『동문유해(同文類解)』의 만주어(滿洲語)한글 표기 체계에 대하여

김유범 ( Yu Pum Kim ),김미미 ( Mi Mi Kim ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2013 民族文化硏究 Vol.58 No.-

본고는 조선시대 간행된 한조만(漢朝滿) 어휘집인 『同文類解』(1748)에 나타난 한글 표기 및 구별 기호에 대해 문헌 전체의 용례를 검토하여 그 특징을 개관하고 구별 기호의 성격을 파악해 보고자 하였다. 만주어 한글 전사의 구체적인 모습은 청학서(淸學書) 가운데 하나인 『同文類解』를 통해 살펴볼 수 있는데, 여기에 사용된 한글의 조합 방식이 매우 독특하다. 또한 『同文類解』의 전사에는 문자적 요소인 한글뿐만 아니라 이와 구분되는 몇 가지 구별 기호들이 사용되었는데, 각기호들은 그 모양과 위치에 따라 서로 다른 기능을 가진 것으로 보인다. 본고에서는 먼저 『同文類解』의 만주어 한글 표기의 체계를 각각 초성, 중성, 종성으로 나누어 살펴보고, 만주어의 한글 표기를 전산화하기 위해 구별 기호(°, ┚)가 포함된 한글 표기에 대한 적절한 입력 방안을 마련해 보았다. 이어서 구별 기호를중심으로 그 종류 및 기능에 대해 논의하였다. 본고는 연구 방법의 측면에서 만주어의 한글 표기에 사용된 구별 기호에 대해 『同文類解』의 전체 용례를 정리하고 검토하였다는 점에서 연구사적 의의를 지닌다. This study aims to look into the transcription system of Manchurian using Hangeul in Dong-Mun-Yu-Hae(同文類解), especially the diacritics presenting the various phonetic properties of Manchurian. It is presumed that the diacritics have diverse functions according to their forms and positions. Nevertheless, so far there has been no clear explanation about it. It is important to focus on the fact that Hangeul was used to transcribe Manchurian in the Joseon Dynasty since 18th century. This Hangeul transcription of Manchurian could offer the different and specific information about Manchurian and help us to understand the phonological aspect of Manchurian. In this study, we look into the whole text of Dong-Mun-Yu-Hae(同文類解) and classify the functions of diacritics used in this text. In addition, we propose the way of computerizing the diacritics with simple signs consisting of circle and line. Although we could not make clear the functions of diacritics completely, this kind of study will lay the foundation for further study of Manchurian.

이론비평'을 통한 비평이론 교육

강우성(Woosung Kang) 한국영미문학교육학회 2013 영미문학교육 Vol.17 No.3

This paper purports to present practical teaching models and curriculum of literary theory at a graduate level in Korea by examining the theoretical and pedagogical implications of what might be termed "Theory Criticism" in several academic journals in Anglophone culture for the past 10 years. Critically analysing the recent trends of theory studies, especially during the period after the so-called "the Death of Theory," I argue that journals devoted to theory demonstrated the significant change in doing theory in terms of thinking possibilities of political potentiality and cultural diversification of theory itself. Among various journals, Diacritics, Critical Inquiry, and Parallax are chosen for their consistent commitment to the theoretical discussion in the field of literary studies. Theoretical concerns of these journals after 2005 can best be classified under three categories: increasing political interest, continued devotion to cultural or aesthetic phenomena, and the renewed reflection on what makes a theory a theory. Current shifts in theory studies mark a crucial challenge to our literary theory education in Korea, where classroom situation now suffers a dire lack of the discipline in critical thinking amidst relative proliferation of critical discourse outside the academia. One way to overcome such an indigence of theoretical education in Korea may come from the lesson of recent political turn of theory in Anglophone studies. It is urgent as well as necessary to positively adopt the pedagogy of theory criticism while maintaining the text-based close reading in dealing with theoretical texts. For this task, I present three teaching models practically applicable in literary theory education in Korea: seminar on theory criticism, theoretical encounter with literary texts, and thematic approach to theory. As the case of actual teaching experience based on the thematic approach indicates, literary theory education via "theory criticism" proved not only viable but practicable as well. The aim of teaching literary theory should be geared to enhance none other than the faculty of critical thinking itself.

Three notes on globalization of hangul

Chin-W . Kim 국제언어인문학회 2017 인문언어 Vol.19 No.1

The paper discusses and proposes two simple ways to modernize and globalize Hangul, the Korean script, in order to keep pace with the age of globalization, namely, (1) the use of a diacritic mark (a small circle, the so-called “a light labial” mark), and (2) the use of hyphen at the end of a line for words that would be broken into two non-words when changing lines, as is done in every Western orthography. Finally, the author raises the ethicality of exporting Hangul for the official script of some minority groups (e.g., Ccia-Ccia, Solomon Islands). Aside from the issue whether or not the Hangul letters are adequate to represent their languages, the ethicality of such venture is questioned when the dominant script in the world is the Roman alphabet and the government of a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual nation to which the minority tribes belong strives to unify the language and the script for the national identity and unity.

Graphemes Segmentation for Arabic Online Handwriting Modeling

( Houcine Boubaker ),( Najiba Tagougui ),( Haikal El Abed ),( Monji Kherallah ),( Adel M. Alimi ) 한국정보처리학회 2014 Journal of information processing systems Vol.10 No.4

In the cursive handwriting recognition process, script trajectory segmentation and modeling represent an important task for large or open lexicon context that becomes more complicated in multi-writer applications. In this paper, we will present a developed system of Arabic online handwriting modeling based on graphemes segmentation and the extraction of its geometric features. The main contribution consists of adapting the Fourier descriptors to model the open trajectory of the segmented graphemes. To segment the trajectory of the handwriting, the system proceeds by first detecting its baseline by checking combined geometric and logic conditions. Then, the detected baseline is used as a topologic reference for the extraction of particular points that delimit the graphemes’ trajectories. Each segmented grapheme is then represented by a set of relevant geometric features that include the vector of the Fourier descriptors for trajectory shape modeling, normalized metric parameters that model the grapheme dimensions, its position in respect to the baseline, and codes for the description of its associated diacritics.

Graphemes Segmentation for Arabic Online Handwriting Modeling

Boubaker, Houcine,Tagougui, Najiba,El Abed, Haikal,Kherallah, Monji,Alimi, Adel M. Korea Information Processing Society 2014 Journal of information processing systems Vol.10 No.4

In the cursive handwriting recognition process, script trajectory segmentation and modeling represent an important task for large or open lexicon context that becomes more complicated in multi-writer applications. In this paper, we will present a developed system of Arabic online handwriting modeling based on graphemes segmentation and the extraction of its geometric features. The main contribution consists of adapting the Fourier descriptors to model the open trajectory of the segmented graphemes. To segment the trajectory of the handwriting, the system proceeds by first detecting its baseline by checking combined geometric and logic conditions. Then, the detected baseline is used as a topologic reference for the extraction of particular points that delimit the graphemes' trajectories. Each segmented grapheme is then represented by a set of relevant geometric features that include the vector of the Fourier descriptors for trajectory shape modeling, normalized metric parameters that model the grapheme dimensions, its position in respect to the baseline, and codes for the description of its associated diacritics.

Polish printed book and the development of Polish spelling system

Tomasz Lisowski 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2003 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.12 No.1

폴란드가 A.D.966년 라틴 기독교 문화를 받아들였을 때, 폴란드 문화는 서유럽 문명 사회의 일원이 되었다. 폴란드인들이 라틴 알파벳을 받아들였으나 당시 폴란드어의 풍부한 음운적인 체계를 표현하기엔 적절치 못했다. 중세를 거쳐 16세기 초 다음과 같은 단계를 거치면서 폴란드어 철자의 기능을 증대시키기 위해 노력했다: simple spelling, complex spelling, diacritical spelling, 새로운 문자를 소개함으로써 철자의 부족한 부분을 보충. 16세기 초 폴란드어 인쇄물이 대중화되고 발행인들이 철자 체계를 억지로 규범화시킨 결과 1521년과 1522년 크라쿠프에서 인쇄된 책들은 두 가지의 경쟁적인 철자 체계를 나타냈다. 하나는 Hieronim Wietor의 인쇄소에서 받아들인 것과 다른 하나는 Jan Sandecki에 의해 만들어진 것이다. 이 두 체계는 현대 폴란드어 철자 체계의 기초를 만들었으나 주로 1521, 1522년 Hieronim Wietor인쇄소에서 발행된 텍스트에 의해 그 형식을 갖추게 되었다. When Poland accepted Latin Christianity in A.D. 966, the Polish culture became a part of Western European civilisation. Poles adopted the Latin alphabet which was, however, inadequate for representing the rich phonological system of the Polish language of that time. Throughout the Middle Ages and until the beginning of the 16th century efforts were made to increase the functionality of Polish spelling (through stages of simple spelling, complex spelling, diacritical spelling, supplementing the spelling pool by introducing new letters). The beginning of the 16th century saw the popularisation of Polish printed books, which forced publishers to standardise their spelling system. As a result, books printed in 1521 and 1522 in Cracow demonstrate two competitive spelling systems, the system applied in the printing house of Hieronim Wietor and the system put forward by Jan Sandecki. These two systems make up the foundations of the contemporary spelling system of the Polish language which, however, mostly uses solutions suggested in the system of the printing house of Hieronim Wietor.

『同文類解』 만주어 한글 표기의 전산 입력 방안

오민석 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2017 東洋學 Vol.69 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to suggest a proposal for processing the writing Manchu in Hangeul in 『Dong-Mun-Yu-Hae(同文類解)』 by computer. Unlike general writing in Hangeul, the diacritical mark which is an application of grapheme of Manchuapply can appear around the Hangeul. Reflecting this diacritical mark on the writing in Hangeul was difficult untill now. For convenience, the study that using the phoneme to divide the Hangeul for examining was in progress. However, there is the problem in this research. For solving it, the paper suggested a new Input solution which was made by diacritical mark with phoneme, and also described how apply the new Input solution to the study briefly 본고는 『동문유해』(1748)에 기입된 만주어 한글 표기를 전산 입력하기 위한 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 『동문유해』에는 일반적인 한글 표기와는 달리 만주문자의 자형을 응용한 구별 기호가 한글 표기의주변에 병기되어 나타나기도 한다. 지금까지는 이 구별 기호를 한글 표기에 반영하는 데 많은 어려움이 있어왔고 편의상 음소단위로 한글을 쪼개어서 살펴보는 연구가 진행되었다. 그러나 본고에서는 이처럼 음소단위로살펴보았던 기존의 논의가 편의상의 측면을 넘어 문제점이 있음을 관찰하고 이를 해결하기 위해 구별 기호와함께 음절 단위로 표기할 수 있는 새로운 입력방안을 제안하였다. 또한 이 새로운 입력방안을 이용한 말뭉치를 연구에 어떻게 활용할 수 있는지도 간략히 언급하였다.

同文類解와 그 만주어 한글 표기법 검토

고동호 한국알타이학회 2013 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.23

This paper aims to examine the bibliography and composition of Dongmun yuhae, and methods of writing Manchu words in Hangeul in Dongmun yuhae published in 1748. The Manchu language was generally written in their own letter, but sometimes in other scripts. Dongmun yuhae is the earliest book among the extant manchu ones in which the Manchu language is written in Hangeul. In this paper, I examined the bibliographical characteristics and composition of this book in the first. And I analysed Manchu words and methods of writing them in Hangeul, based on the forms in Manchu dictionaries which were published earlier than Dongmun yuhae. As a result, it was found out that almost all the Manchu words in the book had their sources from early Manchu dictionaries, and for the accuracy, the Korean letter is used with diacritic marks in sophisticated manner.

동문류해(同文類解) 만주어의 한글 표기

고동호 ( Dong Ho Ko ) 한국알타이학회 2013 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.23

This paper aims to examine the methods of writing Manchu words in the Korean letter, Hangeul, in Dongmun yuae pebliched in 1748. The Manchu language was generally written in its own letter or Chinese characters, but sometimes also in other scripts. Dongmun yuhae is the earliest book among the extant Manchu ones in which the Manchu lan-guage is written in Hangeul. In this paper, I examined the bibliographical characteristics and composition of this book in the first. Secondly, In ana-lysed methods of writing Manchu words in Hangeul, based on the forms in Manchu dictionaries which were published earlier than Dongmun yuhae. As a result, In found out that almost all the Manchu words in the book had their sources from early Manchu dictionaries, and words in Hangeul are easily transformed into those in Manchu letters, due to principles of correspondences of them and use of diacritic marks.

日本語 訓點資料에서 坡音의 의미

小助川貞次(Kosukegawa Teiji),吳美寧(번역자) 구결학회 2008 구결연구 Vol.20 No.-

漢文訓讀은 漢字文化圈에 공통적으로 존재하는 현상이다. 漢文 플텍스트에 직접 加點한 자료는 일본어, 중국어, 한국어, 베트남어에 의해 加點된 것이 존재한다. 각각의 언어에 특수하게 나타나는 것과 공통적으로 나타나는 것에 대해 논의할 수 있는 단계에 이르렀다. 본고에서는 모든 언어에 공통적으로 나타나는 破音에 대하여, 특히 일본어 訓點資料에서는 어떠한 의미를 지니는가를 명확하게 하기 위해서 破音 인정상의 문제점을 검토한 후에 岩崎本 古文尙書와 敦煌本 古文尙書(P.3670 및 P.2516)의 破音 加點 부분을 직접 비교하였다. 그 결과 일본어 訓點資料에서 聲點은 후세의 자료에 계승되어 가지만 破音은 형태를 바꾸어 일본어훈으로서 정착해 가고, 岩崎本 古文尙書는 陸德明의 經典釋文과 잘 대응하지만 敦煌本 古文尙書에서는 經典釋文과는 다른 시스템이 배경에 있으나 한편으로는 岩崎本, 敦煌本 두 자료에서 같은 부분에 加點된 예가 존재하며 古文尙書라는 텍스트에 고유한 학문적 기반에 배경에 있다는 것을 알았다.