근대 한중관계의 변화와 외교당안의 생성 ― 「淸季駐韓使館保存檔」을 중심으로 ―

김희신 중국근현대사학회 2011 중국근현대사연구 Vol.50 No.-

This study was conducted in order to advance content analysis on the history of Korea‐China relationship by enhancing accessibility to diplomatic documents called ‘Juhansagwandang (駐韓使館檔:Documents of Chinese diplomatic offices in Korea)’ in a historical, academic or practical sense. Based on the contents reviewed in this study, we can summarize the characteristics and values of ‘Juhansagwandang’ in the history of Korea‐China relationship as follows. First, the documents include extensive general materials, which mean unofficial documents worthy to be preserved. Official documents exchanged between Korean and Chinese diplomatic agencies include few general materials worthy to be preserved. Although some are included as accompanying documents, the scope of such documents is very limited. In the sense that they are documents of Chinese diplomatic offices in Korea, such records contain administrative information such as documents prepared, executed or received for administration. As they contain extensive unofficial documents (=general materials) worthy to be preserved, they have historical values. Second, ‘Juhansagwandang’ are in a mutually complementary relation with Korean diplomatic documents ‘Cheongan(淸案).’ It is presumed that even many of preserved documents might be lost due to instable political situations at home and overseas during the late Qing Dynasty and the late Yi Dynasty. In many cases, for example, there is jobok(照覆) but without johoi(照會) or vice versa, and this suggests that the continuity of documents could not be maintained due to various factors. Moreover, because diplomatic documents contained in Juhansagwandang and Cheongan were in a request‐reply relation with each other, their contents are sometimes complementary to each other. Furthermore, by comparing two documents on the same issue, we may find clues to differences between the two countries’ positions. Third, media carrying contents have the characteristics that they are the tangible original documents. Previous studies on the Korea China relationship in the late Qing Dynasty have relied on diplomatic documents as the records of objective facts in order to examine factual contents related to the relationship of the two countries. Juhansagwandang, which was published as digital materials, is tangible original documents and also contains historical information, and in this sense, it has two values. They have crucial meanings in exploring not only contents but also the actual form and generation process of diplomatic documents. How to interpret such original documents is still a problem to be solved. Fourth, the documents were classified according to the principle of source classification. The classification system of Juhansagwandang followed ‘the principle of source,’ which gives priority to the organization handling documents over the contents of documents. This classification system is advantageous in that it shows structure, context, and activity processes involved in an organization’s production of records. That is, it is efficient for understanding association among records according to source, and the relation between records and their producers and the background of their production. Fifth, documents during a specific period were completely scattered and lost. Juhansagwandang includes documents generated and accumulated by Chinese diplomatic offices for around 30 years from 1883 to 1913. However, documents for around 4 years from the end of 1894 to the end of 1898 are completely omitted. A very small number of documents in this period have survived, but they are quite exceptional. Some institutions preserve only a part of documents according to their value, but the loss of documents in this period seems to be accidental. It is not clear where the lost records are kept at present.

근대 한중관계의 변화와 외교당안의 생성 : 「淸季駐韓使館保存檔」을 중심으로

김희신(Kim Hee-Sin) 중국근현대사학회 2011 중국근현대사연구 Vol.50 No.-

This study was conducted in order to advance content analysis on the history of Korea‐China relationship by enhancing accessibility to diplomatic documents called 'Juhansagwandang(駐韓使館檔:Documents of Chinese diplomatic offices in Korea)' in a historical, academic or practical sense. Based on the contents reviewed in this study, we can summarize the characteristics and values of 'Juhansagwandang' in the history of Korea‐China relationship as follows. First, the documents include extensive general materials, which mean unofficial documents worthy to be preserved. Official documents exchanged between Korean and Chinese diplomatic agencies include few general materials worthy to be preserved. Although some are included as accompanying documents, the scope of such documents is very limited. In the sense that they are documents of Chinese diplomatic offices in Korea, such records contain administrative information such as documents prepared, executed or received for administration. As they contain extensive unofficial documents (=general materials) worthy to be preserved, they have historical values. Second, 'Juhansagwandang' are in a mutually complementary relation with Korean diplomatic documents 'Cheongan(淸案).' It is presumed that even many of preserved documents might be lost due to instable political situations at home and overseas during the late Qing Dynasty and the late Yi Dynasty. In many cases, for example, there is jobok(照覆) but without johoi(照會) or vice versa, and this suggests that the continuity of documents could not be maintained due to various factors. Moreover, because diplomatic documents contained in Juhansagwandang and Cheongan were in a request‐reply relation with each other, their contents are sometimes complementary to each other. Furthermore, by comparing two documents on the same issue, we may find clues to differences between the two countries' positions. Third, media carrying contents have the characteristics that they are the tangible original documents. Previous studies on the Korea China relationship in the late Qing Dynasty have relied on diplomatic documents as the records of objective facts in order to examine factual contents related to the relationship of the two countries. Juhansagwandang, which was published as digital materials, is tangible original documents and also contains historical information, and in this sense, it has two values. They have crucial meanings in exploring not only contents but also the actual form and generation process of diplomatic documents. How to interpret such original documents is still a problem to be solved. Fourth, the documents were classified according to the principle of source classification. The classification system of Juhansagwandang followed 'the principle of source, ' which gives priority to the organization handling documents over the contents of documents. This classification system is advantageous in that it shows structure, context, and activity processes involved in an organization's production of records. That is, it is efficient for understanding association among records according to source, and the relation between records and their producers and the background of their production. Fifth, documents during a specific period were completely scattered and lost. Juhansagwandang includes documents generated and accumulated by Chinese diplomatic offices for around 30 years from 1883 to 1913. However, documents for around 4 years from the end of 1894 to the end of 1898 are completely omitted. A very small number of documents in this period have survived, but they are quite exceptional. Some institutions preserve only a part of documents according to their value, but the loss of documents in this period seems to be accidental. It is not clear where the lost records are kept at present.

화교(華僑), 화교(華僑) 네트워크와 주한사관(駐韓使館) -청일전쟁 이후 한성 지역을 중심으로-

김희신 중국사학회 2014 中國史硏究 Vol.89 No.-

Chinese departure from Korea due to the First Sino Japanese War was a temporary phenomenon and the number of overseas Chinese merchants in Korea increased twice every year. Most of Chinese coming to Korea left coastal area of Shandong to make a living. Although the ratio of merchants was still high among Chinese living in Hancheong, there were significant changes in the composition of overseas Chinese society with the increase of farmers or laborers. In the origin of the people, northern area was dominant. All of Chinese diplomatic offices in Korea in Hancheong and other ports came back to China with the outbreak of the Sino Japanese War and directors of Chinese merchant organizations in each port replaced diplomatic officers until the normalization of the relationship between two countries. Even when diplomatic supports of Chinese government could not be expected, Chinese merchants could sustain their lives thanks to the existing overseas Chinese network. The formal placement of diplomats after the Sino Japanese War was regulated by the Treaty of Commerce between Korea and Chinese in 1899 and it was regulated by the Treaty of Commerce between China and Japan in 1896 after the diplomatic cessation between Korea and China due to Korea Japan Annexation in 1910. It seems that there were two systems in overseas Chinese organizations in Korea after the Sino Japanese War such as Banghui (방會) and Shanghui (商會 or huashangzonghui, 華商總會) based on Banghui organizations. Banghui is the organization based on the origin area (same hometown) which has existed before the Sino Japanese War. Each Bang was an important part in the operation of the organization such as process of merchant related matters, club construction fund raising and management. Banghui involved itself in commercial transactions or guaranteed the interest and status of merchants customarily or through regulations such as ``zhangcheng``(章程). On the other hand, Shanghui organizations were made based on 4 big Banghui in Hancheong. Members held merchants` meeting, discussed various issues related to engineering and commerce, practiced the decisions or appealed to the government. For example, it functioned as a counter and a consultative group for the communication and for the systematic management of overseas Chinese merchants in Korea with the trend of increase of trading by Chinese. Their roles included collecting membership fees, managing the club, establishing schools, firefighting (water) organizations, purchasing firefighting vehicles (water vehicles) and dispute settlement. What we should note here is the establishment of Shanghui by overseas Chinese in Korea was closely related to the Xinzheng(新政) measure by Qing government. The establishment and institutionalization of Shanghui gave a clue to overcome the limits of organizations by hometown and by trade, and made direct influence on the change in social organizations of overseas Chinese in Hancheong. The leading group of this organization was elected through elections based on the number of actual members, status of capital, hometown and social activities. Although these organizations pursued the economic profits of members and were involved in various social activities, their activities and organization configuration could be changed according to the intensity of control of the government and the political changes. Regardless of Banghui or Shanghui, they played the role of liaison between diplomatic offices in Korea and general overseas Chinese. Chinese diplomatic offices in Korea was the supreme organization of overseas Chinese in Korea and took the important role of the protection of Chinese and the supervision and the management of Chinese government just as before Sino Japanese War.

선교사에서 외교관으로: 알렌(Horace N. Allen, 1858~1932)의 삶과 한국

이영미 한국역사민속학회 2020 역사민속학 Vol.0 No.58

This paper reviews Horace N. Allen’s (1858-1932) life, one of the most important Westerners in modern Korea in the late 19th and the early 20th century. Between 1884 and 1905, he led an extraordinary life in Korea. He was a medical missionary at first, and three years later, he was appointed as secretary to the Korean Legation to the United States. He came back to Korea as missionary in the end of 1889, but finally chose to work for the U. S. Legation to Korea. In addition, he had pursued the ministership for a long time, and he won it in 1897. He served as U. S. Minister for eight years. He was the first resident protestant missionary in Korea, but he was different from his colleagues who arrived later than him. As first resident missionary, Allen had made friends with powerful men and won king Gojong’s favor by treating Min Young-Ik, his wife’s nephew. He was already an influential man when his colleagues arrived in Korea. They, including him, were young and enthusiastic, and sometimes jealous, so it was natural that there was disagreement among them. However, he left mission on the third year and took a job offer from the Korean government instead of reconciling with them. Moreover, in July 1890, he gave up missionary work again when the Department of State appointed him as secretary to the U. S. Legation in 1890. It is hard to say that he took his calling lightly from the beginning, but he was clearly open to look for a new job. And, since leaving mission, he had tried to make more money and get a high-ranking post in Korea. It was Korea where Allen fulfilled his socioeconomic desire. He was a young man had nothing in the United States, and a failed missionary in China. However, he went to Korea as first missionary and made it his arena, and eventually, he was able to be a rich and famous man. In conclusion, he represents some people from imperialist countries who went overseas and gained wealth and fame which they could not get at home, rather than missionaries. 이 논문은 한국근대사에 등장하는 수많은 서양인 중에서 가장 중요한 인물로 손꼽히는 알렌(Horace N. Allen, 1858~1932)의 삶을 검토하였다. 1884년부터 1905년까지 한국에서 그는 평범하지 않은 삶을 살았다. 그는 처음에는 의료선교사였으나 3년 후 주미한국공사관 서기관에 임명되었고, 1889년 말 선교사로서 재입국하였으나 결국 주한미국공사관에서 일하는 것을 선택하였다. 또한 그는 오랫동안 주한미국공사직을 추구한 끝에 1897년 그 자리에 올랐고 8년간 복무하였다. 최초의 상주 선교사 알렌은 유력한 사람들을 사귀고 민비의 조카 민영익(閔泳翊)을 치료하여 고종의 호의를 얻음으로써, 그의 동료들이 내한하기 전부터 영향력 있는 사람이 되어 있었다. 젊고 열정적이며 때로는 질투심도 있었던 그들 사이에 의견 충돌이 있었던 것은 자연스러운 일이었다. 그러나 그는 동료들과 화해하는 대신 3년 만에 선교부를 사임하고 한국 정부가 제안한 일자리를 받아들였다. 또한 1890년 7월 국무부가 자신을 주한미국공사관 서기관으로 임명하자 또 다시 선교사 일을 포기하였다. 그가 처음부터 자신의 소명을 가볍게 여겼다고 단정하기는 어렵다. 그러나 그가 새로운 직업을 찾는 데 열려 있었던 것은 사실이다. 선교부를 떠난 후 그는 한국에서 더 많은 돈을 벌고 고위직에 오르기 위하여 노력하였다. 알렌이 자신의 사회경제적 욕구를 실현한 무대는 한국이었다. 그는 미국에서는 가진 것 없는 젊은이였고 중국에서는 실패한 선교사였지만, 최초의 선교사로 내한해서는 한국을 자신의 무대로 삼아 부유하고 유명한 인물이 될 수 있었다. 이러한 면에서 그는 선교사들보다는 제국주의 국가 출신으로 해외에 진출하여 본국에서 누릴 수 없었던 부와 명성을 얻은 일군의 사람들을 대표한다.

20세기 전반 재조선 중화상회 연구 - 중화상회의 역사적 변천을 중심으로 -

金希信(Kim Hee-sin) 중국근현대사학회 2020 중국근현대사연구 Vol.86 No.-

The purpose of this study is to review the historical context of the birth of Chinese Commerce Organization and Chinese merchants formed in the process of moving to and settling in each city of Joseon. The establishment of the early Chinese commercial organizations was constituted in the process of establishing the Chinese diplomatic office in Korea(駐韓 中國公館) and forming the Concession(租界), centering on major open ports. The Chinese commercial organizations were not only autonomous, but also performed administrative affairs on the basis of the power entrusted by the Chinese diplomatic office in Korea. For the convenience of communication, the office was established in the Concession by the Chinese Legation in Korea (駐韓使館) as a way to give permanent lease on land to the Chinese organizations. Since each city had regionality, the establishment time and name of the early commercial organizations, and the remodeling and establishment into the Chinese Chamber of Commerce had a somewhat different process. Although the names varied somewhat by region, they are generally similar types of the Chinese commercial organizations. Since then, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce has been established on the basis of the existing Chinese commercial organizations. A key factor in the process of changing to the Chinese Chamber of Commerce was that the Chinese government gave it a legal basis. It was in Seoul that the Chinese Chamber of Commerce was first organized based on the Chinese government"s laws, and then the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, which had a common name and organization in other regions, was established.

19世紀80-90年代漢城的山東商人

劉暢 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2012 한국학논집 Vol.0 No.49

특집(特輯) : 동아시아의 관점에서 본 청사(淸史) 연구: 청사공정(淸史工程)을 중심으로 ; 최근 15년간 중국학계의 청조(淸朝)와 조선관계사(朝鮮關係史)에 대한 연구 논평

진상승 이화사학연구소 2008 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.37

개항기 전보송달지(1885~1905년) 연구

한미경 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2024 한국학연구 Vol.- No.72

본 연구는 한국 근대사에서 전신(電信)과 전보(電報)가 도입된 개항기를 배경으로 1885년부터 1905년까지 서울에서 수신되어 현재 미국 국립문서기록관리청(United States National Archives and Records Administration)의 ‘미국 국무부 해외공관 문서(Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, 1788-1964, Record Group 84)’에 보존된 전보송달지(電報送達紙) 329개를 소개하고 그 특징과 의미를 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 전신은 조선과 대한제국이 나라의 근대화를 위하여 집중한 산업이었으며, 본 연구는 기존의 연구에서 소외되었던 전보 기록물과 전보의 내용을 조명하여 후속 연구의 기초 자료를 제시하고자 한 데 의의가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 첫째, 329개 전보송달지 기록물을 형태적으로 살펴보아 한ㆍ중ㆍ일 각 전신 회사의 양식지(樣式紙)와 레터헤드(letterhead) 등을 종류별로 살펴보았다. 둘째, 연도별 전보량 변화, 전보 발신인과 수신인의 특징, 전보 내용의 주제별 분류의 세 가지 측면에서 전보송달지를 분석하였다. 셋째, 향후 연구자들이 접근하기 용이하도록 전보송달지 전체에 대한 목록을 만들어 기초 자료를 제시하였다. 본 연구는 아직 발견되지 않은 다른 전보가 존재할 가능성을 열어둔다. 과거에는 존재 자체를 알 수 없었던 자료들이 디지털 기술의 발달에 따라 접근성이 높아지는 시대적 상황 속에서 본 연구는 해외에 보존된 한국의 역사적 사료를 소개하는 최근 연구들과 같은 맥락에 있다고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문에서 다루는 329개 전보송달지는 2024년 5월부터 디지털아카이브(jeonbo.omeka.net)로 열람할 수 있으며, 새로이 발굴되는 자료들은 해당 홈페이지에서 추가 제공할 예정이다. The purpose of this study is to introduce 329 archival telegram delivery forms that were used to transmit telegraphic messages to the American Legation in Seoul, Korea from 1885 to 1905 and are currently preserved in the Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, 1788-1964, Record Group 84, at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. The study first examines and divides the telegraph records according to their physical features and characteristics. Secondly, the themes of the telegrams are divided into several categories, confirming their value as a basic source for understanding the historical context of Korea during the Open Port Period. Lastly, a complete list of 329 telegrams with their basic metadata is offered. The telegrams of this study will be available as a digital archive (www.jeonbo.omeka.net) from May 2024.

포르투갈의 공공외교 활동과 주한 카몽이스포르투갈어센터의 활동 사례

임소라 ( Sora Lim ),이승미 ( Seungmi Lee ) 한국외국어대학교 EU연구소 2022 EU연구 Vol.- No.62

한국최초 미국외교사절 보빙사의 견문과 그 영향

손정숙 ( Jung Sook Sohn ) 한국사상사학회 2007 韓國思想史學 Vol.0 No.29