20세기 전기 구어에 나타난 국어의 보조사 연구

유혜원 ( Hye Won Yoo ) 한말연구학회 2016 한말연구 Vol.- No.39

This study aims to analyze special particles of the Spoken language in the former part of 20th century quantitatively and research the special particles’ properties of this times. The former part of 20th century corresponds roughly to 1900-1945 years. The data is the Spoken language corpus in the former part of 20th century of Korea university that collected the voice recording data and imagine materials made in this time, and transcribed the language data. First, we compared special particles’ frequency by type in this time and special particles’ frequency by type in current language, and then the distinguishing special particle form was compared with current language and modern language each. Also, the preceeding categories that connected the special particles were researched and then on the basis of the result special particles were classified. As particles connection type was analyzed, the different type with current language presented in the movie data by gramophone record and the play data by gramophone record. Last, we suggested that the special particle ‘yo’ as ‘heyyo’ style form was mainly used by children or women and the special particle ‘ya’ that were combined to other special particles usually appeared in the movie data by gramophone record and the play data by gramophone record, by studying the distribution of ‘yo, ya’ which were the distinguishing forms among the data we dealt with. We proved that the aspects of the special particles of the Spoken language in the former part of 20th century generally have forms close to current Korean language in spite that it also plays a role as a bridge that connects the latter modern Korean language and the current Korean language. The limit of this research is that a deep study about each special particle was not done since it is a wide range of research about the overall special particles shown in the data. However, this study has a significance in widely showing the features of the Spoken language in the former part of 20th century. In spite of this significance, since these data mostly were the movie data by gramophone record, the play data by gramophone record or general movie data rather than general conversations, there is a possibility that the property of the specific genre may have been reflected to the data. Therefore, if more data are collected, not only the linguistic features of the specific genre in the former part of 20th century but also the feature of spoken language in this period would be studied in a more detailed and precise way.

만큼의 의미-기능적 특성에 대한 일고

김지은(Ji Eun Kim) 언어과학회 2015 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.72

This article aims to study several usages of mankeum in the aspect of semantico-functional change. The argued results are summarized as follows: [1] The bound noun mankeum meaning basically ``degree of equivalence`` appears as a noun phrase, composed of {determiner/ modifier form +mankeum+case marker}. [2] The constructions of {modifier form+mankeum} are divided into three types. Mankeum meaning ``a degree`` responds to the adnominal ending form ``-ㄹ,`` assuming the feature [-certainty], whereas mankeum meaning ``a cause`` responds to the adnominal ending form ``-ㄴ`` assuming the feature [+certainty]. The construction {-ㄹ+mankeum} is not an antecedent clause of the subordinate conjoined sentence, but an embedded adverbial sentence functioning as an adverbial phrase within the main sentence, whereas the construction {-ㄴ+mankeum} functions as an antecedent clause of the subordinate conjoined sentence. Lastly, the construction {-는+mankeum} meaning ``a degree of proportion`` also functions as an antecedent clause of the subordinate conjoined sentence. [3] Mankeum is widely used as three types of postpositional particle such as a special particle, a comparative marker or a compound particle. First, mankeum as a special particle appears with the construction {N+mankeum+case marker}. In this case {N+mankeum} can be paraphrased into the construction {Ni(/eul) -neun+mankeum} where N appears as a subject NP or as an object NP of the same predicate as the main sentence. This shows that mankeum is changed from a bound noun into a special particle. Second, mankeum appears as a comparative marker with the construction {N+mankeum}. Third, mankeum appears as a compound particle like Nmankeum-eun, Nmankeum-iya, Nmankeum-do, Nmankeum-irado, Nmankeum-ina, or Nmankeum-man when it is fused with a particle like eun, (i)ya, do, (i)rado, (i)na, or man. These compound particles signify a new meaning respectively. To sum up, the word mankeum is not just divided into two usages such as a bound noun and a postpositional particle. From the point of view of semantico-functional change, it has several usages like an adverbial clausal ending, a conjunctional ending, a special particle, a comparative marker or a compound particle, which emerges from the fusion with an adnominal ending or with a particle.

Grammaticalization of Japanese postpositions: Focusing on yori co-occurring with negatives

( Kang-hun Park ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2018 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.81

This paper examines the grammaticalization of the Japanese postposition yori co-occurring with negatives. Japanese postpositions are traditionally divided into eight types based on their function (Hashimoto 1969). In modern Japanese, it has been argued that yori functions as both an adverbial particle and a case particle. Moreover, it behaves like a negative sensitive item (NSI) as well. There exists a similar postposition to yori, sika. Past studies have treated them as identical items, focusing on their syntactic and semantic similarities. However, this paper analyzes certain phenomena that cannot be squared with the claims of previous studies. This study argues that the yori and sika should not be treated as the same items. Specifically, sika has undergone more advanced grammaticalization as an adverbial particle/NSI, whereas yori has undergone degrammaticalization from an adverbial particle/NSI to a quasi-adverbial particle/NSI. Moreover, yori has undergone advanced grammaticalization as a case particle. This study explains the reason for its grammaticalization, focusing on theoretical issues like dialect contact, specialization, and the frequency effect.

Grammaticalization of Japanese postpositions: Focusing on yori co-occurring with negatives

박강훈 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2018 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.81

This paper examines the grammaticalization of the Japanese postposition yori co-occurring with negatives. Japanese postpositions are traditionally divided into eight types based on their function (Hashimoto 1969). In modern Japanese, it has been argued that yori functions as both an adverbial particle and a case particle. Moreover, it behaves like a negative sensitive item (NSI) as well. There exists a similar postposition to yori, sika. Past studies have treated them as identical items, focusing on their syntactic and semantic similarities. However, this paper analyzes certain phenomena that cannot be squared with the claims of previous studies. This study argues that the yori and sika should not be treated as the same items. Specifically, sika has undergone more advanced grammaticalization as an adverbial particle/NSI, whereas yori has undergone degrammaticalization from an adverbial particle/NSI to a quasi-adverbial particle/NSI. Moreover, yori has undergone advanced grammaticalization as a case particle. This study explains the reason for its grammaticalization, focusing on theoretical issues like dialect contact, specialization, and the frequency effect.

한국어의 조사와 어미는 접어인가 -유형론적 관점에서 본 한국어 조사와 어미의 범주-

최형용 ( Choi Hyung-yong ) 국어학회 2022 국어학 Vol.- No.101

그동안 한국어의 조사나 어미에 대해서는 이를 접어로 간주할 수 있다는 견해가 제시된 바 있다. 그러나 다양한 견해들의 가장 큰 문제는 서로 양립할 수 없는 부분이 존재한다는 점이다. 따라서 한국어의 조사와 어미가 유형론적인 측면에서 접어로 간주될 수 있는지 접어의 특성, 접어의 유형, 접어의 판별 기준으로 나누어 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 먼저 그동안 유형론적 논의에서 제시된 접어의 특성들은 접어가 매우 넓은 스펙트럼을 가진다는 것으로 요약할 수 있다. 이들 특성 가운데는 한국어의 조사나 어미와 공유하는 것이 없는 것은 아니지만 그만큼 적용될 수 없는 특성도 적지 않게 존재한다. 다음으로 접어의 유형을 ‘분포’에 초점을 두어 살펴본 Zwicky(1977)의 논의는 대당하는 자립 단어를 가지지 않는다는 점에서 한국어의 조사와 어미를 ‘단순 접어’는 물론 ‘특별 접어’로 분류하기 어렵다는 사실을 보여 준다. 남는 경우의 수는 ‘의존 단어’뿐인데 이 역시 나중에 ‘특별 접어’로 편입된 사정을 염두에 둔다면 한국어의 조사와 어미에 적용될 여지를 찾는 것은 어려워 보인다. Klavans(1982, 1985)의 접어 유형은 ‘위치’에 중점을 둔 것이므로 결과적인 유형으로는 한국어의 조사와 어미를 포괄할 수 있지만 이는 어디까지나 접어로 ‘판정’된 이후에나 가능한 일이다. 마지막으로 보다 적극적으로 접어 여부를 판정하기 위한 기준으로 제시된 것은, 접사와 접어를 구별하기 위한 Zwicky & Pullum(1983), 접어와 첨사를 구별하기 위한 Zwicky(1985)이다. Vance(1993)에서는 특히 한국어의 조사에 대당될 수 있는 일본어의 첨사에 이를 적용해 본 것인데 그 결과 일본어의 첨사는 접사로 분석될 수 없으며 접어로도 보기 어렵다고 결론지었다. 한국어의 조사와 어미에 Zwicky & Pullum(1983), Zwicky(1985)의 판정 기준을 적용해 본 결과도 이와 크게 다르다고 보기 어렵다. 이는 결국 한국어의 조사와 어미를 ‘범주’로서는 접어로 간주하기 어렵다는 것을 의미하기에 충분하다. 이제 한국어의 조사와 어미를 범주로서 처리할 수 있는 마지막 가능성은 통사 요소라는 측면을 중시하여 단어의 하나로 간주하는 것이다. 이는 곧 한국어에는 선행 요소에 의존하면서 그 자체로 통사적인 측면에서 단어의 자격을 가지는 조사와 어미라는 품사가 존재한다는 것을 말해 준다. 이러한 측면에서 보면 오히려 한국어의 조사와 어미는 접사와 단어 사이에서 범주상의 문제를 제기하는 요소가 아니라 한국어의 유형론적 특수성을 보여 주는 요소임을 알 수 있다. There have been opinions that josa and endings of Korean are clitics in whole or in part. However, these opinions have a critical flaw in that they are incompatiable with each other. Therefore it is necessary to explore whether josa and endings of Korean are clitics or not in a typological perspective. First of all, owing to the wide spectrum, the properties of clitics which have suggested so far, cannot help much with the definition of clitic itself. As a result, there are a lot of properties which don´t apply to josa and endings of Korean. In the second place, the things with respect to the types of clitics based on Zwicky(1977) which classified the clitics according to the distribution showed that josa and endings of Korean cannot be not only simple clitics but also special clitics in that they don´t have corresponding free words. The last remaining possibility is to treat josa and endings of Korean as bound words in Zwicky(1977), but keeping the bound words being incorporated into special clitics later in mind, it is hard to say that this treat is valid. Meanwhile, in the clitic types of Klavans(1982, 1985) which are focused on the position in the sentence mainly, it is possible to treat josa and endings of Korean as a kind of clitics. However, it is needed to be aware of that this treat is possible only after judging josa and endings of Korean as clitics. Finally, to judge the status of josa and endings of Korean directly, it is needed to consider the criteria for clitics. The criteria for clitics in Zwicky & Pullum(1983) have a purpose for distinguishing affixes with clitics and the criteria for clitics in Zwicky(1985) have a purpose for distinguishing clitics with particles. In Vance(1993), through applying the criteria for clitics of Zwicky & Pullum(1983) and Zwicky(1985) to Japanese particles which correspond to Korean Josa by and large, it is concluded that they cannot be treated as clitics as well as affixes. The results of applying the criteria for clitics of Zwicky & Pullum(1983) and Zwicky(1985) to josa and endings of Korean are not different from Vance(1993). The above discussions can be summed up that although there are properties sharing with clitics, josa and endings of Korean cannot be considered as a clitics with respect to the category itself. The remaining final possibility to treat josa and endings of Korean is to regard them as a kind of ‘word’. In other words, it can be said that there exist classes of bound words as parts of speech having the status of syntactic elements. From this point of view, it can be also concluded that Josa and endings of Korean are elements showing the typological specificity of Korean.

파티클시스템 기반의 그래픽 특수효과 엔진의 구현 사례

이병학,조성현 한국게임학회 2009 한국게임학회 논문지 Vol.9 No.1

최근 그래픽 하드웨어는 눈부신 발전을 거듭하였으며, 이에 따라 국내의 게임 유저들은 사실 감과 생동감이 넘치는 화려한 게임 그래픽을 요구하고 있다. 그래픽 특수효과는 이러한 요구를 만족시킬 수 있는 방법 중 하나이지만, 특수효과를 재사용할 수 있는 일반적인 형태로 구현된 사례는 없었다. 본 논문에서는 그래픽 특수효과 엔진의 구현과 그 적용 사례를 통하여 게임에 그래픽 특수효과를 쉽게 적용할 수 있음을 기술한다. 특수효과 데이터를 표준 파일 포맷으로 저장 및 로드함으로서 특수효과의 재사용이 가능하고, 그래픽 특수효과 편집툴을 이용하여 게임 제작 이전이라도 특수효과의 테스트 및 시연을 할 수 있다. Recently graphic hardwares have been developed remarkably, and domestic and foreign game users have demanded realistic and spectacular game graphics. Graphic special effects are one of methods to satisfy these requests, but we have not known any cases where graphic special effects are general and thus reusable. Based on the implementation of our graphic special effect engine and its application cases, this paper describes how to easily exploit graphic special effects in developing games. We define a standard file format in which special effect data can be saved and loaded, and thus those data can be reused easily. We also show that developers can test or preview special effects by exploiting our graphic special effect tool even before producing games.

Particle System Graphics Library for Generating Special Effects

Kim Eung-Kon The Korea Contents Association 2006 International Journal of Contents Vol.2 No.2

The modeling and animation of natural phenomena have received much attention from the computer graphics community. Synthetic of natural phenomena are required for such diverse applications as flight simulators, special effects, video games and other virtual realty. In special effects industry there is a high demand to convincingly mimic the appearance and behavior of natural phenomena such as smoke, waterfall, rain, and fire. Particle systems are methods adequate for modeling fuzzy objects of natural phenomena. This paper presents particle system API(Application Program Interfaces) for generating special effects in virtual reality applications. The API are a set of functions that allow C++ programs to simulate the dynamics of particles for special effects in interactive and non-interactive graphics applications, not for scientific simulation.

TYPES OF CLAUSES AND SENTENCE END PARTICLES IN KOREAN

Miok D. Pak 국제한국언어학회 2008 korean Linguistics Vol.14 No.-

현대국어 조사 '도'의 문법적 역할

최웅환 우리말글학회 2004 우리말 글 Vol.31 No.-

The purpose of this thesis is to confirm grammatical function of particle ‘to’ and to explain disagreement of syntactic and pragmatic level in connection with ‘to’ agglutination in Modern Korean. Because particle ‘to’ has been treated as a Special Particle(Delimiter) add meaning, syntactical function of particle ‘to’ was disregard by this time. But we verify that particle ‘to’ has also syntactical property. The conclusions of this thesis as follows: First, particle ‘to’ has case-property; showing position in the sentence. Structural Case particle did not appeared in combination with particle ‘to’, and particle ‘to’ realize in Negative polarity-sentence, and double particle ‘to’ possible. These prove that particle ‘to’ has case-property. Second, interpretation of information-structure in connection with ‘to’ agglutination participate in syntactic representation. When information-structure become proposition, disagreement of syntactical and pragmatic level be found out. It is due to restriction of ‘to’ agglutination.(Kumoh National Institute Technology)

Particle System Graphics Library for Generating Special Effects

Eung-Kon Kim 한국콘텐츠학회 2006 International Journal of Contents Vol.2 No.2