly perfect (99.0% with a kappa value of 0.9668). The relative sensitivities (based on cervical samples) for HPV 16/18 detection using Roche_HPV and Abbott_HPV with urine samples were 79.2% (95% CI; 57.9–92.9%) and 81.8% (95% CI; 59.7–94.8%), respectively. When the cut-off C<SUB>T</SUB> value for Abbott_HPV was extended to 40 for urine samples, the relative sensitivity of Abbott_HPV increased to 91.7% from 81.8% for HPV16/18 detection and to 87.0% from 68.5% for other hrHPV detection. The specificity was not affected by the change in the C<SUB>T</SUB> threshold.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Roche_HPV and Abbott_HPV showed high concordance. However, HPV DNA detection using urine samples was inferior to HPV DNA detection using cervical samples. Interestingly, when the cut-off C<SUB>T</SUB> value was set to 40, Abbott_HPV using urine samples showed high sensitivity and specificity, comparable to those obtained using cervical samples. Fully automated DNA extraction and detection systems, such as Roche_HPV and Abbott_HPV, could reduce the variability in HPV detection and accelerate the standardization of HPV detection in urine. Thus, urine samples may be an effective alternative for HPV detection in women who hesitate to participate in cervical cancer screening programs.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The purpose of this study was to evaluate urine as a source of HPV detection. </LI> <LI> Two real-time PCR for HPV detection in urine showed high agreement. </LI> <LI> However, detection of HPV DNA using urine samples was inferior to HPV DNA detection using cervical samples. </LI> <LI> When the cut-off C<SUB>T</SUB> of Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV was adjusted to 40, urine samples were comparable to cervical samples. </LI> </UL> </P>

Effect of Urine Separation and Phosphorus Recovery from Urine on Methane Production of the Co-digestion of Food Waste and Feces

( Tae Young Kim ),( Jongkeun Lee ),( Jae Young Kim ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 3RINCs초록집 Vol.2015 No.-

Anaerobic digestion is a potent alternative treatment technology for food waste and feces on a household level. Co-digestion of food waste and feces may enhance biogas production due to better balance of carbon and nutrients. Since urine contains significant amounts of phosphorus, which is an important fertilizer substance it can be separated. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of urine separation and phosphorus recovery from urine on co-digestion of food waste and feces. With biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests, co-digestion (of food waste and feces) with urine, co-digestion without urine, and co-digestion with P recovered urine were performed. According to the 37 days of BMP tests, methane production of co-digestion with urine case resulted in the highest value and was close to that of co-digestion with P recovered urine. These results showed that urine plays a positive role in methane production of co-digestion of food waste and feces and the recovery of phosphorus did not deteriorate the methane production of the co-digestion of food waste feces.

착용형 소변 수집기 개발을 위한 휠체어와 소변백의 부착 방법 연구

박준영(Park, Juneyoung),김기현(Kim, Kihyeon),박상수(Park, Sangsoo),박찬호(Park, Chanho) 표준인증안전학회 2021 표준인증안전학회지 Vol.11 No.4

소변의 배출 욕구를 느끼지 못하여 무의식중에 방광을 비우는 중증 요실금은 중추 혹은 말초 신경계의 손상에의한 신경인성 방광과 함께 노화와 치매로 인한 인지기능 저하, 의식 장애 등의 원인으로 발생한다. 중증 요실금환자에서 대부분의 환자는 기저귀로 배뇨를 처리하며, 일부 활동이 가능한 환자의 경우 간헐적으로 도관을 삽입하여 배뇨하는 방법을 이용하지만 아직까지도 도관 삽입의 통증 및 이물감, 불편함, 요로감염의 위험 등은 해결되지 못한 상태이다. 도관 삽입의 문제점을 개선하기 위한 콘돔 카테터를 이용한 소변 처리 방법이 개발되어 상품화되었으나 환자의 불편함과 감염의 위험을 크게 개선시키지는 못하였다. 본 논문에서는 환자의 요도대신 음경 주위에 팬티에 부착되는 소변 수집기와 소변 튜브, 그리고 휠체어에 부착하여 소변을 일시적으로 저장할 수 있는 소변백으로 구성된 착용형 소변 처리 시스템에서 소변백을 휠체어에 부착하는 세 가지 방법들에 대한 연구 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 일반 보급형 휠체어에서 소변 백을 부착할 수 있는방법은 휠체어 좌석을 지지하는 프레임의 앞쪽 돌출부를 이용하는 전방측면 거치형, 휠체어 뒤쪽에서 휠체어를지지하는 X-자형 프레임에 부착하는 후방 거치형, 그리고 휠체어 좌석 하부와 X-자형 프레임 사이의 공간에 벨크로 테이프를 이용하여 부착하는 하방 거치형이 가능하였다. 전방 측면 거치형은 소변량의 관찰이 가장 쉽다는장점이 있으나 휠체어 사용자의 수치심이 크다는 단점이 있으며, 후방 거치형의 경우 소변백이 가려져서 수치심을 줄일 수 있으나, 끈으로 부착하는데 시간이 많이 걸리고 숙련도가 필요하였다. 하방 부착형은 소변백이 감취지므로 환자의 수치심이 가장 적으며, 벨크로 테이프를 이용하여 쉽게 탈부착이 가능하므로 의료 현장에서 사용할 수 있는 가장 적합한 방법이라고 사료된다. 소변백 부착이 가능한 휠체어 설계에서는 소변백 탈부착의 용이성과 함께 환자의 수치심을 감소시킬 수 있는방안이 최우선적으로 고려되어야 할 것이다. Severe urinary incontinence, in which one cannot feel the desire to urinate and urine is unconsciously voided, is caused by neurogenic bladder caused by damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, as well as cognitive decline, impaired consciousness due to aging and dementia. Most severe urinary incontinence patients are treated with a urine absorbent pads. In the case of active patients, intermittent urinary catheter is an alternative to urine absorbent pads, but the pain, discomfort, and the risk of urinary tract infection associated with the catheterization are still unresolved. A urine disposal system using a condom catheter was developed and commercialized to resolve the problems of catheterization, but it did not significantly improve patient discomfort and risk of infection. In this paper, we report three methods for attaching a urine bag to a wheelchair in a wearable urine disposal system consisting of a urine collector and a urine tube attached to the panties around the penis instead of the patient s urethra, and a urine bag that can be attached to the wheelchair to temporarily store urine. The method for attaching a urine bag to a general entrylevel wheelchair was as follows: 1) front side attachment using the front protrusion of the frame that supports the wheelchair seat, 2) back attachment using the X-shaped frame supporting the wheelchair from the rear part of the wheelchair, and 3) under attachment using the space between the lower part of the wheelchair seat and the X-shaped frame supporting the wheelchair. It was possible to attach the urine bag under the wheelchair seat using Velcrotape. The front attachment has the advantage of being the easiest method to observe urine volume, but has a disadvantage that the wheelchair user could feel the most shame when the urine bag is completely exposed to others. In the case of the rear-attachment method, the shame could be reduced as the urine bag is hidden behind, but the attachment required time and skill. The downward attachment method was considered to be the most suitable method for use in the medical field because the urine bag is completely hidden, so the patient s shame is the least, and it can be easily attached and detached using Velcro tape. In the design a urinebag attachable wheechair, minimizing the patient s shame along with the ease of attaching and detaching the urine bag on the wheelchair should be considered first.

초지환원용 비육돈의 분과 뇨에 있어서 휘발성유기물과 휘발성지방산 농도 비교

조성백,황옥화,양승학,곽정훈,최동윤,양성봉,김두환,박성권,Cho, Sung Back,Hwang, Ok Hwa,Yang, Seung Hak,Kwag, Jeong Hoon,Choi, Dong Yun,Yang, Sung Bong,Kim, Doo Hwan,Park, Sung Kwon 한국초지조사료학회 2014 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.34 No.2

초지 또는 농경지에 살포되는 퇴비와 액비에 의해 발생될 수 있는 악취민원에 대처하기 위하여, 돼지의 분과 뇨에 존재하는 악취물질 농도를 비교 분석하였다. 1. 비육돈의 분과 뇨에 함유된 휘발성유기물의 농도 비교 페놀, p-크레졸 및 페놀류 농도는 분 보다 뇨에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), 분 보다 뇨에 축적된 비율이 페놀은 138배, p-크레졸은 545배 높았다. 인돌 농도는 분 보다 뇨에서 높았으며, 스카톨은 뇨 보다 분에서 높았다 (p<0.05). 휘발성유기물은 대부분 뇨로 배설되었으며, 이 중 농도 및 악취강도가 가장 높은 물질인 p-크레졸이 뇨에 많이 함유되어 있다. 돼지 분뇨를 고액분리 하였을 때 퇴비로 이용되는 고체보다 액비로 이용되는 액상물질에서 악취가 훨씬 강할 것으로 예측된다. 2. 비육돈의 분과 뇨에 함유된 휘발성지방산의 농도 비교 아세트산과 단쇄지방산 농도는 분 보다 뇨에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), 부티르산과 프로피온산은 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 이성체지방산 중 I-부티르산의 농도는 뇨 보다 분에서 높았지만 (p<0.05), I-발레르산과 이성체지방산은 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 휘발성지방산 중에서 아세트산과 프로피온산은 분에서 각각 65와 20%, 뇨에서는 각각 93과 4%로 휘발성지방산의 대부분을 차지하였지만 아세트산과 프로피온산을 포함하는 단쇄지방산은 악취강도가 낮다. 반면에 악취강도가 상대적으로 높은 이성체지방산은 분과 뇨 간에 차이가 없기 때문에 휘발성지방산이 악취강도에 미치는 영향은 크지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합하면, 돼지 분뇨의 악취물질 중 악취강도가 높은 p-크레졸은 뇨에 많이 함유되어 있기 때문에 퇴비와 액비 생산과정 중 액상처리 시 악취강도가 매우 높을 것으로 추정된다. 다만, 악취강도는 휘발성지방산의 농도 변화에 따라 차이가 있을 것으로 생각된다. This study was performed to compare the level of odorous compounds in feces and urine of finishing pigs. Feces and urine from 16 finishing pigs were separately collected for 28-d. Concentrations of volatile organic compound (VOC; phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acid (VFA; SCFA and BCFA) were measured in feces and urine. Amount of phenols and p-cresol was higher (P<0.05) in urine than in feces. Urinal levels of phenols and p-cresol were 257.8 ppm and 250.9 ppm, and those of fecal phenols and p-cresol were 0.50 ppm and 0.05 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in concentration of indoles from feces (1.0 ppm) and urine (1.8 ppm). Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level in urine was higher (P<0.05) than in feces showing 4,547 ppm and 863 ppm, respectively. Proportion of acetic acid to total SCFA was higher in urine (94%) than in feces (66%). However, level of branched fatty acid (BCFA) was greater in feces (118 ppm) compare to that of urine (87 ppm). Odorous compounds analyzed in the current study, phenols and SCFA, were contained more in urine than in feces. Greater amount of VFA is typically found in feces than in urine since it is generated in the large intestine. However, urine contained more VFA than feces in the current study. Therefore, it will be necessary to exploit odor reducing techniques especially for pig urine as grassland fertilizer.

화장품 소재로서 홍삼식이뇨(尿)의 항산화 활성

문연숙,이민혁,강상모 한국미용학회 2019 한국미용학회지 Vol.25 No.2

In this study, we looked into the antioxidant effect of heated urine containing red ginseng, especially which red ginseng is used as raw material for cosmetics. Experimental materials were classified into three types: normal urine, heated urine, and heated urine containing red ginseng. Heated urine containing red ginseng refers to a urine that contains 9.54 ng/mL of compound K after red ginseng ingestion. Each urine sample was acquired from the following method: repeated 30-munite pasteurization of classified urines in a tank (80oC) 3 times every 15 minutes, concentrated and freeze-dried them. For measurement of antioxidation, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP as well as total content of Polyphenol and Flavonoids were measured. As to the total content of Polyphenol for each urine sample, 84.33 ± 2.17 mg/g was for normal urine, 85.16 ± 4.22 mg/g for heated urine, and 112.24 ± 4.65 mg/g for heated urine containing red ginseng. And as to the total content of Flavonoids, 5.20 ± 0.21 mg/g was for normal urine, 5.58 ± 0.39 mg/g for heated urine, and 15.90 ± 0.83 mg/g for heated urine containing red ginseng. Therefore, the total content of above two ingredients appeared higher in order of heated urine containing red ginseng, heated urine and normal urine. As to DPPH, at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, scavenging activity was observed in normal urine (36.79%), heated urine (41.54%), and heated urine containing red ginseng (54.62%) respectively. As to ABTS, at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, scavenging activity was observed in normal urine (50.51%), heated urine (55.64%), and heated urine containing red ginseng (73.79%) respectively. As to FRAP, iron-ion reducing power was found in normal urine (0.065 ± 0.004 mmol AAE/g), heated urine (0.066 ± 0.004 mmol AAE/g), and heated urine containing red ginseng (0.168 ± 0.006 mmol AAE/g) respectively. Therefore, the study result showed that heated urine containing red ginseng would be highly likely to be an antioxidant ingredient.