Fuzzy Linearity of the Seminormed Fuzzy Integrals of Interval-valued Functions

김미혜(Mi-Hye Kim),김미숙(Mi-Suk Kim),이석종(Seok Jong Lee) 한국지능시스템학회 2004 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.14 No.3

일반적으로 Lebesgue 적분에서 성립하지만 퍼지적분에서 성립되지 않는 성질이 몇 가지 있다. 그 중 하나가 선형성이다. 본 논문에서는 선형성 표현식에서 덧셈을 supremum 으로 곱셈을 infimum으로 대신한 퍼지선형성의 정의를 소개하고 구간값을 갖는 함수의 준노름 퍼지적분이 퍼지가법성을 갖는 퍼지 측도와 연속인 준 노름이 saturated 조건을 만족할 때, [Max] 조건을 만족하는 가측함수에 대해 퍼지선형성이 성립함을 보였다. In general, the fuzzy integral lacks some important properties that Lebesgue integral possesses. One of them is linearity. In this paper, we introduce fuzzy linearity in which we use the supremum and the infimum instead of additon and scalar multiplication in the expression of linearity and show that the fuzzy linearity of the seminormed fuzzy integrals of interval-valued functions when the fuzzy measure g is fuzzy additive, the continuous t-seminorm is saturated and measurable functions satisfy the condition[Max].

임상보고 가능범위의 실증적 연구

장상우 ( Sang Wu Chang ),이상곤 ( Sang Gon Lee ),최호성 ( Ho Seong Choi ),송은영 ( Eun Young Song ),박용원 ( Yong Won Park ),이인애 ( In Ae Lee ) 대한임상검사과학회 2007 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.39 No.1

The purpose of the clinically reportable range (CRR) in clinical chemistry is to estimate linearity in working range. The reportable range includes all results that may be reliably reported, and embraces two types of ranges: the analytical measurement range (AMR) is the range of analyte values that a method can directly measure on the specimen without any dilution, concentration, or other pretreatment not part of the usual assay process. CAP and JCAHO require linearity on analyzers every six months. The clinically reportable range is the range of analyte values that a method can measure, allowing for specimen dilution, concentration, or other pretreatment used to extend the direct analytical measurement range. The AMR cannot exceed the manufacturer’s limits. Establishing AMR is easily accomplished with Calibration Verification Assessment and experimental Linearity. For example: The manufacturer states that the limits of the AST on their instrument are 0-1100. The lowest level that could be verified is 2. The upper level is 1241. The verified AMR of the instrument is 2-1241. The lower limit of the range is 2, because that is the lowest level that could be verified by the laboratory. The laboratory could not use the manufacturer’s lower limit of 2 because they have not proven that the instrument values below 2 are valid. The upper limit of the range is 1241, because although the lab has shown that the instrument is linear to 1241, the manufacturer does not make that claim. The laboratory needs to demonstrate the accuracy and precision of the analyzer, as well the validation of the patient AMR. Linearity requirements have been eliminated from the CLIA regulations and from the CAP inspection criteria, however, many inspectors continue to feel that linearity studies are a part of good lab practice and should be encouraged. If a lab chooses to continue linearity studies, these studies must fully comply with the calibration/calibration verification requirements of CLIA and/or CAP. The results of lower limit and upper limit of clinically reportable range were total protein (2.1 - 79.9), albumin (1.3 - 39), total bilirubin (0.2 - 106.2), alkaline phosphatase (13 - 6928.2), aspartate aminotransferase (24 - 7446), alanine aminotransferase (13 - 6724.2), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (16.64 - 9904.2), creatine kinase (15.26 - 4723.8), lactate dehydrogenase (127.66 - 13231.8), creatinine (0.4 - 129.6), blood urea nitrogen (8.67 - 925.8), uric acid (1.6 - 151.2), total cholesterol (48.52 - 3162), triglycerides (36.91 - 3367.8), glucose (31 - 4218), amylase (21 - 6694.2), calcium (3.1 - 118.2), inorganic phosphorus (1.11 - 108), HDL (11.74 - 666), NA (58.3 - 1800), K (1.0 - 69.6), CL (38 - 1230).

Linearity-Distortion Analysis of GME-TRC MOSFET for High Performance and Wireless Applications

Malik, Priyanka,Gupta, R.S.,Chaujar, Rishu,Gupta, Mridula The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2011 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.11 No.3

In this present paper, a comprehensive drain current model incorporating the effects of channel length modulation has been presented for multi-layered gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (MLGME-TRC) MOSFET and the expression for linearity performance metrics, i.e. higher order transconductance coefficients: $g_{m1}$, $g_{m2}$, $g_{m3}$, and figure-of-merit (FOM) metrics; $V_{IP2}$, $V_{IP3}$, IIP3 and 1-dB compression point, has been obtained. It is shown that, the incorporation of multi-layered architecture on gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (GME-TRC) MOSFET leads to improved linearity performance in comparison to its conventional counterparts trapezoidal recessed channel (TRC) and rectangular recessed channel (RRC) MOSFETs, proving its efficiency for low-noise applications and future ULSI production. The impact of various structural parameters such as variation of work function, substrate doping and source/drain junction depth ($X_j$) or negative junction depth (NJD) have been examined for GME-TRC MOSFET and compared its effectiveness with MLGME-TRC MOSFET. The results obtained from proposed model are verified with simulated and experimental results. A good agreement between the results is obtained, thus validating the model.

Linearity-Distortion Analysis of GME- TRC MOSFET for High Performance and Wireless Applications

Priyanka Malik,R.S. Gupta,Rishu Chaujar,Mridula Gupta 대한전자공학회 2011 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.11 No.3

In this present paper, a comprehensive drain current model incorporating the effects of channel length modulation has been presented for multi-layered gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (MLGME-TRC) MOSFET and the expression for linearity performance metrics, i.e. higher order transconductance coefficients: gm1, gm2, gm3, and figure-of-merit (FOM) metrics; VIP2, VIP3, IIP3 and I-dB compression point, has been obtained. It is shown that, the incorporation of multi-layered architecture on gate material engineered trapezoidal recessed channel (GME-TRC) MOSFET leads to improved linearity performance in comparison to its conventional counterparts trapezoidal recessed channel (TRC) and rectangular recessed channel (RRC) MOSFETs, proving its efficiency for low-noise applications and future ULSI production. The impact of various structural parameters such as variation of work function, substrate doping and source/drain junction depth (Xj) or negative junction depth (NJD) have been examined for GME- TRC MOSFET and compared its effectiveness with MLGME-TRC MOSFET. The results obtained from proposed model are verified with simulated and experimental results. A good agreement between the results is obtained, thus validating the model.

검량보정 검증의 실험적 적합성에 대한 연구 -치료적 약물검사를 중심으로-

장상우 ( Sang Wu Chang ),김남용 ( Nam Yong Kim ),최호성 ( Ho Sung Choi ),박용원 ( Yong Won Park ),추경복 ( Gyung Bok Chu ),윤근영 ( Keun Young Yun ),박병옥 ( Byung Ok Park ) 대한임상검사과학회 2005 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.37 No.1

The purpose of this study was to verify (i) a consistent calibration verification for the assessment of method linearity and (ii) calibration agreement with calibration settings. We validated calibration verification through method linearity with different lot number of individual calibrators that span the working range for 9 tests except salicylate with control sample in test. We evaluated that it covered broad analyte range to assay from near zero to the top of the measuring range with 5 or 6 points every three times for 10 analytes in TDM test. Target values were plotted on X-axis with assigned or observed values on the Y-axis. Working range were as follows. Calibration verification of the measuring range (maximum to minimum values) has been validated asetaminophen 0.1 to 304.6 μg/mL, salicylate 0 to 1005 μg/mL, valproic acid 3.2 to 154.19 μ g/mL, digoxin 0.17 to 5.65 ng/mL, vancomycine 1.3 to 80.51 μg/mL, carbarmazepine 0.1 to 22.3 μg/mL, phenytonin 0.6 to 40.21 μg/mL, theophyline 0.2 to 40.21 μg/mL, primidone 0 to 24.07 μg/mL, phenobarbital 0.6 to 60.0 μg/mL. Drawing a straight line through five or six points of these data showed good linearity. We are sure that it is important to assess the calibration verification of a test method to ascertain the lowest and highest test results that are reliable.

전자회로의 입력신호 제어용 곱셈연산기 개발

김종호 ( Jong-ho Kim ),장홍기 ( Hong-ki Chang ),권대식 ( Dae-shik Kwon ),최규식 ( Gyu-shik Che ) 한국항행학회 2018 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.22 No.2

원전 주요계통의 전자카드에는 열화상태를 평가하기 위한 곱셈기가 필요하며, 이것은 두 개의 입력신호를 곱하는 기능을 가진 것으로서 실제 신호처리를 할 때 곱셈의 정확성을 기하기가 어렵다. 곱셈기 회로에서 중요한 것은 곱셈값이 정확해야 된다는 것과 곱셈의 선형성이 완벽해야 한다는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 연산증폭기와 트랜지스터의 특성을 이용하여 선형성이 우수한 곱셈기를 개발하여 본 논문에서 제시하여 정당성을 입증하려 하였다. 이와 같은 개발회로로서 정확한 곱셈과 곱셈의 우수한 선형성을 확보하기 위해 반도체의 비선형적인 요인을 제거하도록 노력하였다. 개발된 회로의 우수성을 입증하기 위해 개발된 회로에 적합한 각종 부품값을 부여하여 시뮬레이션으로서 곱셈연산을 수행하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과로서 단계별로 출력파형을 보였으며, 논리적인 분석치와 측정치를 비교분석하였다. 이 방법은 기존의 방법들에 비하여 곱셈결과와 선형성이 우수하다는 것을 확인하였다. The multiplier circuit is necessary to estimate degradation status of electronic cards in nuclear power plant, but its accuracy is not easy in processing those functions to multiply two input signals. What is important in multiplier circuit is that the multiplication result must be accurate and its linearity must be perfect. We developed and proposed excellent linearity multiplier circuit using operational amplifiers and transistor characteristics, and then proved its validity in this paper. We have made efforts to eliminate nonlinearity components of semiconductors with this circuit in order to ensure excellent linearity of developed multiplier circuit. We conducted multiplication operations through simulation, applying adequate values to each component in order to verify the circuit composed of that method. We showed step-by-step output signals, and then compared the logical analyses and measuring results as simulation results. We confirmed that this method is superior to existing multiplication or linearity.

변화 실행과정의 블랙박스: 변화과정의 순서와 선형성에 관한 단일 사례연구

한수진,김언수 한국전략경영학회 2007 전략경영연구 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study is to explore the change sequences and linearity of implementation process which has received little research attention. Even though there are a few studies on change implementation, our understanding is still limited regarding the order in which different parts of an organization should be transformed and the transition process which early change theorists described as a linear process. One of the main reasons for the lack of change implementation studies stems from the difficulties of research method which requires a longitudinal and in-depth qualitative approach. These theoretical and methodological problems are addressed in this study. Time period covered by this study is over a period of 2 years and 4 months including 9 months of on-site interviews and observation. While the entire implementation process of the target company is one big case, it is composed of fifteen sub-cases that are compared to find certain pattern of change sequences and linearity. The major findings of this study are as follows. First, "high impact" and core elements were found in the critical time of change process, in other words during the early phase of change and implementation, to achieve effective organization change because change of such noticeable elements was accompanied with sense of urgency that was a key to change acceptance by employees. Second, while typical organization change sequence of preparation formulation implementation settlement was observed in the target company without major change, consolidation between steps and modification of change steps were also found. Finally, implementation of a large scale change studies turned out to be a nonlinear process characterized by delays, reversals, and oscillations of planned activities, due to unexpected incidents within and without an organization. These findings help us to enrich the understanding of change implementation process which has been considered as a black box and to offer some implications on how to handle change implementation. 본 논문은 "변화가 실행되는 과정"에 대한 조직변화 연구가 미흡하다는 점에 착안하여, 실행 과정의 변화 순서 및 선형성 파악을 목적으로 한다. 이전 연구들에서는, 조직 변화 시 어떠한 요소(핵심적 요소 vs주변적 요소)를 먼저 변화시켜야 할 것인가에 대한 일관된 답을 찾지 못하고 있었으며, 조직 변화의 선형성에 있어서도 검증되지 않은 상태에서 의구심만이 증가되고 있었던 상황이었다. 이와 같은 실행 연구 분야의 현실은 종단적 심층 연구의 부족에서 기인된 것이라 판단하여, 본 연구는9개월의 참여관찰을 포함한 총 28개월간의 연구기간 동안 변화 전략 수립, 실행과정을 추적하였다. 조직변화과정 중 나타난 15개 사례들을 비교 분석하여 실행 과정의 순서 및 선형성을 파악하였다. 연구 분석 결과로는 첫째, 변화의 가장 첫 단계 및 실행의 첫 단계에 조직 구성원들에게 영향력이높은 핵심적인 사안 및 요소의 변화를 의도적으로 배치시키는 것이 보다 효과적인 조직 변화를 이끌수 있음을 발견하였다. 이는 영향력이 강한 요소의 변화가 조직 변화 초기단계의 필요요소인 위기감형성에 중요한 역할을 하기 때문으로 파악된다. 둘째, 준비-수립-실행-정착의 조직변화 단계는 크게달라지지는 않지만, 각 단계별 혼합과 변형의 형태가 나타나게 된다. 또한, 변화 과정 중 실행 단계에서는 대규모 조직 변화의 실행과정은 의도되지 않은 내부사건 및 외부사건들에 의하여 영향을 받은 결과, 계획된 실행사례의 지연, 계획보다 앞당겨 실행, 계획되지 않은 사례의 실행 등의 통합으로비선형성의 특성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 실증 분석 결과를 토대로 기존에 블랙박스로 여겨지던 조직 변화의 실행 과정에 대한 이해의틀을 마련하고, 효과적 실행 방안을 모색할 수 있는 시사점을 도출 하였다.

㎓-대역 저잡음 증폭기의 선형성 향상에 관한 연구

노석호(Seok-Ho Noh),류지열(Jee-Youl Ryu) 한국정보기술학회 2019 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.17 No.9

This paper presents study results for linearity improvement of ㎓-band low noise amplifier(LNA). To verify this linearity improvement, we fabricated the proposed circuit using TSMC 0.13-㎛ mixed signal/RF BiCMOS SiGe process(f<SUB>T</SUB>/f<SUB>MAX</SUB>=120/140㎓). The fabricated amplifier also operates at the power supply of 1.2V, and it is implemented to operate at the frequency of 2.4㎓. We used the MOS-BJT derivative superposition(MBDS) technique to achieve high linearity. To reduce the second-order nonlinear transconductance coefficient related to the enhancement of linearity, the LC tank circuit is paralleled in the emitter of bipolar transistor. We also connected two fee㏈ack capacitances in the base-to-collector and gate-to-drain capacitances to adjust the phase of third-order nonlinear coefficients of bipolar and MOS transistors, respectively. The proposed LNA showed excellent IIP3 of 26.7㏈m compared to recently published results.

LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9의 수행능 평가

정태동,강현정,김민숙,김소영,이우창,전사일,민원기 대한진단검사의학회 2013 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.3 No.3

Background: The Samsung LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9 (Samsung electronics, Korea) was developed as a point-of-care (POC) testing device. The levels of 9 analytes, namely, albumin, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and total protein, could be evaluated simultaneously by using 70 μL of whole blood, plasma, or serum samples. In this study, we assessed the performance of the Samsung LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9. Methods: The precision and linearity of the test were evaluated according to the CLSI EP5-A2 and CLSI EP6-A guidelines, respectively. Correlational analyses between Samsung LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9 and Cobas 8000 modular analyzer (Roche, Switzerland) were carried out as per the CLSI EP9-A2 guidelines. Additionally, the results between 3 different specimen types, whole blood, plasma, and serum samples obtained from the same individual were compared to evaluate the matrix effect. Results: The total imprecision at both low and high levels of the 9 analytes was within 10% and in the clinically important concentration range for all test items, all obtained results were linear. We compared the above results with those obtained using Cobas 8000 and a good correlation was observed with a correlation coefficient of more than 0.975 for all 9 analytes. Simple linear regression analyses between the 3 different specimen types indicated that there was no statistically significant difference (P <0.001). Conclusions: The Samsung LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9 showed good precision and linearity when compared to established assays for 9 clinical test items and could be useful in cases where the POC testing is required. 배경: Samsung LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9 (Samsung electronics,Korea)은 현장검사용으로 개발되어 혈청, 혈장 검체 뿐 아니라 전혈에서 알부민, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, 혈당, 총빌리루빈, 직접빌리루빈, 총단백 등 9가지 항목을 동시에 측정할 수 있다. 본 연구는Samsung LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9의 수행능을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: CLSI 지침에 따라 9가지 일반화학 검사 항목에 대해 정밀도,직선성, 기존 장비와의 상관성을 평가하였다. 또한 검체 종류에 따른 기질효과를 평가하기 위해 동일 환자의 전혈, 혈장, 혈청 검체로9가지 항목을 측정하여 비교하였다. 기존 장비와의 평가에는 Cobas8000 modular analyzer (Roche, Switzerland)를 사용하였다. 결과: 9가지 검사 항목의 저농도와 고농도에서 총 정밀도는 모두10% 이내였고, 모든 검사 항목은 임상적으로 중요한 범위에서 직선성을 나타내었다. 기존 장비와의 상관성 평가에서 9가지 항목 모두 상관계수 0.975 이상으로 우수한 상관성을 나타내었다. 전혈, 혈장, 혈청 검체 간 단순선형회귀분석에서 9가지 항목 모두 통계적으로 유의한 상관성이 있었다. 결론: Samsung LABGEO PT Hepatic Test 9은 9가지 일반화학 검사 항목 측정에 있어 정밀도, 직선성 및 기존 장비와의 상관성이우수하여 현장검사가 필요한 곳에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

KOMPSAT-2 영상과 IKONOS/GEOEYE-1 영상의 밝기값 상호비교

김혜연,김태정,이혁,Kim, Hye-On,Kim, Tae-Jung,Lee, Hyuk 대한원격탐사학회 2012 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.28 No.2

최근 수질추정을 위한 고해상도 위성영상의 활용 가능성에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 그러나 고해상도 위성영상에서의 수면지역의 낮은 SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)과 밝기값 비선형성과 같은 방사학적 오차는 수질추정 정확도를 감소시키는 원인이 된다. 이에 따라 위성영상을 이용한 정확한 수질추정을 위해서는 방사학적 보정이 반드시 수행되어져야 하나 KOMPSAT-2 위성영상의 경우 밝기값과 입사광량간 변환관계식이 제공되지 않기 때문에 이러한 방사학적 보정에 어려움이 존재한다. 따라서 수질모니터링에 KOMPSAT-2 영상을 활용하기 위해서는 밝기값 비선형성과 내륙 수면지역의 잡음현상을 실험적으로 파악할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 충분한 검보정을 통해 선형성이 보장되고 있는 IKONOS와 GeoEye-1 영상을 기준영상으로 사용하여 동일시기에 동일지역을 촬영한 KOMPSAT-2 영상과의 밝기값 상호비교를 수행하였다. 상호비교 결과, 기준영상에 비해 KOMPSAT-2 영상의 잡음은 다소 높게 나타나나 밝기값의 경향 및 잡음의 크고 작은 패턴은 정확하게 일치하였고 KOMPSAT-2 영상 내 잡음의 영향이 최소화되는 적절한 영역의 크기는 $5{\times}5$로 나타났다. 또한 모든 실험 영상에서 밝기값의 비선형성은 존재하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 실험결과는 KOMPSAT-2 영상이 클로로필 농도와 같은 수질인자 추정을 위해 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다. Recently, interest in potential for estimating water quality using high resolution satellite images is increasing. However, low SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio) over inland water and radiometric errors such as non-linearity of brightness value of high resolution satellite images often lead to accuracy degradation in water quality estimation. Therefore radiometric correction should be carried out to estimate water quality for high resolution satellite images. For KOMPSAT-2 images parameters for brightness value-radiance conversion are not available and precise radiometric correction is difficult. To exploit KOMPSAT-2 images for water quality monitoring, it is necessary to investigate non-linearity of brightness value and noise over inland water. In this paper, we performed brightness value comparison between KOMPSAT-2 images and IKONOS/GeoEye-1, which are known to show the linearity. We used the images obtained over the same area and on the same date for comparison. As a result, we showed that although KOMPSAT-2 images are more noisy;the trend of brightness value and pattern of noise are almost similar to reference images. The results showed that appropriate target area to minimize the impact of noise was $5{\times}5$. Non-linearity of brightness value between KOMPSAT-2 and reference images was not observed. Therefore we could conclude that KOMPSAT-2 may be used for estimation of water quality parameters such as concentration of chlorophyll.