아들의 회귀: 해롤드 핀터의 『밤나들이』를 중심으로

신희원 한국중앙영어영문학회 2018 영어영문학연구 Vol.60 No.3

This paper discusses the exclusive relationship between a mother and a son and the son’s mother fixation. Harold Pinter’s A Night Out seemingly appears to be a story of a widowed mother who is possessive of her impotent son trying to escape from her influence. The conflict between the mother and the son could be seen as the Pinter’s typical power game between male and female characters. Therefore, many critics focus on whether the power has moved to the son or not. However, I argue that we should go further into the background of the text. What lies underneath this mother-son relationship is negative effect of the male-dominated system which systematically locates women in the domestic sphere while men work for society and capitalist production. This perpetually generates sexual and familial division of labor and justifies women’s mothering and absence of the fathers at home. In this sense, the mother and the son turn out to be victims of the patriarchy and their exclusive relationship is the consequence of this women’s mothering causing the preoedipal mother-son relationship and the son’s difficulty to be separated from her to become an independent man. To support the idea that the play is not about the power but the gender problem, Nancy Chodorow’s concept will be used.

장모가 지각한 장모-사위 관계만족도 연구

전세송(Jeon, Se-Song),전귀연(Jeon, Gwee-Yeon) 한국가족학회 2014 가족과 문화 Vol.26 No.1

본 연구는 장모의 입장에서 장모-사위 관계의 양상을 살펴보고자 가족 체계론적 관점에서 관련 변인을 탐색하였다. 즉, 장모의 개인 변수와 성인자녀와의 관계 변수(사위 관계 변수, 모-녀 관계 변수)로 분류하여 관련 변인들이 장모-사위 관계만족도에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 한다. 우선 장모의 개인 변수가 장모-사위 관계만족도에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 자아존중감, 자아 탄력성, 장모 본인의 결혼만족도를 설정하고, 다음으로 사위와의 관계 변수가 장모-사위 관계만족도에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 장모-사위 결속도를, 마지막으로 장모와 사위를 이어주는 딸과의 관계를 고려하여 모녀분화를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 대구ㆍ경북 지역의 배우자가 생존해 있고, 한 명 이상의 기혼 딸이 있는 장모 381명을 대상으로 구조화된 질문지를 이용하여 기술통계 분석, 단변량분산분석(ANOVA)과 Scheffé의 사후 검증, 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 장모의 인구사회학적 배경 변수를 이용한 단변량분산분석 결과, 손자녀 양육 도움을 주는 장모의 경우 그렇지 않은 장모들에 비해 장모-사위 관계만족도가 낮았다. 장모의 인구사회학적 배경 변수, 개인 변수, 사위 관계 변수, 모-녀 관계 변수를 모두 투입하여 중다회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 손자녀 양육 도움을 주지 않을수록, 자아존중감이 높을수록, 접촉적 결속도가 높을수록, 일치적 결속도가 높을수록, '도움 받는' 기능적 결속도가 높을수록, 모녀분화 수준이 높을수록 장모의 장모-사위 관계만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. This study investigates individual and relational variables on mother-in-law's relationship satisfaction between mother-in-law and son-in-law based on family systems approach. Within the family systems approach, independent variables were individual variables (self-esteem, ego-resiliency, mother-in-law's marital satisfaction), son-in-law related variables(solidarity between mother-in-law and son-in-law), and mother- daughter related variables (mother and daughter differentiation). This study surveyed 381 mother-in-laws who married, has one more married-daughters and lived in Daegu City and Kyungpook Province, Korea. The data were analyzed with using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, mother-in-law's relationship satisfaction between mother-in-law and son-in-law showed significant difference depending on whether a mother-in-law helps to raise her grandchildren or not. Second, among the individual variables, self-esteem considerably influenced mother-in-law's relationship satisfaction. Third, regarding the son-in-law-related variables, the ones appreciably affecting mother-in-law's relationship satisfaction were associational solidarity, consensual solidarity, and functional solidarity of receiving help. Fourth, in terms of mother-daughter related variables, mother-daughter differentiation improved the degree of mother-in-law's relationship satisfaction.

남·여성 ‘자아’ 형성에 미치는 지배담론의 영향 : 『엄마도 아시다시피』를 통해 본 모자·모녀 관계의 상대성

박선경(Park sun-kyoung) 한국언어문학회 2020 한국언어문학 Vol.114 No.-

After a long exploration and narrative work on body discourse and feminine discourse, Cheon Yeon-young shows a deep experimental spirit in terms of the influence of existing discourses and grand discourses and the correlation that has on the formation of ‘Ego’. The artist has come to the novels 『Ginger』, novel collections 『Myeongrang』, 『As you knows』, and closely explores the process of forming the self through family relations father-and-daughter relations mother- and-son relations and mother-and-daughterd relations and the language and human existence. She is dealing with the essential problem of Her work, which reveals the true nature of self and subject by looking into the child s family relationship, which begins with the relationship of the body, is an achievement that must be reevaluated in that she is always heading for a more fundamental problem while pioneering a new narrative field. This paper examines the aspects of the self, subject that the artist identifies with the works of the recent work collection 『As Mom Knows』, and the relationship between the ego formation and the language of the system. The male protagonist at the position of the father in the triangular structure of family desires seen in the collections of works 「As Mom Knows」, 「Glass Lip」, and 「Twenty-Three Eyes」 is still in the arms of maternal women. It shows that you are staying at the level of being a boy. This is what the artist perceives as the “Ego” of a man under the patriarchal system of this land and the meaning that the work represents. In the appearance of staying in the child who stayed in the male protagonist s mother s arms or returning to it, the mother s son, who exhibits perfect maternality, does not become a rational subject that has achieved independence and individualization and is dependent on the boy appearance. The author s clarification and insight that the existing men in this land did not become independent subjects of complete separation, but rather became a dependent self in real life such as food, clothing and shelter by staying in boys who need the care of women with motherhood. Could be confirmed I was able to face the artist s insight and representation of staying in the self . In the mother s arms, who play the role of a strong guardian and male head in the patriarchal system, the “son” manifested an inner “anima” and stayed in the mother’s arms, showing that the mother and child relationship could continue to be completely united. This was to recreate the reality that the son was able to live without having to achieve separation and personalization because there is a mother who has been wholly devoted to a son born with a phallus in the patriarchy and has been a powerful fence. The author s clarification and insight that the existing men in this land did not become independent subjects of complete separation, but rather stayed in boys who need the care of women with maternity, thereby having a dependent self in real life such as food, clothing and shelter. Could be confirmed. On the other hand, from the image of a girl who had to live alone, thrown out of her mother s arms or without any fence, from the triangle of family desire to the role of husband and father as guardians works “Remaining Education”, “Closed Eyes” and “My Severe and sad children”. In the mother-daughter relationship, the mother gave a female hysteria to her daughter, and the girl had to accept it and protect her, but the girl showed an animus-like ego and played the role of the father (father) protecting the house and women. The reality of this narrative is not a story of a girl in a peculiar environment, but rather a mother-daughter relationship in our society where the idea of son preference was strong. Could In the works, the mother , who had to live a life of frustration under the existing patriarchal system, can pour out the resentment.

< 엄씨효문청행록 >의 모자 관계 형상화 양상과 그 의미

김서윤 ( Suh Yoon Kim ) 한국고소설학회 2016 古小說 硏究 Vol.41 No.-

엄씨효문청행록 에는 다양한 양상의 모자 관계가 나타나 있다작품의 중심 갈등은 양모와 양자 간의 갈등이지만 양모인 최부인과양자 엄창이 각각 자신의 친자 친모와 맺고 있는 각별한 관계 또한핍진하게 묘사되어 있어 주목을 요한다 이 작품에서는 엄창과 장부인 엄영과 최부인 간의 친모자 관계가 양모 양자 관계로는 대체 불가능한 특별한 관계로 부각되어 있다성현공숙렬기 나 완월회맹연 에서는 혈연에 집착하는 양모가가문 내의 약자로 묘사되고 그러한 양모의 악행을 감싸안는 양자의비범함이 강조된다 반면 엄씨효문청행록 에서 최부인은 가부장의조강지처로서 가문 내 기반이 확고한 존재이며 엄창은 그런 양모에게 거리감과 두려움을 느끼는 모습으로 그려진다 엄창은 최부인에게효를 행하고자 노력하나 정인성이나 임희린처럼 적극적으로 친밀감을 표현하지는 못한다한편 성현공숙렬기 완월회맹연 에서 임희린과 정인성의 친모가 주변적 인물로 그려지는 것과는 달리 엄씨효문청행록 에서는엄창의 친모인 장부인이 주요 인물로 등장한다 이들 친모자는 서로심리적으로 깊이 의지하는 관계로 묘사된다 마찬가지로 최부인과 엄영 모자간의 특별한 정 또한 반복하여 강조되는바 최부인은 다른 어떤 이유보다도 친자 엄영에 대한 근심과 염려로 인해 심경의 변화를일으키고 개과에 이르게 된다이상의 특징으로 미루어볼 때 이 작품은 양모 양자 관계의 한계를 은연중 드러내며 친모 친자 관계의 상호 독점적 친밀감을 강조한작품이라 할 수 있다 즉 종법질서에 기반을 둔 양모 양자 관계는혈연에 기반을 둔 친모 친자 관계를 대체할 수 없다는 서술시각을이 작품에서 찾아볼 수 있다 엄창이 독자의 공감을 얻을 수 있는 이유는 그가 정통론적 종법질서에 충실하기 때문이라기보다는 친모와의 애틋한 사연 때문이라 볼 수 있고 이에 대한 연민이 엄창을 핍박하는 최부인에 대한 반감으로 이어져 인물들 간의 선악 구도가 공고화된다 또한 최부인의 개과는 표면적으로는 양자 엄창의 효에 대한감화의 결과로 서술되지만 그 구체적 과정을 살펴보면 친자 엄영에대한 애착이 주된 원인으로 작용하였음을 알 수 있다이처럼 이 작품은 정통론적 질서를 표방하여 입후자와 양모 간의화합을 지향하면서도 이를 구현하는 실제 원리에 있어서는 혈연으로맺어진 친모자간의 친밀한 상호작용에 기대고 있다 본고에서는 이러한 작품의 특징이 정통론적 종법질서가 본격화되기 시작하는 한편그 이전의 혈통론적 가족제도의 관습과 의식 또한 상당한 영향력을유지하고 있었던 당대 현실의 반영으로 분석될 수 있다고 보았다 Umsihypmuncheonghaengrok inclueds various aspects of relationship between mother and son. Though the main idea is reconciliation between foster mother and son, each oh them have special relationship with their own blood family respectively. The blood relation is depicted exclusive and unreplaceable in this text. In Seonghyeongongsukryeolgi or Wanwolhoimaengyeon, the foster mothers are described week and pitiful, while the foster sons are characterized extraordinarily powerful. On contrary, in Umsihypmuncheonghaengrok, the foster mother is not week nor pitiful. She has been in the Um’s family even before Um Chang(the foster son) was selected as the descendant of the family. Um Chang feels strange and nervous to her. Though he tries to be dutiful to her, he is always passive. In addition, in Umsihypmuncheonghaengrok, Um Chang’s blood mother is one of the main characters. She repeatedly expresses anxiety for her blood son, and Um Chang also misses her. So Um Chang is depicted pitiful and worth compassion, rather than supernormal. Likewise, the close relationship between Choi-buin(Um Chang’s foster mother) and Um Young(Choi’s blood son) is impressive as well. Choi changes her mind because she cares for Um Young, her blood son who continuously asks her to be in harmony with Um Chang. In conclusion, the perspective to blood relationship is affirmative in Umsihypmuncheonghaengrok. The criterion adopted to judge good and evil is based on the authentical clan rule, so is the overall development of narrative. Meanwhile, the substantial principles which stabilize and realize show emphasis on blood relationship. Um Chang is depicted as a person worth sympathizing, not because he is faithful to clan rules but because he is the special exist of his own blood mother. Therefore, it can be said that the contrast between good and evil characters are stabilized by sincere depiction of close relationship between blood mother and son. Moreover, Choi’s change is also the result from her affection for Um Young, her blood son. In brief, Umsihypmuncheonghaengrok is a literary text which advocates the cause of authenticities of clan rules. At the same time, the concrete principles realizing the narrative show strong emphasis on blood relationship. This may be interpreted as a phenomenon reflecting contradiction of those day, when authenticity of clan rules and emphasis on blood relationship clashed with each other.

장모 - 사위 관계에서 사위가 지각하는 스트레스, 대처방법과 관계의 질

오혜정(Oh, Hae Jung),박경란(Park, Kyung Rhan) 한국생활과학회 2011 한국생활과학회지 Vol.20 No.6

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of stress types and coping styles on the relationship quality with mothers-in-law perceived by sons-in-law. The data was collected from 300 sons-in-law aged 20~49 by using a survey questionnaire. The main results of this study were as follows: first, factor analysis yielded 4 types of coping(cognitive understanding coping, avoidant coping, direct behavior coping, and indirect behavior coping) and 7 types of stress(despising poor ability and condition, interference in daily life, son-in-law discrimination, wife discrimination, uncomfortable interaction, differences in lifestyle, and excessive demand). Second, the total stress perceived by sons-in-law in the relationship with their mothers-in-law was affected by avoidant coping and cognitive understanding coping. Finally, the relationship quality between mothers-in-law and sons-in-law was influenced by avoidant coping, uncomfortable interaction stress, direct behavior coping, differences in lifestyle stress, son-in-law discrimination stress, interference in daily life stress, frequency of meeting, cognitive understanding coping, indirect behavior coping, and age. Consequently, it was confirmed that sons-in-laws coping styles with stress from their mothers-in-law was more influential than the amount of stress perceived by sons-in-law on the relationship quality with their mothers-in-law. Especially, ‘avoidant coping’ among 4 styles of coping and ‘uncomfortable interaction stress’ among 7 types of stress influenced the relationship quality between mothers-in-law and sons-in-law the most.

여성작가의 전쟁 체험 장편소설에 나타난 ‘모녀관계’와 ‘딸의 성장’ 연구― 박경리의 시장과 전장과 박완서의 나목을 중심으로 ―

박정애 한국여성문학학회 2005 여성문학연구 Vol.13 No.-

A Study on the Aspects of 'Mother-daughter Relationship' and 'Growth of Daughter' in Fair and Battlefield of Park Gyeong-Lee and Bared Trees of Park Wan-Seo From the point of a matrilineal literature in which a principal stem of narration is mother and daughter relationship and formation of subjectivity of daughter, the warfare novels of Park Gyeong-Lee and Park wanseo can be contrasted with the postwar novels of male authors able to be named generically as a patrilineal literature of hometown-loss time. While patrilineal literature tends to pursue mythical motherhood or motherly utopia, Fair and Battlefield of Park Gyeongnee and Bared Trees of Park Wan-Seo demythologize motherhood by concreting the motherhood which includes an insanity, untruth, deception and desire to possess as well as motherly devotion. The mother, Ms. Yun in Fair and Battlefield with only identity as mother as the fostering protector of children wants to fasten the daughter to the fostered place eternally. The daughter can not mature herself as a subject of her own life because of sense of guilt caused from not requiting appropriately the sacrifice and devotion of the mother. Differently, the mother of heroine Lee Gyeong in Bared Trees is restricted to the patriarchal identity as 'mother of son'. Mother who are only 'mother of son' cause the daughter to a kind of spiritual disease which is a sense of guilt about her being. Korean war and the loss of patriarch exposes the contradiction of mother- daughter relationship and becomes a dramatic occasion which forces the relationship to reform. The more the suffering caused by warfare is serious, the stronger Jiyeong, heroine of Fair and Battlefield, trust the force of life and display strong motherhood to her young children. The death of her mother in the while paradoxically completes daughter's journey of becoming mother. Meanwhile, the mother in Bared Trees negates her actuality and lives in the impulse of thanatos. Inside motherhood-child scenario of the mother, there is only a place for patriarch and son, not a place for daughter. After the mother dies, Lee Gyeong calls dead mother and les rites de passage of youth through covert pain of mind by the means of writing. consequently, the body of the mother who exists in her daughter's inner pain gets the woman writer to write, substituting the symbolic father and her male lovers (writing phallus). 모녀관계와 딸의 주체 구성이 서사의 주된 줄기를 형성하는 모계 문학이라는 점에서 박경리와 박완서의 작품은 ‘고향 상실 시대의 부계문학’으로 범박하게 총칭할 수 있는 남성 작가의 전후소설에 대비되는 바 있다. 부계문학이 신화적 모성 혹은 모성적 유토피아를 추구하는 경향을 보인다면, 『시장과 전장』과 『나목』은 모성적 헌신과 아울러 허위와 기만, 소유욕과 광기를 포함한 모성의 실체를 소설화함으로써 모성을 탈신화화한다. 『시장과 전장』에서 어머니 윤씨는 자식의 양육자 ․ 보호자로서의 어머니라는 정체성으로밖에 자기를 재현할 수 없기에 딸을 영원히 피양육자의 자리에 묶어두려 한다. 딸은 어머니의 희생과 헌신에 대하여 적절히 보답하지 못하고 있다는 죄의식에 묶여 자기 인생의 주체로 성숙하지 못한다. 윤씨의 경우와 달리 『나목』에서 이경의 어머니는 ‘아들의 어머니’로서의 가부장제적인 제한된 정체성에 집착하는 인물이다. ‘아들의 어머니’이기만 한 어머니로부터 상처받은 딸은 살아 있음에 대한 죄의식이라는 일종의 정신적 질병에 걸린다. 한국전쟁과 남성 가장의 죽음이라는 사건은 가부장제하에서 제도화된 모녀관계에 은폐되어 있던 모순을 노출시키고 새로운 형태의 관계 정립을 강제하는 극적 계기가 된다. 전쟁으로 인한 수난상황이 심각해질수록 지영은 생명의 힘을 신뢰하게 되고 어린 자식들에 대하여 강한 모성애를 발휘한다. 그 와중에 일어난 어머니의 죽음은 역설적으로 딸의 어머니 되기의 여정을 완성시킨다. 한편 『나목』의 어머니는 현실과 삶을 부정하고 환상과 죽음 충동 속에서 목숨을 이어간다. 어머니의 모성애 시나리오 안에는 가부장과 아들의 자리만 있고 딸의 자리가 없다. 마침내 어머니가 죽자, 이경은 어머니의 죽음이 자기 때문이라는 가상 시나리오를 만들어 보지만, 곧 ‘아들의 어머니’에 집착하는 모성애이거나 무한히 이타적이고 희생적인 모성애이거나 간에 이데올로기적 허상 내지는 거짓말에 불과하다는 사실을 깨닫는다. 고가(古家)의 해체를 통해 한 번 더 이루어진 어머니의 죽음을 바라보면서 이경은 낡은 주체를 허물고 새로운 주체를 구성하기 위한 제의적 고통을 느낀다. 어머니가 죽은 이후에야 이경은 내면의 은밀한 통증을 기제로 글쓰기라는 도구를 통해 죽은 어머니와 청춘의 통과제의를 호출한다. 자기 안의 통증으로 존재하는 어머니의 몸이, 상징적 아버지와 남성 연인들이라는 ‘글쓰기 팰러스(writing phallus)’를 대체하고 작가로 하여금 글쓰기에 이르도록 한 것이다.

기혼남성이 지각하는 장모지지와 결혼만족도간의 관계 : 장모-사위관계만족도의 매개효과

김혜리,문정희,안정신 한국가족관계학회 2012 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.17 No.2

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the mediation effect of relationship between mother-in-law and son-in-law on the relationship between the perceived support of mother-in-law and the marital satisfaction of married men. The subjects of the study were 320 married men not living with their mother-in-law and not having married children in five metropolitan area. For data analysis, frequency, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis were used. Collected data were analyzed by the SPSS 12.0 program. The main results of this study were as follows. First, the relationship safisfaction between mother-in-law and son-in-law had a partial mediation effect on the reatlinship between the emotional support from mother-in-law and marital satisfaction of married men. Second, the relationship satisfaction between the instrumental support from mother-in-law and marital safisfaction of married men. This study shows the importance of support from mother-in-law and reationship with mother-in-law on son-in-law's marital satisfaction.

장모-사위 간 관계 변인이 사위의 관계 만족도 및 부정적 지각에 미치는 영향

전세송 ( Se Song Jeon ),김수경 ( Sue Kyung Kim ),전귀연 ( Gwee Yeon Jeon ) 대한가정학회 2011 Family and Environment Research Vol.49 No.7

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of relationship variables between mother-in-law and son-inlaw on a son-in-law`s relation-satisfaction and negative perception. The son-in-law subjects were 319 married men aged 20-70 years, who were living their mother-in-laws in Daegu, Kyungpook, the Seoul National Capital Area(Seoul, Kyeonggy, Incheon), Busan or Kyungnam. The major findings of this study are as follows: (1) there was a significant difference in a son-in-law`s relation-satisfaction of his relationship with his mother-in-law according to the number of children and (2) mutual support and a mother-in-law`s conflicting attitude toward her son-in-law affected the son-in-law`s relation-satisfaction and negative perception of his relationship with his mother-in-law.

Reclaiming Mother—Son Relationships on Mothers’ Own Terms

Yi-lin Yu 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2018 Asian Women Vol.34 No.3

사위가 경험하는 장서관계: 근거이론적 접근

박소영 ( So Young Park ) 한국가족관계학회 2015 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.19 No.4

To explore men``s experiences of relationship with mothers-in-law, this study conducted a qualitative study using grounded theory. The data were collected from 15 participants and analyzed into 111 concepts, 25 sub-categories and 11 categories. The results showed that the core category was ``the visitors for centuries become a true family through hard and uncomfortable relationship" The sons-in-law and mothers-in-law relationship was classified into 4 types; ``welcomed guest for centuries``, ``my true beloved son``, ``butler``, and ``uninvited guest``. The results are expected to be a basic data to develop sons and mothers-in-law relationship and prevent the dissolution of family by alleviating the conflicts of sons and mothers-in-law.