Factors Influencing Affects and Emotions in 4D Contents

Wan Sun Shin(신완선),Sung H. Han(한성호),Dawoon Joeng(정다운),Kimin Kwon(권기민) 대한인간공학회 2021 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

This study aims to derive the factors that can influence the affects and emotions of the audience when experiencing 4D contents. The 4D content means the audio-visual content with the 4D effect(s) such as the motion effect of the chair, vibration, wind, water, and scent, and etc. Previous studies found that the affects and emotions of the audience are influenced by the audio-visual contents or the 4D effects. However, it is difficult to find the research studies that have comprehensively explored factors influencing affects and emotions. Three experts in affective engineering were able to list up the factors influencing affects and emotions in 4D contents through brainstorming and literature survey. The factors were then classified and organized by card sorting. Brainstorming was conducted in the order of experiencing stimulus constituting 4D contents, sharing the affective/emotional experience, and discussing the factors influencing affects and emotions. The types of stimulus constituting 4D contents are audio-visual contents, motion effects, and 4D contents with both audio-visual contents and motion effect. All stimuli were extracted from the 4D movie and 4D Ride. The factors influencing affects and emotions were discussed based on the shared affective/emotional experience such as specific types of affects/emotions felt and scenes expressing the affects/emotions. The factors were updated through a literature survey. The research about the affective and emotional effects of design elements of 4D contents was reviewed. The taxonomy of the factors influencing affects and emotions was established by card sorting. The taxonomy includes a total of 67 factors, of which 58 were derived from brainstorming and 9 from literature surveys. The 67 factors in the taxonomy were classified into 5 major categories and 17 subcategories. The five major categories consist of content, expressive, physical, individual, and environmental characteristics. The factors in the content, individual, and environmental characteristics were mainly derived from brainstorming while watching the audio-visual contents. The factors in the expressive and physical characteristics were mainly derived from brainstorming while experiencing motion effects. The factors derived from the literature survey compensate demographic and trait factors in individual characteristic, and facility factors in environmental characteristic. In this study, the design elements of 4D contents that influence affects/emotions were derived and classified through brainstorming, literature survey, and card sorting. It is necessary to investigate the degree of impact of the factors in order to design the 4D content audience’s affective/emotional experience. This study is a basic study on designing the affective/emotional 4D contents with motion effects. The taxonomy of the factors influencing affects and emotions be used to improve the audience’s affective/emotional experiences in 4D contents with motion effects such as movies or games.

정동 이론과 목회 돌봄에의 함의

KIM SOO YOUNG SUE 한국목회상담학회 2022 목회와 상담 Vol.38 No.-

In modern times, research on the human body and mind is conducted in various fields such as psychology, physiology, neurology, and brain science, but it is firmly believed that body and mind cannot be separated. In the field of psychological counseling, attempts to connect body and mind have continued. Freud opened a new horizon to understand the human self, which was dominated only by metaphysical understanding, from its relationship with the body. Over 50 years later, Tomkins founded Affect Psychology, focusing on the affect in the drive mentioned by Freud. Tomkins’s theory was later rediscovered by Sedgwick and Frank. Affect in psychology, which originated from Spinoza’s philosophy, also became firmly established through the connection with all academic fields through Deleuze. Affect is a broad concept that encompasses emotions and feelings, and has expanded the horizon of human understanding, and has become a key topic of extensive interdisciplinary research since mid-1990. The purpose of this study is to present the affective life for pastors’ extended self-understanding by introducing affect theory in pastoral care and counseling. I tried to introduce affect theory and apply it to real life by sequentially exploring the affect that Freud discovered, Tomkins’ affect that recreated Freud’s affect, and Massumi’s affect that connected psychology and affect philosophy. Emotions have a vast meaning, including not only all feelings but also behaviors and contexts that cause feelings to occur. Affect is also a central assembly that oversees the human body and external stimuli, and has characteristics that are not captured in consciousness due to the generality of its existence and the freedom of activity. I think it is a meaningful attempt to apply affect with transformation and creativity to the life of the pastor. I found that the self-understanding of pastors, who live affective lives, is a free and open attitude that realizes the state of the body by embracing experiences that are not filtered by the limitations of social culture. It focuses on the encounter between the bodies, aiming at the multifaceted perspective in which the expectation of the churchmen and the stimulus of the pastor create affect. The affective life reveals the process of transforming into a new self by expanding the sensitivity of seeing themselves from the other’s point of view. Through affect theory, which has not been dealt with in the field of pastoral care and counseling so far, pastors will be able to maintain an expanded view of self-understanding more freely.

사회복지사의 변용과 스피노자의 정서와 이성

장정연 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2023 철학·사상·문화 Vol.- No.42

This study attempts to draw the affection of social worker based on the affect and reason that are the basis of Spinoza's philosophy of practice. To this end, this study examined the structure of Spinoza's affect and reason based on the 3rd and 4th parts of 『Ethics』, and examined the affection of social worker according to this structure. The study found that the social worker's affect were generated by external causes, but the social worker's affection wasn't the only external causes. The affect and reason of social worker were being affected into the overdetermination of production of affect, the imitation of affects, the combination and preservation of Conatus, the power of affect and their usefulness to man, the usefulness of affect, and the control of affect. If social workers recognize themselves as a cause, it may provide a clue to move from passion to action in social work practice. This has important implications for the ethical practice of social work. 본 연구는 스피노자의 정서와 이성을 토대로 사회복지사의 변용을 보려는 것이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 『윤리학』 3부와 4부에서 제시된 정서와 이성의 구조에 따라 사회복지사의 변용을 살펴보았다. 연구의 결과 사회복지사는 동물매개활동이라는 외부원인에 의해 정서가 산출되었지만 사회복지사의 변용은 외부원인에 의해서만은 아니었다. 사회복지사의 정서와 이성은 정서 산출의 과잉결정, 정서 모방, 코나투스와의 결합과 보존, 정서의 힘과 인간에게 유용한 것, 정서의 유용성 및 정서들을 통제하기로 변용되고 있었다. 사회복지사가 자기 자신이 하나의 원인으로서 작용한다면 사회복지실천현장에서 수동에서 능동으로 갈 수 있는 실마리가 제공될 수 있을 것이다. 이는 사회복지의 윤리적 실천에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다.

집단정서의 수렴과 영향요인

권석균(Seog-Kyeun Kwun),최보인(Boin Choi) 한국인사조직학회 2010 인사조직연구 Vol.18 No.3

본고에서는 작업집단 구성원의 정서가 서로 수렴하여 집단속성으로 정의될 수 있는지, 그리고 집단속성으로 정의된 집단정서의 다양한 유형에 팀장의 변혁적 리더십, 구성원의 감정지능, 집단의 응집성 등이 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 연구하였다. 이를 위해 4개 기업의 41팀으로부터 팀장을 포함한 320명의 설문을 분석에 이용하였다. 주요 연구 변수로 우선 정서원형구조(affect circumplex)에 의거한 8가지 정서들이 집단수준에서 수렴되는지를 검증하였다. 검증 결과 8가지 정서유형 모두에서 유의한 결과를 얻었다. 즉, 모든 정서는 집단 상황에서 집단정서로 정의될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 집단정서의 영향요인에 대한 검증에서 변혁적 리더십은 긍정적 집단정서인 열정과 기쁨의 정도를 높여주고 부정적 정서인 불쾌와 피로를 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째 영향요인으로서 집단구성원의 감정지능은 하위 구성요소별로 차별화된 영향관계가 나타났으나 전반적으로 볼 때 다소 약한 영향관계를 보여주었다. 마지막으로 집단응집성은 저활성화 정서인 안정을 제외한 모든 집단정서 유형에 광범위한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 한국기업 작업집단에서도 정서의 수렴현상이 나타남을 확인할 수 있었으며, 집단정서에 영향을 미치는 주요 선행요인의 영향관계를 실증적으로 규명하였다. 이러한 발견에 기초하여 향후 집단내 정서의 암묵적 공유과정과 명시적 공유과정에 대한 심층적 연구를 위한 제언을 하였다. This study investigates the affect convergence and the key antecedents of group affect in organizational contexts. Recent research has shown collective properties of affect in various work group settings. Group affect develops from implicit and explicit sharing processes of affective experiences among group members. Traditionally Korean work groups have been considered a field of sharing intense emotions among group members, partly because of collectivist and confucianist values. Nonetheless, the collective properties of group affect have not been examined yet in Korean work groups. To examine this, affect is categorized into eight types as suggested by the affect circumplex model: activated pleasantness, pleasantness, unactivated pleasantness, activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, unactivated unpleasantness, and high and low activation. The hypothesis for testing affect convergence is as follows. H1 : Affective experiences among group members will converge for all of the eight distinct affect categories. Three key variables are adopted as the antecedents which strongly influence implicit and explicit sharing processes of affective experiences in Korean work groups : transformational leadership of team manager, average emotional intelligence of group members, and group cohesiveness. Below are the hypotheses developed for this study. H2 : Transformational leadership will be positively associated with all three types of positive group affect, i.e. activated pleasantness, pleasantness, and unactivated pleasantness, while negatively with all three types of negative affect, i.e., activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, and unactivated unpleasantness. In addition, transformational leadership will be positively associated with high activation, while negatively with low activation. H3 : Average emotional intelligence of group members will be positively associated with all three types of positive group affect, i.e. activated pleasantness, pleasantness, and unactivated pleasantness, while negatively with all three types of negative affect, i.e., activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, and unactivated unpleasantness). In addition, it will be positively associated with high activation, while negatively with low activation. H4 : Group cohesiveness will be positively associated with all three types of positive group affect, i.e. activated pleasantness, pleasantness, and unactivated pleasantness, while negatively with all three types of negative affect, i.e., activated unpleasantness, unpleasantness, and unactivated unpleasantness. The survey data are collected from 320 employees in 41 teams of four organizations, representing printing, construction, and rental service industries. Hypothesis 1 is tested by two complimentary measures: intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC) and within-group agreement measure(rwg). As predicted, work groups have converged for all of the eight distinct affect categories. Affect convergence appears to be stronger than in the findings by Bartel and Saavedra(2002), suggesting the collective nature of Korean work groups. In order to test subsequent hypotheses, individual level data are aggregated to group level data, resulting sample of 41 teams. Regression analyses of the group level data indicates that transformational leadership exerts significantly positive influence on pleasantness and activated pleasantness and negative influence on unpleasantness and unactivated unpleasantness. Emotional intelligence is operationalized in terms of the four branch ability model. Unfortunately, emotional intelligence shows only the marginal influence on the group level affect. Overall, the dimension of perceiving others’ emotion exerts stronger influence than the other dimensions of emotional intelligence. On the other hand, group cohesiveness shows strong influence on group affect as hypothesized, except for the case of only one affect type, low activation.

본문의 정서적 의미(Affective Meaning)를 고려하는 말라기 설교 연구

김지혁 한국복음주의실천신학회 2022 복음과 실천신학 Vol.64 No.-

Preachers need to exegete conceptual meaning in the cognitive dimension and to include affective meaning when they try to recognize the meaning of the text and authorial intention. Affective meaning implies author’s emotions and affections in order for him to effectively deliver authorial intention to listeners. Interpreters must exegete affections in the text in order to properly understand the meaning of the text. Especially, preaching from the Malachi requires preachers to consider affective meaning in the text of the Malachi and to make the listeners to experience God’s love and grace through their sense of the heart. Preachers should put God’s heart and affection clearly revealed in the Malachi into their sermon, so that the listeners could convince God’s love and change their affection into holy affection. The decision of the heart for holy action begins with listeners’ holy affection. For this to happen, preachers should be totally armed with holy affection and emotion. Preachers in the Post-Covid-19 era should preach the gospel of recovery and hope with martyrdom resolution even more than before and then their pulpit would experience spiritual recovery and revival again. 설교자는 본문의 의미와 저자의 의도를 파악할 때, 인지적인 차원에서 개념적 의미(conceptual meaning)를 주해할 뿐만 아니라, 정서적인차원의 의미도 포함시켜야 한다. 정서적 의미(affective meaning)는 저자의 의도를 청중들에게 효과적으로 전달하기 위해 저자 자신이 사용한 감정과 정서를 말한다. 해석자가 본문에 나타난 감정들을 정확하게주해할 때, 본문에 담겨 있는 진정한 의미를 깨달을 수 있게 된다. 특히말라기를 본문으로 설교할 때, 설교자는 말라기서 전반에 나타난 정서적 의미를 고려하여, 청중들로 하여금 마음의 감각을 통해 하나님의 사랑과 은혜를 경험할 수 있도록 해야 한다. 설교자들은 말라기 본문에선명하게 드러나는 하나님의 마음과 감정을 설교에 담아 청중들로 하여금 하나님의 사랑을 다시금 확신시켜서 그들의 정서적 감정을 거룩한 감정으로 변화시켜 주어야 한다. 왜냐하면 경건한 행동을 위한 마음의 결단은 청중들의 거룩한 정서로부터 시작하기 때문이다. 이를 위해설교자들이 먼저 거룩한 감정과 정서로 완전히 무장되어야 한다. 설교자는 충분한 본문 묵상의 시간을 통해 하나님과의 깊은 교제와 사귐 가운데로 나아가야 한다. 코로나 시대 설교자들은 이전보다 더욱 순교적인 각오로 성도들에게 회복과 소망의 복음을 전할 때 교회의 강단은 다시금 회복과 부흥을 경험하게 될 것이다.

Affective Priming Effect on Cognitive Processes Reflected by Event-related Potentials

Choong-Myung Kim(김충명) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.5

본 연구는 스트룹(Stroop)과제를 이용하여 정서가(affective valence)로 구성된 역하의 정서유발 점화자극이 인지과제 수행에 영향을 미치는지와 일반인에서도 정서장애 환자와 같은 지표가 나타나는지를 반응시간과 ERP(사건관련전위) 패턴으로 확인해 보고자 하였다. 측정된 데이터는 정서가(긍정 및 부정)와 일치여부로 수행되는 인지과제의 조합으로 제시되어 수집되었고, 전위변화의 특성인 진폭과 정점 잠복기를 기준으로 그 효과가 검증되었다. 먼저 반응시간 행동분석 결과, 중립 정서자극을 제외한 역하의 정서자극에 의해 목표과제의 반응을 촉진하는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 아울러 부가적으로 수집된 사건관련전위를 분석한 결과, 불일치 요인이 결합된 부정적 정서정보가 긍정적 정서정보에 비해 더 높은 음전위 및 지연된 잠복기를 보임으로써 표정과 관련된 정서유발-특정적인 N2효과를 확인하였다. 그리고 동일한 조건에서 긍정조건에 비해 유의한 차이의 양전위와 함께 더 짧은 잠복기를 보이는, 인지적 판단과정의 차이를 시사하는 P300의 효과도 관찰하였다. 이는 역하의 부정적 정서정보가 인지처리과정에서 자동적으로 억제되는 경향과 함께 해당 정서의 탐지를 가속시키는 한편, 주의자원의 적절한 재분배를 가능케 하여 목표자극의 반응을 촉진시킨 것으로 해석할 수 있으며, 기능적이고 인지적인 반응의 차이에서 역하효과를 비롯하여 과제 수행 정도에 영향을 끼치는 정서관련 재인과정의 중요성을 시사한다 할 수 있다. This study was conducted to investigate whether Stroop-related cognitive task will be affected according to the preceding affective valence factored by matchedness in response time(RT) and whether facial recognition will be indexed by specific event-related potentials(ERPs) signature in normal person as in patients suffering from affective disorder. ERPs primed by subliminal(30ms) facial stimuli were recorded when presented with four pairs of affect(positive or negative) and cognitive task(matched or mismatched) to get ERP effects(N2 and P300) in terms of its amplitude and peak latency variations. Behavioral response analysis based on RTs confirmed that subliminal affective stimuli primed the target processing in all affective condition except for the neutral stimulus. Additional results for the ERPs performed in the negative affect with mismatched condition reached significance of emotional-face specificity named N2 showing more amplitude and delayed peak latency compared to the positive counterpart. Furthermore the condition shows more positive amplitude and earlier peak latency of P300 effect denoting cognitive closure than the corresponding positive affect condition. These results are suggested to reflect that negative affect stimulus in subliminal level is automatically inhibited such that this effect had influence on accelerating detection of the affect and facilitating response allowing adequate reallocation of attentional resources. The functional and cognitive significance with these findings was implied in terms of subliminal effect and affect-related recognition modulating the cognitive tasks.

한국문학사 또는 한국 현대시와 정동(affect) 담론의 양태들 - 주체화, 운동, 윤리학

함돈균 상허학회 2017 상허학보 Vol.49 No.-

‘Affect(Affectus)’ is in many ways synonymous with force of encounter. Affect is born in in-between-ness and resides as accumulative beside-ness. Affect can be understood then as gradient of bodily capacity-a supple incrementalism of ever-modulating force-relations-that rises and falls not only along various rhythms and modalities of encounter but also through the troughs and sieves of sensation and sensibility.(<The Affect Theory Reader> 2010) ‘Affection(Affectio)’ is relation to the change. Spinoza and Deleuze says, Affection is the change, affect is continuous movement and the passage. But this brillant definition of the affect theory do not make explanation sufficiently it to us. What is ‘affect-affection’? This study focuses to examine the present of affect-affection theory in Korean modern literature, especially Korean poem Why do korean literary critic pay attention to affect theory despite its obscurity? Why do it is admitted to major discussion of Korean literary-poem studies. The reason of the interest to this theory can be suggested in two sides. One side is derived from the fact that the affect theory is regarded as a alternative practice theory. It is, so to speak, ‘ethics’. On the other side, it is constitute to Korean poetic theory which is relation to emotion, subject, image. Especially affect theory is regarded as image of non-representation. this image is the essence of the poem. On the other hand, this article study translation dispute about ‘affect-affection’ in Korean literary discussion. Because this theory is very closely connected with the problem of translation. 이 논문은 언제부턴가 한국인문학 담론, 한국문학이론담론에서 급격하게 확산되어 비교적 특별한 검증절차 없이 널리 사용되고 있는 ‘affection’ ‘affect’의 개념에 대한 담론적 현황을 살펴보고, 그중에서도 한국 현대시 비평담론에서 이 개념이 어떤 양태로 사용되고 있으며 이유는 무엇인지, 거기에 문제점은 없는지를 검토해보려는 취지를 갖고 있다. 이때 이 개념이 가지고 있는 철학적 함의나 번역어로서 갖는 독특한 학문적 지위나 논쟁적 상황은 이 논문에 관심 사항이다. 스피노자의 개념으로부터 출발한 이 개념이 들뢰즈를 위시한 자율주의 이론가들에 의해 소개되는 과정과 한국문학담론, 특히 한국 현대시 비평이론담론에서 이 개념을 수용하는 양상에는 한국문학 담론 공동체가 갖는 특징이 나타난다. 하나의 학문담론이 실천적 대안 이론, 윤리적 테제의 성격을 띤다는 것이 한 측면이라면 현대시, 특히 2000년대 이후 한국시의 특징 중 하나인 ‘비재현적 사유’에 대한 비평이론적 근거를 마련하려는 모습은 또 다른 측면이다. 시의 비재현적 양상을 역시 언표 이전의 ‘정동적 파동’을 통해 검토해보려는 노력은 새로운 이론적 논의를 위한 탐구의 양상을 띠고 있다. 시에 대한 전통적 이미지론을 혁파해 나가려는 야심찬 시도는 그중에서 특히 주목되는 연구 사례라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 ‘정동’이라고 번역된 개념이 번역상의 오류 논쟁을 낳기도 하면서, 보다 정치한 이론 이해에 대한 검토나 재고가 요구되기도 하는 상황이다. 이 논문에서는 그러한 정반적 연구․담론적 상황을 몇 개의 중요한 사례를 중심으로 검토해 보려는 목적을 지닌다.

정동적 미메시스: 정동 순환의 매체로서의 소설

김성호 영미문학연구회 2020 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.48

The proliferation of general theories of affect in recent years has emphasized the relative poverty of specifically affective literary theory and criticism. This essay addresses the circulation of affects as mediated by literary works, especially novels. Affects, in the sense of both the intensity of the body in transition and emotion as its “capture and closure” (Massumi), are contagious, but neither “imitation” (Spinoza) nor “transmission” (Brennan) nor the very concept of “contagion” does justice to the complexity of the ways in which the spread and circulation of affect occur in society. Affect is an event, an occurrence, contingent as much upon one’s biology and persisting dispositions as upon the dominant social system of affect production. In spreading and circulation, affect tends toward its other, i.e., sensory and linguistic representations, which may however trigger further affective events. This contradictory dynamism also defines literary creation as well as reading. The mimesis, distinct again from imitation, happening in the two kinds of activity takes on the character of an affective event in which the two entities in mimetic relation undergo mutual affection. Reading is further distinguished from writing by its movement from a singular experience toward the formation of an interpretive community in which affective events that threaten consensus may or may not continue to happen.

수학 학습에서의 메타-정의 유형 탐색

김선희,박정언 대한수학교육학회 2011 학교수학 Vol.13 No.3

Students experience various affects in solving mathematical problem and learning mathematics. Focusing on meta-affect in affective domain, we explored the types of meta-affect. Our research provides illustrative examples and analysis of meta-affect during solving problem. As a result, meta-affect has four types i.e. monitoring of affect, evaluation of emotion, control of emotion, and utilization of affect. And meta-affect is a main key to decide how to handle affect and influence student's cognitive strategies and affect. 본 연구는 수학 학습의 정의적 영역에서 메타-정의의 개념을 구체화하고 명확히 하기 위해 메타-정의의 유형을 구분하고, 실제 사례를 보여주었다. 메타-정의는 정의의 모니터링, 감정의 평가, 감정의 조절, 정의의 활용 4가지로 구분되었고, 모니터링 후 평가, 조절, 활용이 시간적 순서로 이루어지는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 감정을 평가하고 조절하는 데 수학과 수학 학습에 대한 신념이 중요한 잣대로 작용하였으며, 메타-정의는 정의를 조절하고 학습 전략을 선정하는 등 수학 학습에서 중요한 역할을 하였다.

정동의 철학, 정동적 신경과학, 그리고 정동적 영화이론

박제철 문학과영상학회 2022 문학과영상 Vol.23 No.1

This paper aims to explore some of the important achievements in the recent affective film theories in light of philosophical thoughts on affect and affective neuroscientific writings. First of all, by examining Spinoza’s philosophy of affect and Simondon’s theory of individuation, I demonstrate how these philosophical thoughts highlight the ethical impact of affect on the emergence of a new collective assemblage. Second, I show how affective neuroscientific writings have successfully substantiated these philosophical ideas while at the same time overlooking their radical ethical implications. Third, in view of these theoretical overviews, I delve into some of the writings of E. Ann Kaplan, Laura Marks, and Patricia Pisters on affective film experience and show how they carefully theorize the distinction between affect and emotion in film viewing and its political and ethical implications. While clarifying the recent affective film theories, I also offer some revisions and supplements to them by drawing on a meticulous reading of Spinoza’s and Simondon’s ideas on affect.