에스닉 경제와 디지털 기술의 활용: 한국 이주민 사례

김지윤 전남대학교 글로벌디아스포라연구소 2024 디아스포라 연구 Vol.18 No.1

본 연구는 에스니시티(ethnicity)라는 타자성이 교환되는 문화적, 사회적, 경제적, 정치적 장이자 노동력, 문화, 정보, 자본과 임금이 교환되는 장으로서 유무형의 시장인 에스닉 경제(ethnic economy)에 디지털 기술이 활용되었을 때 에스닉 경제의 변화에 주목하고자 한다. 이주 연구에서는 그 동안 주류 사회의 관점에서 에스닉 비즈니스의 특성이나 에스닉 기업가의 창업 정신에 주목하였던 반면 창업자를 포함하여 이들에 의해 고용되어 에스닉 경제에 주요하게 참여하는 이주자의 노동 기회 탐색과 노동 경험에 대해서는 크게 주목하지 못하였다. 이러한 과정에 특히 디지털 기술의 활용이 점차 중요해지고 있지만 디지털 기술이 에스닉 경제에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 아직 국내에서 드물다. 유럽에서는 2010년대 이후 급증한 이주민과 난민을 대상으로 디지털 리터러시, 코딩, 디지털 창업을 위한 교육을 제공하고 있다. 그러나 실제 이주자와 난민의 디지털 기술 활용은 계층적으로 크게 분화되어 수용 사회에서 하위 계층에 속하게 된 다수의 이주자와 난민은 플랫폼 기업의 최하위 노동자로서 고강도의 노동을 수행하고 있다. 한국에서는 대다수 이주자가 디지털 플랫폼 기업의 고용시장에 진입하는 것이 제한되어 있어 이러한 현상은 아직 발생하지 않고 있다. 다만 기존 노동 시장에 대한 진입과 창업에 있어서 인터넷과 소셜 네트워킹 서비스(SNS)의 사용은 이주자들의 정보 탐색과 창업 기회 탐색에 있어서 이주자들에게 더 많은 가능성을 제공하는 것은 분명하다. 그러나 디지털 기술의 활용 자체가 한국 내 에스닉 경제의 구조적 변화를 일으킬 만큼의 결정력을 가지기 보다는 디지털 기술에 접속하는 개개인의 언어 능력, 기술의 활용능력 등에 따른 다양한 사회적 배치를 만들어내고 있는 것으로 보인다. This study aims to focus on the transformation of ethnic economies when digital technologies are utilized in the ethnic economy as a cultural, social, economic, and political arena where the otherness of ethnicity is exchanged, and as a tangible and intangible marketplace where labor, culture, information, capital, and wages are exchanged. While migration studies have focused on the characteristics of ethnic businesses and the entrepreneurial spirit of ethnic entrepreneurs from the perspective of mainstream society, little attention has been paid to the labor opportunity search and labor experiences of migrants, including entrepreneurs, who are employed by them and are key participants in the ethnic economy. While the use of digital technologies in particular is becoming increasingly important to these processes, research on the impact of digital technologies on ethnic economies remains scarce in the literature. In Europe, migrants and refugees, who have surged in numbers since the 2010s, have been offered training in digital literacy, coding, and digital entrepreneurship. However, the actual use of digital skills by migrants and refugees is highly stratified, with many migrants and refugees in the lower ranks of host societies performing high intensity labor as low-level workers for platform companies. In South Korea, this phenomenon has not yet occurred as most migrants are restricted from entering the labor market of digital platform companies. However, it is clear that the use of the internet and social networking services (SNS) in entering the existing labor market and starting a business offers more possibilities for migrants to seek information and explore entrepreneurial opportunities. However, it seems that the use of digital technologies in itself is not determinative enough to cause structural changes in the ethnic economy in Korea, but rather creates different social arrangements based on the language skills and technology literacy of the individuals accessing digital technologies.

에스닉 커뮤니티에 있어서의 에스닉 비즈니스의 역할

조현미 경북대학교사회과학대학지리학과 2007 地理學論究 Vol.- No.26

아시아-태평양 지역의 이주와 트랜스내셔널리즘 한국여성의 에스닉 비즈니스의 기업요인과 자원동원 일본 수도권 지역의 사례조사를 중심으로

유연숙 ( Yon Suk Yu ) 국제비교한국학회 2010 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.18 No.3

The phenomenon of `feminization of migration` centering in the Asian region is drawing people`s attention. In the past, women`s migration in Western regions was mainly a family migration and women following their husbands. However, women`s migration in the Asian region can be characterized by a sole migration by themselves. The emigration of Korean women that started from the late 1970s can be understood in the same context. First, migration of Korea women and ethnic business in Japan is a phenomenon of the one of feminization of migration and feminization of survival Second, the characteristics of Korean women`s international migration can be explained as `mobility as migration`. Newcomer Korean women in Japan do not aim for adaptation or integration. Newcomer Korean women find it easier to come to Japan because of the social networks between Korea and Japan. Third, migrants of Korean women and ethnic business in Japan are subjective constructions.

일본의 전통, 교토의 섬유산업을 뒷받침해온 재일조선인

권숙인 ( Sug-in Kweon ) 한국사회사학회 2011 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.91

일본의 대표적인 전통/민족의상인 화려한 기모노와 일본사회 속에 차별받는 소수자로 존재해 온 재일조선인 사이의 연관관계를 상상하기란 쉽지 않다. 그러나 재일조선인은 이미 1910년대부터 교토 니시진의 직조공으로 혹은 교토 전통염색제 품의 생산과정에서 찌기와 헹구기 공정을 담당하면서 교토의 전통섬유산업을 저변 에서 뒷받침 해 왔다. 교토 섬유산업은 이들 조선인 노동자들을 때로는 값싼 노동 력으로, 때로는 경기 부침을 타개할 범퍼 노동력으로 활용해 왔고, 특히 패전 직후 의 혼란기 동안은 그 산업 자체가 재일조선인의 주도적 역할 하에 부활·유지되기 도 하였다. 한편 재일조선인에게 교토의 전통섬유산업은 중요한 생존수단이 되었고, 이차대전 이후에는 민족자본이 형성될 수 있는 기초를 제공하기도 하였다. 그러나 일본사회 일반에서나 학계에서도 일본의 전통문화에서 매우 중요한 위치를 차지하는 교토의 섬유산업에 대한 재일조선인의 기여는 거의 가시화되지 못한 채로 남아 있다. 이 논문은 교토 섬유산업에 대한 재일조선인의 참여와 기여 방식을 규명하고, 해당 부문에서 재일조선인이 비가시화된 배경을 질문함으로써 현대 일본 사회 속에 존재하는 전통의 역사성과 역학을 조망하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 재일조선인이 비가시화된 주요 배경으로는, 교토 섬유산업의 복잡하게 분화된 공정 속에 재일조선인의 기여 방식이 주로 가장 힘든 공정을 담당하는 저임금 노동자 역할에 머물렀던 점과 교토 섬유제품이 일본의 문화민족주의적 상징지도에서 차지하고 있는 핵심적 위치가 강조되었다. 이러한 분석을 통해 이 연구는 궁극적으로, 높은 명성과 유구한 전통을 자랑하는 교토 전통섬유도 대부분의 다른 전통과 마찬가지 로 지속적인 변모 과정을 거쳤고 그 내부에 민족관계를 포함한 다양한 모순과 긴장 을 내포한 역사적 실체임을 분명히 하고자 하였다 For many people, it is far from easy to imagine any connection between splendid kimono, the traditional/ethnic costume of Japan, and ethnic Koreans in Japan who have existed in Japan as a discriminated marginal group. Ethnic Koreans in Japan, however, have long supported the traditional textile industry of Kyoto from its bottom mostly as cheap laborers who endured long-hour hard work which was indispensable for producing the renowned Nishijin Textiles and Kyoto Yuzen. Besides providing cheap labor, ethnic Koreans functioned as a ‘bumper’ for the industry to survive through fluctuating economic conditions, and did a critical role in reviving and continuing the industry after Japan’s defeat in World War II. The traditional textile industry of Kyoto, on the other hand, provided for the impoverished Korean migrants hard-attained means for survival and also enabled them to build precious ethnic capital in postwar Japan. Despite all these, the ethnic Koreans’ existence in and contributions for the textile industry of Kyoto have remained mostly invisible. This paper aimed to explore ways in which ethnic Koreans have participated in and contributed for the textile industry from early 20th century and find answers for their invisibility in representing the industry. As backgrounds and reasons for the invisibility, two points were suggested. First, the production procedure of Nishijin Textiles and Kyoto Yuzen is highly complicated with scores of specialized processes undertaken by different specialists. In this procedure, ethnic Koreans’ roles, while being important and critical, were confined largely to the most difficult and low-paid work process. Second, the core position of traditional textiles of Kyoto within the symbolic topology of Japanese cultural nationalism which has presumed Japanese ethnic homogeneity and superiority until recently has made it not easy to admit the contributions of an ethnic minority group in producing the (inter)nationally esteemed cultural item. After all, this paper underlined that the traditional textiles of Kyoto, not unlike most other traditions in contemporary Japan, have undergone continuous historical transformations and include diverse tensions and contradictions within

한국 에스닉 집거지 경제의 조직과 활동 및 변화 연구 - 조선족 자영업자를 중심으로 -

김영술 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2024 한국민족문화 Vol.- No.88

이 연구는 국내의 집거지 조선족 자영업자의 창업에서 에스닉 자원 동원 과정 및 경제활동과 변화에서 나타나는 에스닉 집거지 경제 특성들을 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위해서 이 연구는 서울특별시 대림동, 가리봉동, 자양동, 경기도 부천시, 수원시, 시흥시, 안산시, 화성시 등 8개 지역에서 인터뷰 조사를 하였다. 조사 내용은 창업과정(경제자본, 인적자본, 문화자본, 사회관계자본), 조선족 집거지 경제활동 분석, 조선족 집거지 경제활동 변화에 대한 것이었다. 이 연구를 통해 나타난 조선족 집거지 경제의 주요 특성은 다음과 같다. 한국에서 조선족 창업자의 비율은 한국 국민에 비해 낮은 편은 아니며 외국인 창업자 비율보다는 훨씬 높다. 자영업 창업에서 성별은 여성이 남성보다 절반 이상을 차지하고 있다. 조선족들도 한국에서 집거지를 형성하며 살아가면서도 중국 한족과 같은 상업적 특성을 보이고 있다. 또한 조선족 자영업자 중에는 자신이 거주하는 에스닉 공동체를 넘어 확장되는 사회적 및 비즈니스 네트워크를 개발하기도 하였다. 조선족 자영업체들의 두드러진 경제활동 변화는 타 수도권 지역으로 사업 확장에 있으며, 이는 이들의 거주지 분화의 계기가 되고 있다. 그런 점에서 조선족 집거지 경제는 그동안 어느 정도까지는 조선족 집거지 규모와 관련이 되어 성장해 왔지만, 시간이 지날수록 마을 환경이나 구조, 일자리, 임대료 등에 따라 한계를 보이게 될 것이다. This study examines the economic characteristics of ethnic enclaves in the process of mobilizing ethnic resources and their activities and changes in the start-ups of Korean-Chinese self-employed in domestic enclaves. For this, this study conducted interviews in eight regions, including Daerim-dong, Garibong-dong, and Jayang-dong in Seoul, Bucheon-si, Suwon-si, Siheung-si, Ansan-si, and Hwaseong-si in Gyeonggi-do. The main characteristics of the Korean-Chinese enclave economy revealed through this study are as follows. The ratio of Korean-Chinese self-employment startups in Korea is not lower than that of Korean people, but is much higher than the ratio of foreign founders. When it comes to gender, women account for more than half of the self-employment startups than men. Even though Korean-Chinese live in Korea, they show the same commercial characteristics as Han Chinese people. Additionally, some Korean-Chinese business owners have developed social and business networks that extend beyond the ethnic community in which they live. A notable change in the economic activities of Korean-Chinese self-employed people is the expansion of their business into other regions, which is serving as an opportunity to differentiate their residences. In that respect, the Korean-Chinese enclave economy has grown in relation to the size of the Korean-Chinese enclave to some extent, but as time goes by, it will show limitations depending on the village environment, structure, jobs, rent, etc.

해방 직후 재일조선인과 암시장 - 1945~1950년 암시장 가쓰기야(担ぎ屋)를 중심으로 -

박미아 한국근현대사학회 2016 한국 근현대사 연구 Vol.76 No.-

Defeated in World War II, the war-oriented Japan’s industries also collapsed and lead to mass unemployment. The Koreans in Japan who mainly worked in those industries confronted an overall unemployment and they desperately looked for a means of living. Under this condition, the Black Markets sprout and Koreans were engaged in with no choice. The experience of the Black Markets had provided the development of Zainichi business in particular area. Above all, YAKINIKU(Korean style barbecue) and PACHINKO(slot machine) were definitely derived from the Black Markets. On the other hand, some specific manufacturing such as rubber, textile, metal and machinery, plastic business also deeply involved with the Black Markets and the relevance has been continued up to the present. KATSUGIYA, which is an individual delivery business, is the bottom layer of the Black Markets. It required no experience and with small amount of capital or supplies therefore people could set out immediately. KATSUGIYA visited rural area and bartered food and general merchandise. They delivered the goods to the Black Markets in the cities. It hardly could be a decent and profitable job with small commissions, however, Koreans who couldn’t get into the real job market and no way to survive attached to the lowest part of the Black Markets as KATSUGIYA. Under the controlled economics, rice and food were great demand in the Black Markets and KATSUGIYA carried the supplies to run all the risks. Meanwhile, bootlegs and traditional candy made by the Koreans also sought by the Japanese consumers and it grew popular in the markets. However, it provided a reason to Japanese government to conduct a raid to the Korean village later. The Black Markets are the stage of fierce survival for both of the Japanese and the Koreans and became one of the political arguments. Among the Korean KATSUGIYA, some people could make a great capital from the job and get a chance to transfer other profitable business. Some of them opened YAKINIKU restaurants which represent the characteristics of Korean culinary tradition and some others made an investment in PACHINKO. Since Koreans were excluded from job market by implication after Japan regained sovereignty, they tended to be more concentrated on such occupations. Besides, specific manufacturing, service sectors, realty, private loan business which Japanese wouldn’t willingly accept also became the great parts of Zainichi business. After all, this paper underlined that the role of KATSUGIYA which explains the present characteristics of the Zainichi business largely originated from the Black Markets after liberation. The history of the Koreans in the Black Markets could be an index how Zainichi business will transform and affect in time to come.

외국인 밀집지역에서의 에스닉 커뮤니티의 형성

조현미(Hyun Mi Jo) 한국지역지리학회 2006 한국지역지리학회지 Vol.12 No.5

에스닉 커뮤니티 성장에 따른 지역사회의 변화: 도쿄 신오쿠보를 사례로

이호상 ( Ho Sang Lee ) 한국도시지리학회 2011 한국도시지리학회지 Vol.14 No.2

This study aims to examine the growth process of the Korean community in Shin-Okubo area, Tokyo and the changes of the local community caused by that; to consider the relationship between the Korean community and the local community from the aspect of multicultural coexistence which has recently arisen in the Japanese society. It is a generally accepted truth that the Korean Wave, Hanryu has emerged as an important reason for the growth of Korean business district. However, the more Shin-Okubo area changes into a tourist attraction or a mecca of the Hanryu, the more equivocal its identity as an ethnic community becomes. This means that the area becomes a business district where they simply sell the Hanryu products not a livelihood for Korean Japanese community. These changes affect the regional characteristics of Shin-Okubo area, which give positive influence on its regional image by turning into the center of the Hanryu in Japan from the slums in the past. However, as the Korean businesses have gained market dominance, businesses run by Japanese have steadily decreased; a conflict between two communities has deepened; an excessive competition between the Korean businesses have caused some bad effects. Moreover, there are some voices alerting to the possibility of changing this area into the Korean town. That is because this affects not only the relationship between the Korean Japanese and the Japanese but also the coexistence with other foreign residents in the area.

다문화사회 토론토의 다양한 민족경관

류주현 ( Ju-hyun Ryu ) 한국사진지리학회 2016 한국사진지리학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Multiple Ethnic Landscapes coexist with the historical background of Multiculturalism in Toronto. This article is a case study of Toronto to announce a multicultural policy for the first time. This article is purposed to introduce the concept ``Ethnic BIAs`` cooperating local businesses with city government, to investigate distinctive Ethnic Landscapes of 8 Toronto Ethnic BIAs. Therefore, this article mainly covers what are the cultural features of Ethnic BIAs and how to be sought as a cultural resource in a city. And as a result, I propose three kinds of Ethnic BIAs`` roles to improve business area through the ethnicity. First, Ethnic BIAs promote Ethnic town by priority. Second, Ethnic BIAs promote activation of businesses community including non-ethnic group. Finally, the creative industries and urban tourism are formed by foundation built on harmonious coexistence of multiple ethnic town landscapes. So I think Toronto is the most potential through the harmonious coexistence of multiple ethnic town landscapes.