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      저자 : Vrouwenvelder, Johannes S. (검색결과 1 건)
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      • Human urine as a forward osmosis draw solution for the application of microalgae dewatering

        Volpin, Federico,Yu, Hyeonjung,Cho, Jaeweon,Lee, Changsoo,Phuntsho, Sherub,Ghaffour, Noreddine,Vrouwenvelder, Johannes S.,Shon, Ho Kyong Elsevier 2019 Journal of hazardous materials Vol.378 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Human urine is a unique solution that has the right composition to constitute both a severe environmental threat and a rich source of nitrogen and phosphorous. In fact, between 4–9% of urine mass consists of ions, such as K<SUP>+</SUP>, Cl<SUP>−</SUP>, Na<SUP>+</SUP> or NH<SUB>4</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP>. Because of its high ionic strength, urine osmotic pressure can reach values of up to 2000 kPa. With this in mind, this work aimed to study the effectiveness of real urine as a novel draw solution for forward osmosis. Water flux, reverse nitrogen flux and membrane fouling were investigated using fresh or hydrolysed urine. Water flux as high as 16.7 ± 1.1 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP> was recorded using real hydrolysed urine.</P> <P>Additionally, no support layer membrane fouling was noticed in over 20 h of experimentation. Urine was also employed to dewater a <I>Chlorella vulgaris</I> culture. A fourfold increase in algal concentration was achieved while having an average flux of 14.1 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP>. During the algae dewatering, a flux decrease of about 19% was noticed; this was mainly due to a thin layer of algal deposition on the active side of the membrane. Overall, human urine was found to be an effective draw solution for forward osmosis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Hydrolysed urine can reach more than 2000 kPa in osmotic pressure. </LI> <LI> Real urine exhibited flux up to 16.7 ± 1.1 L m<SUP>−2</SUP> h<SUP>−1</SUP>. </LI> <LI> Support layer fouling caused by unfiltered urine was found negligible. </LI> <LI> Four times algal concentration was achieved using real urine as draw solution. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

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