Trends and Aspects of South Korean Public Disputes in the Four Governments

( Jae Hyoung Lim ),( Sangjoon Ka ),( Sooncheol An ),( Gang Min Kim ) 한국행정연구원 2015 韓國行政硏究 Vol.2015 No.-

This research aims to examine the characteristics of the public disputes under each South Korean government, and to determine if the general characteristics appeared during each president`s term. In particular, its chief goal was to determine whether public disputes took place, while showing the common characteristics or the distinct trends for each and every government. The research found that while labor-management disputes have most frequently occurred, both regional and class disputes have gone up at an exploding pace of late. In addition, the examination of the public disputes in South Korea by administration led to the conclusion that while the regional disputes relatively rose, the labor-management disputes dropped. As a result, South Korea displays a trend in which the disputes in the private sector have decreased but those in the public sector have increased. A comprehensive look at the past 20 years during which the four South Korean governments took office will reveal that huge changes in the nature of the public disputes occurred. While labor-management disputes, a one-time source of chronic troubles in South Korea, still severely plague the society, both the class and regional disputes additionally appeared to have gotten worse, transforming the landscape of the public disputes in the country. The fact that the occurrence of the two aforementioned kinds of disputes has skyrocketed indicates that South Korea may soon find itself in an age in which all the public disputes in the country are either class or regional disputes as the occurrence of these two kinds of disputes is expected to surpass the occurrence of labor-management disputes in the near future. On the other hand, the rise of ideological disputes was not found to be increasing in speed, but it is not an exaggeration to say that ideological disputes have the potential of becoming a huge social issue in the future considering that ideological confrontations still run high under a variety of public disputes. This research can be seen as meaningful in that it analyzed the South Korean public disputes by government and term, figuring out the critical characteristics in the trends and occurrences of public disputes in South Korea.

정치적 변화에 따른 한국 공공분쟁 특징 비교

가상준,안순철 국가안보전략연구원 2010 신안보연구 Vol.- No.164

The purpose of the study is to find general characteristic of Korean public disputes by examining the effect of political changes on features of public disputes. For this purpose, the study analyzed public disputes that had taken place during the Roh Tae-woo government, the Kim Young-sam Government, the Kim Dae-jung Government, and the Roh Moo-hyun Government. Then, the study classified public disputes according to issue, type, character, intensity, termination method to compare features of public disputes with political regimes. Results exhibited that public disputes of each government had different features. Labor disputes, environmental disputes, social class disputes, and ideological disputes were comparatively dominant issue during the Roh Tae-woo government, the Kim Young-sam Government, the Kim Dae-jung Government, and the Roh Moo-hyun Government respectively. Likewise, the study found that the proportion of legislations and court rulings to terminate public disputes increased with political development. In particular, statistical results illustrated that negotiation, mediation, and referendum played a role in resolving main public disputes during the Roh Moo-hyun government. Lastly, the study found that the role of citizen groups was limited in conservative governments while they actively intervened in public disputes taking place during liberal governments. The study provides a chance to examine the relation between public disputes and political changes. Hopefully, it is expected that our understanding of public dispute become enlarged. 본 연구는 공공분쟁 발생 및 종료에 있어 나타나는 일반적 특징을 파악하기 위해 정치적 변화에 따라 공공분쟁은 어떠한 양상을 띠었는지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 노태우정부, 김영삼정부, 김대중정부, 그리고 노무현정부에서 발생한 공공분쟁 630건을 유형, 강도, 종료방식, 성격, 종류, 시민단체의 개입여부 등으로 구분하여 비교 분석하였고 상이성이 있는지 알아보았다. 분석을 통해 정치적 변화에 따라 공공분쟁이 가지는 특징은 커다란 차이가 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 공공분쟁을 유형별로 살펴보았을 때 노태우정부에서는 노동분쟁, 김영삼정부에서는 환경분쟁, 김대중정부에서는 계급분쟁, 그리고 노무현정부에서는 이념분쟁이 상대적으로 높은 비율을 차지하고 있었다. 공공분쟁을 종류별로 구분하여 변화의 차이를 살펴보면 예상대로 민주의식의 향상, 집단의 다양화 등으로 인해 정부와 민간 간 분쟁이 차지하는 비율이 늘어났다는 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 정부별 공공분쟁 종료방식에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타나는데 예상한 것과 같이 노태우정부에서는 조정, 중재, 법원판결, 입법에 의한 종료방식이 차지하는 비율이 낮은 반면, 김영삼정부와 김대중정부에 들어와 법원판결, 입법의 비율이 상대적으로 높은편이다. 노무현정부에 들어와서는 협상과 중재의 비율이 상대적으로 높아졌고 새롭게 생긴 주민투표에 의해 주요 공공분쟁이 종결되었음을 발견할 수 있었다. 시민단체의 개입은 보수정부에 비해 진보정부에서 확연하게 나타난 현상으로 한국 공공분쟁의 특징 변화를 대변하고 있었다. 본 연구는 공공분쟁의 특징을 이해하는 데 유용한 정보를 제공하고 있어 공공분쟁을 관리 및 예방하는 데 많은 유용성을 제공할 것이다.

공공시설의 입지선정에 따른 분쟁조정에 관한 연구

엄수원(Eom Su Weon),임구원(Lim Koo Won) 한국부동산학회 2007 不動産學報 Vol.31 No.-

  1. CONTENTS<BR>  (1) RESEARCH OBJECTIVES<BR>  With the increasingly higher level of needs among local residents since the launch of local self-governing bodies, Korea has been seeing an increase in conflicts and disputes in locating a site for public facilities which are essential to us.<BR>  Therefore, whether a project is successful or not depends on how to resolve a dispute concerning locating a site for public facilities in Korea and this study examines general theoretical approaches to site disputes for public facilities, actual conditions of site disputes for public facilities, and schemes to resolve site disputes for public facilities in Korea.<BR>  (2) RESEARCH METHOD<BR>  This study adopted the existing theoretical literature review and government data analysis.<BR>  (3) RESEARCH RESULTS<BR>  Problems with dispute resolution concerning site location for public facilities in Korea can be summarized as follows:<BR>  First, problems with operating a dispute resolution body in locating a site for public facilities. Second, problems with systems to resolve a dispute for public facilities.<BR>  Third, problems with relying on central government and coping with changes.<BR>  Fourth, problems with cooperation between central and local governments.<BR>  On the ground of these problems, the following schemes can be made for resolving disputes concerning site location for public facilities.<BR>  First, improve the current system and make resolution through negotiation and intervention. Second, activate a full-charge dispute resolution system. Third, make comprehensive and systematic resolution by types of dispute. Fourth, institutionalize residents" participation and substantiate information revelation.<BR>  2. RESULTS<BR>  So site location disputes for public facilities should be resolved in a systematic and comprehensive point of view and substantial alternatives should be made in consideration of developmental local conditions in that it is necessary to construct a mutual cooperation system and settle negotiation culture.

공무원 노동관계에서 노동쟁의에 대한 조정(調停)

김홍영(Kim Hong-Young) 한국노동법학회 2008 노동법학 Vol.0 No.26

In Korea, the public officials' unions are legalized on the Public Officials' Unions Act (that is named as “the Act on the establishment and operation, etc. of public officials' trade unions”). The public officials' unions shall have the rights to bargain and conclude collective agreements with the government's negotiating representative. But the public officials' union and its members shall be prohibited to take any industrial action, for example, strike. The other side, the labor relations commission shall conduct mediation or arbitration as to industrial disputes. In this article I examine closely the mediation as to industrial disputes in the labor relations of public officials, in regard to organization, commencement condition, objects, process and other issues involving that mediation. I investigate the provisions of the Public Officials' Unions Act and other related acts as to the topics. The Labor Relations Adjustment Commission for Public Officials(LRACPO), which is established within the National Labor Relations Commission(NLRC), mediates industrial disputes in the labor relations of public officials. If collective negotiations break down, either or both of the parties concerned may apply for mediation to the commission, and then the commission shall commence mediation. The commission may prepare a mediation proposal, present the proposal to the parties concerned, and recommend them to accept the proposal. If the parties have accepted the mediation proposal, a mediated agreement in writing shall be prepared and singed by the commission members together with the parties concerned. The contents of the mediated agrement shall have the same effect as a collective agreement. In case a dispute is not resolved through the mediation and a decision is made to refer the dispute to arbitration at a plenary meeting of the LRACPO, the commission shall conduct arbitration (that is called as compulsory arbitration). And I suggest some improvement plans that make the mediation system be effective and best used. That suggestions are as follows: (1) For the reforms of organization of the LRACPO, as to appointment process of the commission members, it should be adapted hearing of unions and governments before entrusting the members, or approval/hearing of the National Assembly. As well as, with decentralization to the regional labor relations commissions, a industrial dispute, that comes form with a regional government, shall be handled by the regional labor relations commission. (2) It should be necessary that the labor relations commission make its efforts to assist the parties ahead of formal mediation, to mediate objects of the dispute widely and broadly, and to develop and train good skills for professionalism. (3) Many means should be adopted to resolve various or diverse disputes, that includes adversary, conciliation and fact-finding beyond or ahead of formal mediation. (4) The compulsory arbitration referred by the commission should be abolished. Instead either of the parties concerned might alone apply for arbitration to the commission. So the parties could freely apply for mediation not to fear the compulsory arbitration.

정치・사회・경제 환경요인과 공공분쟁 발생

가상준,안순철,김강민,임재형 한국정책과학학회 2012 한국정책과학학회보 Vol.16 No.4

The purpose of this study is to see how political and socio-economic factors influence on public disputes by closely examining them which had taken places between 1990 and 2009 in Korea. Specifically, the study examines causal relationship between those factors and occurrence and continuation of public disputes. The result shows that the number of disputes was affected by the influence of those governments of Kim Daejung, Roh Moohyun, and Lee Myongbak, respectively; variables of their second year terms; and spring labor disputes. Three administration variables are statistically significant because the number of public disputes' occurrence of each government is different from the number of public disputes' occurrence of the Kim, Youngsam government. In the meantime, relatively more public disputes had erupted in their second year than the first year. Actually, people tend to think the first year is a kind of honeymoon period, expressing their disappointment on the governance of their presidents from the second year. Likewise, this study finds that the number of public disputes during the terms of the above three presidents had been influenced by presidential approval ratings, variables on their second year, election season, unemployment rate, IMF crisis variable, and etc. Statistical results of the number of public disputes in action is little bit different from the number of public disputes' occurrence because the number of public disputes in action is influenced by not only the number of public dispute occurrence but also social dissatisfaction. 본 연구는 1990년부터 2009년까지 발생한 공공분쟁 사례를 대상으로 한국의 정치, 경제, 사회적 환경 및 변화가 공공분쟁의 발생과 진행에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 즉, 정치, 경제, 사회적 환경 요인들이 한국 공공분쟁의 발생건수와 공공분쟁의 진행건수에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 그 결과 먼저 공공분쟁 발생건수는 김대중 정부, 노무현 정부, 이명박 정부의 영향력, 임기 2년차 변수, 그리고 춘계투쟁에 의해 영향 받고 있었다. 세 정부의 영향력이 통계적으로 발견된 것은 김영삼 정부와의 비교 결과로 조금씩 늘어가는 변화정도를 통해 공공분쟁 경향을 보였다. 한편, 허니문 기간인 집권 1년차가 지나 집단 및 국민들의 대통령에 대한 실망감이 크게 표출되는 임기 2년차에 공공분쟁이 상대적으로 많이 발생하고 있었다. 또한 김대중 정부, 노무현 정부, 이명박 정부, 대통령 지지율, 선거 시기, 임기 2년차, 실업률, IMF 위기 변수가 공공분쟁 진행건수에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있다는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 공공분쟁 진행건수는 사회적 불만족과 함께 발생이 누적되면서 나타나는 결과이기에 발생건수와 유사한 결과도 있지만 다른 결과가 나타나고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다.

정부별 한국 공공분쟁의 현황과 추세

김강민 ( Gang Min Kim ),임재형 ( Jae Hyoung Lim ),가상준 ( Sangjoon Ka ),안순철 한국행정연구원 2014 韓國行政硏究 Vol.23 No.3

본 연구는 정부별로 공공분쟁의 특징은 무엇이었으며, 임기별로 나타나는 일반적인 특징이 있는지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 특히 공공분쟁이 정부별로 공통적인 특징 혹은 뚜렷한 경향을 보이며 발생하였는지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 분석을 통해 한국 공공분쟁에 가장 높은 비율을 차지하는 분쟁은 노동분쟁이지만 지역분쟁과 계층분쟁의 발생이 최근에 들어 급격히 늘어나고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 한국의 공공분쟁을 정부별로 구분해 살펴보면 상대적으로 지역분쟁의 증가와 노동분쟁의 감소를 찾을 수 있다. 이에 따라 민/민 분쟁은 감소하고 관/관 분쟁이 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 종합적으로 4개 정부 20년을 돌아보면 한국의 공공분쟁에 커다란 변화가 있다고 말할 수 있다. 과거 한국의 고질적인 분쟁이었던 노동분쟁은 아직도 심각한 수준으로 남아 있지만, 이에 더하여 계층분쟁과 지역분쟁이 크게 확대되는 모습을 보이며 한국 공공분쟁의 지형을 바꾸고 있는 것이다. 이들의 증가 속도가 매우 빠르다는 점에서 조만간 계층분쟁과 지역분쟁이 노동분쟁을 뛰어넘어 한국의 공공분쟁은 계층분쟁과 지역분쟁으로 대표되는 시기를 맞이하게 될 것이다. 한편 이념분쟁의 증가세는 발견되지 않았지만 많은 공공분쟁들의 내면에는 이념적 대립이 잔존하고 있어 이념분쟁은 잠재적으로 커다란 사회 문제라고 말해도 과언이 아니다. 본 연구는 한국 공공분쟁을 정부별, 임기별로 분석함으로써 한국 공공분쟁의 추세 및 발생에 있어 중요한 특징을 찾았다는 점에서 의미를 찾을 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to examine characteristics of public disputes of the 4 governments from the Youngsam Kim government to the Myungbak Lee government and to find whether the occurrence of particular public dispute is associated with presidential term. Analyses on Korean public disputes in 4 governments show that labor disputes have the highest percentage of the overall public disputes for 20 years; however, study discovers that the rates of regional disputes and class disputes rapidly have increased in recent. Accordingly, the rate of public disputes between governments increases while the rate of public disputes between private groups decreases. It implies that there has been a sea change in public disputes during 20 years. The study sincerely expects that regional disputes and class disputes overtake labor disputes soon. A rapid increase of regional disputes and class disputes will change characteristics and trends of Korean public disputes. However, the study can`t find the percentage of ideological disputes has increased even though the Korean society suffers from ideological polarity between conservatives and liberals. But, the fact that many public disputes internally contain ideological confrontation even though they are not originally classified as ideological disputes implies that ideological disputes will become a serious social problem in Korea. The study is of importance because it finds trends and status of Korean public disputes by analyzing characteristics of public disputes by each administration and presidential term.

선호시설과 비선호시설에 의해 발생한 공공분쟁의 정치경제학

가상준(Ka Sang joon),안순철(SOON CHEOL AN),김강민(Gangmin Kim),김재신(Jaeshin Kim) 21세기정치학회 2013 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.23 No.2

This study aims at examining differences between the public disputes caused by the location selection of NIMBY facilities and the public disputes caused by the location selection of PIMFY facilities. In particular, this study compares the two kinds of public disputes in terms of issues, types, parties involved, intensity, and resolutions. Likewise, in this study we examine whether characteristics of the public disputes related to the selection of location are different from the other public disputes'. Analyses show that the public disputes with the location selection of NIMBY facilities are mainly environmental disputes, while the public disputes with the location selection of PIMFY facilities are chiefly regional disputes. A proportion of private-government disputes are comparatively high among the public disputes caused by the location selection of NIMBY facilities, while government-government disputes take high percentage of the public disputes caused by the location selection of PIMFY facilities. In terms of the intervention of civic groups, civic groups frequently intervene in the public disputes related to NIMBY facilities, while the intervention of civic groups in the public disputes related to PIMFY facilities are rare. These results indicate that characteristics of the public disputes related to the selection of location are influenced by cause of public dispute, the response of residents involved in public disputes of selection location, and governmental effort to resolve public disputes. Therefore, scholars and policy makers should take characteristics of public dispute into consideration to manage public disputes systematically.

한국 공공갈등의 생애주기별 특징에 대한 경험적 분석

김학린 서울행정학회 2011 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.22 No.3

This paper attempts to examine the trends and characteristics of public dispute in Korea and to find general features of public dispute based on the theory of conflict life cycle. For this purpose, this paper analyzes public disputes that took place from 1990 to 2009, according to a range of variables, including issue, type, character, duration, intensity, and termination method. <br/> The findings are as follows: 1) the number of public disputes has rapidly increased over time: 2) the increase in disputes gained momentum after the economic crisis of 1998; 3) the average number of public disputes is greatest in the second year of each government: 4) the duration and intensity of public disputes differs according to the dispute characteristics and termination methods. This paper suggests that alternative dispute resolution methods such as mediation and arbitration should be strengthened in order to efficiently manage public disputes, and that the dispute management capacity of government as well as the third sector should be radically strengthened. <br/> This paper has some limitations as it focuses on efficiency of dispute resolution without deeply discussing procedural legitimacy, democratic character, and effectiveness. Nevertheless this paper makes a positive contribution because it is expected to help improve our understanding of public disputes.

입법에 의해 종결된 공공분쟁의 특징: 국회의 역할을 중심으로

가상준,안순철 한국의회발전연구회 2010 의정연구 Vol.16 No.2

본 연구는 1990년부터 2008년 사이 한국에서 발생한 공공분쟁 중 국회의 입법에 의해 종료된 공공분쟁의 전개과정을 살펴봄으로써 분쟁 종결에 있어 국회의 역할은 무엇이었는지 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이와 함께 입법에 의해 종결된 분쟁의 특징을 분석하고, 다른 분쟁과의 차이점은 무엇인지 비교해 보았다. 국회는 일반적으로 입법과 갈등해소 역할을 담당하는 데 이러한 역할에 얼마나 충실한지 입법에 의해 종료된 공공분쟁을 통해 알아보았다. 입법에 의해 종료된 60개의 분쟁을 분석하면서 나타난 중요한 특징은 입법에 의해 종료된 분쟁은 전국적으로 영향을 크게 미친 분쟁이라는 점이며 또한 분쟁의 강도가 매우 크다는 점이다. 이와 함께 무엇보다 입법을 통해 분쟁이 종료되었지만 입법에 있어 국회의 역할은 매우 미비하다는 점을 발견할 수 있었다. 입법에 의한 분쟁 종료이기에 국회의 역할이 클 것이라 기대해 보았다. 그러나 이러한 분쟁들은 높은 중요성과 함께 복잡성 띠고 있는 정책 혹은 낮은 중요성을 띠고 있는 정책과 관련이 있어 국회는 소극적 역할은 하는데 그치고 있다. 이러한 국회의 미비한 역할은 매우 실망스러운 결과로 공공분쟁을 사전에 예방하고 분쟁이 발생한 후 커다란 갈등 없이 원활한 해결을 할 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 국회의 적극적인 역할이 기대되는 실정이다. This study aims at examining characteristics of the public disputes resolved by legislation of the National Assembly out of public disputes taken place between 1990 and 2008 in Korea. In particular, it is interesting to see the role of the National Assembly in legislation for the purpose of settling public disputes. In general, it is believed that major roles of the National Assembly are lawmaking and resolving conflicts. It is of interest to see whether the National Assembly fully meets these expectation by investigating the public disputes resolved by the National Assembly. The study finds that 60 public disputes resolved by the legislation have important features. Firs of all, it finds that most of them attract national attention. In addition. the study uncovers that the intensity of the public disputes resolved by legislation are significantly strong compared with other disputes. Above all, it discovers that the role of the National Assembly in legislation is very insufficient. It is expected that the National Assembly play some role; however, lawmakers take a negative attitude because the public disputes resolved by legislation are related with policies with high complexity and high salience or policies with low salience. In order to prevent public dispute in advance and to resolve public dispute amicably, the National Assembly should play a more active role.

A Study on the Changing Trend of Chinese Public Conflicts and the Conflict Resolution Strategies: Focused on Medical Disputes

Lee, Ji-haeng(이지행) 한국동북아학회 2020 한국동북아논총 Vol.25 No.1

중국은 개혁개방 이후 경제정책 및 경제시스템의 변화로 국내 정치와 사회체제의 큰 변화를 경험하게 된다. 따라서 중국은 과거 사회주의식 전체공동체 사회에서 점차 차별화된 분화형 사회로 전환하고 있으며 국가는 더 이상 독점적 자원을 통제하지 않고 사회 및 경제의 자율성을 중시하며, 이러한 사회환경의 변화는 공공분야에서 다양한 이익갈등과 모순을 야기하고 있다. 아울러 중국식 사회주의 건설은 공공분야에서 발생하는 갈등의 형태 및 특징 더 나아가 갈등관리 방식에 있어서 서로 다른 모습을 보여주고 있다. 본 연구는 중국의 공공부분 갈등 중 의료분야에서 발생하는 갈등의 변화와 갈등관리 정책을 시기별로 나누어 차별적으로 분석하였다. 중국정부는 의료갈등의 해결을 위해 다양한 제도 및 정책을 시행하였으며, 특히 의료갈등의 조정 및 해결을 규범화하고 강화하기 위해 중국 국무원이 지난 2018년 제정한 <의료분쟁 예방 및 처리조례>는 현재 중국의 대표적인 의료갈등 조정관리제도로 손꼽히고 있다. 새로 제정된 조례에서는 인민조정제도가 신설, 추가되어 중국 의료분쟁 해결의 새로운 전환점이 되길 기대하고 있다. 그러나 중국 의료분쟁 조정제도는 아직 해결해야 할 여러 가지 문제들과 직면해 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 중국 공공갈등의 변화 및 특징을 기초로 중국 의료분쟁의 현황과 추세를 분석하며 동시에 중국 의료분쟁 조정제도의 한계와 전략을 분석하고자 한다. Since the reform and opening up, Chinese economic system’s transformation has changed Chinese political and social systems. China is gradually transforming from “overall community” to a “differentiated community”. China no longer carries out the overall control based on monopoly resources, and social and economic autonomy has been strengthening continuously. Meanwhile, conflicts also arise because of social differentiation. As the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics is entering into a new era, the situation, characteristics and governance of public conflicts are undergoing important changes. Under these circumstances, this essay analyzes China’s medical disputes and their mediation methods, strategies and tactics based on the collective name of laws, regulations, normative documents, policies, judicial interpretations, etc. of medical disputes in China in recent years. It is found that in the research, the mediation of medical disputes in China in recent years has been divided into four stages, and each stage has different laws and regulations to resolve issues related to medical disputes. Particularly, in order to further regulate how to handle medical disputes, the State Council of China issued the Regulations on the Prevention and Handling of Medical Disputes in 2018 to increase people’s mediation as the main processing channel, fully demonstrating the importance of people’s meditation. However, there are still a large number of problems unsettled in the medical dispute mediation mechanism in China. In terms of the changes and the characteristics of public conflicts in China, this essay analyzes the current status and trend of medical disputes in China, and the strategies and challenges of the new medical dispute resolution mechanism.