中文教與學處理學生學習差異的原則和策略

Tse Shek Kam,Wong Man Ying,Laing Victor,Wu Kam Fong,Tsui Pik Fong,To Heiken,Lam Lu Sai 단국대학교 한문교육연구소 2020 International Han-character Education Research Vol.3 No.1

홍콩에는 예부터 지금까지 파키스탄, 인도, 네팔 등에서 온 이민들을 포함하여, 비중국어권 아동들이 적지 않다. 평등교육의 이념을 표방하는 홍콩평등기회위원회(香港平等機會委員會)는 비중국어권 학습자들이 중국어권 학습자들과 같은 학교에서 학습하기를 건의하여 그들이 최대한 빠른 시일 내에 홍콩 사회로 융화되게 하려 하였다. 이로 인해, 비중국어권 아동들은 홍콩 현지의 일반 유치원을 다니게 되었는데, 홍콩의 교육 관할 당국도 적지 않은 자원을 투입하여 이들이 현지 교육과정에 적응할 수 있도록 협조하였으나, 그 효과를 즉각적으로 확인할 수는 없었다. 그 중 가장 큰 문제는 학습의 차이를 처리하는 것이었다. 비중국어권 아동들의 중국어 실력은 모국어 수준에 미치지는 못했다. 이들이 중국어권 아동들과 함께 중국어 수업에 참여할 때 적잖은 어려움이 발행했다. 또한, 비중국어권 아동들의 성장 배경도 각기 달랐다. 신이민자 가정의 아동도 있고, 현지에서 출생한 소수 민족 아동도 있어, 이러한 학습자 사이의 중국어 수준의 차이도 존재했다. 이밖에도 소수민족과 홍콩의 문화적 차이 또한 매우 커서 모든 교사와 아동은 ‘학습’과 ‘교수’ 두 측면에서 모두 여러 가지 차이로 인해 발생하는 문제들을 처리해야 했다. 이처럼 비중국어권 학습자들이 홍콩에서 중국어를 배우는 것은 매우 쉽지 않았다. 상술한 문제들을 해결하기 위해서 경마회 자선기금 및 다섯 단체의 공영교육 사회복지기구는 「경마회의 재밌는 중국어 배우기(賽馬會(有)友趣學中文)」 라는 프로젝트를 추진하여, 중국어를 모국어로 갖지 않는 학습자들이 효과적으로 중국어 학습 하여 빠르게 사회에 융화되도록 도왔다. 본 프로 젝트는 수준별 교육과정, 수준별 교재, 수준별 학습법, 수준별 교구, 수준별 평가와 다층적 교학법을 설계하고 지원하여 학습 차이에서 생기는 어려움을 해결하는 데 도움을 주었다. 본고에서는 연구 이론과 설계, 데이터 수집 및 연구 결과를 상세히 서술하고, 효과적인 사례에 대해 상세하게 서술하려고 한다. 이러한 연구 성과는 세계 각지에 광범위하게 적용될 수 있을 것이다. The majority of non-Chinese speaking (NCS) young students are studying in mainstream kindergartens. They are of ethnic groups, for instance, Pakistani, Indian, and Nepalese, who are new immigrants or offspring of immigrants in the past. The Equal Opportunities Commission encourages NCS students to study together with Chinese speaking students, for the sake of social inclusion in the long run. In recent years, the Education Bureau has allocated more resources in supporting NCS students for early adaption to the local education system. However, its effect is not predominant. It is believed that managing individual learning differences is one of the major challenges. NCS students is generally lagging behind those with Chinese as their mother tongue in the Chinese proficiency. Therefore, problems and complications arise as the result of the two groups of students studying in the same environment. Dissimilarities exist even among NCS students, some are new immigrants while some are born in Hong Kong. While there are obvious cultural differences between ethnic minorities and local Hong Kong students, teachers face challenges in handling these disparities. NCS students learning Chinese in Hong Kong is not an easy task. Regarding all these above, The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust in collaboration with three universities and two social welfare organizations have initiated the “C-for-Chinese@JC” project. It supported NCS students learning Chinese, as well as facilitated early social inclusion. The project developed differentiated school-based curriculum, differentiated teaching and learning materials, differentiated pedagogies and assessment, and varied support measures to kindergartens. Language development of non-Chinese speaking kindergarteners was tracked longitudinally in each of their pre-school years that composed of four language assessments. Significant improvement of language learning results was observed during the three years, which proved the effects of differentiate teaching and learning system. The system is able to alleviate the learning difficulties of NCS preschoolers and bridge the learning differences. This paper detailed research theories and design, data collection, research findings, and analysis of successful cases. The findings of this research could be applied in different settings internationally and be globally referenced.

Congenital Heart Disease: a Pictorial Illustration of Putting Segmental Approach into Practice

Tse Hang Yeung,박은아,Ying Cheong Lee,유진영,Choi Yu Lui 대한자기공명의과학회 2015 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.19 No.4

The human heart is a complex organ in which many complicated congenital defectsmay happen and some of them require surgical intervention. Due to the vastcomplexity of varied anatomical presentations, establishing an accurate and consistentnomenclature system is utmost important to facilitate effective communication amongpediatric cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons and radiologists. The Van Praaghsegmental approach to the complex congenital heart disease (CHD) was developed inthe 1960s and has been used widely as the language for describing complex anatomyof CHD over the decades. It utilizes a systematic and sequential method to describe thecardiac segments and connections which in turn allows accurate, comprehensive andunambiguous description of CHD. It can also be applied to multiple imaging modalitiessuch as echocardiogram, cardiac CT and MRI. The Van Praagh notation demonstrates agroup of three letters, with each letter representative for a key embryologic region ofcardiac anatomy: the atria, ventricles and great vessels. By using a 3-steps approach,we can evaluate complex CHD precisely and have no difficulties in communicatingwith other medial colleague. This pictorial essay revisits the logical steps of segmentalapproach, followed by a pictorial illustration of its application.

Evaluation of mode-shape linearization for HFBB analysis of real tall buildings

Tse, K.T.,Yu, X.J.,Hitchcock, P.A. Techno-Press 2014 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.18 No.4

The high frequency base balance (HFBB) technique is a convenient and relatively fast wind tunnel testing technique for predicting wind-induced forces for tall building design. While modern tall building design has seen a number architecturally remarkable buildings constructed recently, the characteristics of those buildings are significantly different to those that were common when the HFBB technique was originally developed. In particular, the prediction of generalized forces for buildings with 3-dimensional mode shapes has a number of inherent uncertainties and challenges that need to be overcome to accurately predict building loads and responses. As an alternative to the more conventional application of general mode shape correction factors, an analysis methodology, referred to as the linear-mode-shape (LMS) method, has been recently developed to allow better estimates of the generalized forces by establishing a new set of centers at which the translational mode shapes are linear. The LMS method was initially evaluated and compared with the methods using mode shape correction factors for a rectangular building, which was wind tunnel tested in isolation in an open terrain for five incident wind angles at $22.5^{\circ}$ increments from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$. The results demonstrated that the LMS method provides more accurate predictions of the wind-induced loads and building responses than the application of mode shape correction factors. The LMS method was subsequently applied to a tall building project in Hong Kong. The building considered in the current study is located in a heavily developed business district and surrounded by tall buildings and mixed terrain. The HFBB results validated the versatility of the LMS method for the structural design of an actual tall building subjected to the varied wind characteristics caused by the surroundings. In comparison, the application of mode shape correction factors in the HFBB analysis did not directly take into account the influence of the site specific characteristics on the actual wind loads, hence their estimates of the building responses have a higher variability.

Literacy Education in Multi-lingual and Multi-cultural Societies : The Hong Kong Experience

Tse Shek Kam 서울대학교 국어교육연구소 2015 국어교육연구 Vol.36 No.-

Since its reunification with China in 1997, the former British colony of Hong Kong has changed from being a bi-lingual (Cantonese and English) to a tri-lingual state (Cantonese, English and Mandarin/Putonghua, the language spoken across Mainland China). Since gaining independence, Hong Kong has witnessed a steady influx of non-Chinese-speaking immigrants whose children present a worrying problem for their Chinese-speaking teachers since all pupils are expected to learn, converse and write in Chinese in school. This paper presents a framework for teaching Chinese to non-Chinese speaking pupils in Hong Kong, a framework assembled from the experiences of teachers who teach non-Chinese-speaking pupils; from the recommendations in the curriculum prescribed by the Hong Kong Educational Bureau; and from scholarly publications on the matter from experts in the field. The actions taken and strategies used as teachers and schools attempt to tackle the problem are discussed, particularly the use of differentiated curricula, the use of diverse teaching materials and resources, and experimentation with teaching strategies so that all pupils may learn.

Wind characteristics observed in the vicinity of tropical cyclones: An investigation of the gradient balance and super-gradient flow

Tse, K.T.,Li, S.W.,Lin, C.Q.,Chan, P.W. Techno-Press 2014 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.19 No.3

Through comparing the mean wind profiles observed overland during the passages of four typhoons, and the gradient wind speeds calculated based on the sea level pressure data provided by a numerical model, the present paper discusses, (a) whether the gradient balance is a valid assumption to estimate the wind speed in the height range of 1250 m ~ 1750 m, which is defined as the upper-level mean wind speed, in a tropical cyclone over land, and (b) if the super-gradient feature is systematically observed below the height of 1500 m in the tropical cyclone wind field over land. It has been found that, (i) the gradient balance is a valid assumption to estimate the mean upper-level wind speed in tropical cyclones in the radial range from the radius to the maximum wind (RMW) to three times the RMW, (ii) the super-gradient flow dominates the wind field in the tropical cyclone boundary layer inside the RMW and is frequently observed in the radial range from the RMW to twice the RMW, (iii) the gradient wind speed calculated based on the post-landfall sea level pressure data underestimates the overall wind strength at an island site inside the RMW, and (iv) the unsynchronized decay of the pressure and wind fields in the tropical cyclone might be the reason for the underestimation.

Coping with China in Hard Times: Taiwan in Global and Domestic Aspects

Tse-Kang Leng 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2011 Pacific Focus Vol.26 No.3

This paper argues that in the post-democratization era, the Taiwanese state devotes itself to create a comprehensive division of labor with China in favor of Taiwan. Both the DPP and KMT administrations have endeavored to re-intervene in fields like research and development to strengthen and upgrade industrial competitiveness. The Ma administration tries to adopt a policy of globalization with comprehensive engagements with China. However, political costs come with the efforts in deepening and institutionalizing such unique relationship. On the domestic front, the redistribution effect of the trade pact buttresses opposition forces to request a halt to further integration. To cope with the rise of China in hard times, the Taiwanese state chooses to adopt two-track policies to re-intervene into economic spheres of influence while searching for political compromise with China. From this aspect, the power of the Taiwanese state is not shrinking in the era of globalization. It requires more subtle ways to enhance capacities to co-exist with social forces in the domestic soil, and promote trust with major international players in the region. The state power is thus transformed and readjusted in a more complicated manner.

Hedging, Strategic Partnership, and Taiwan’s Relations with Japan Under the Ma Ying-jeou Administration

Tse-kang Leng,Nien-chung Chang Liao 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2016 Pacific Focus Vol.31 No.3

This article examines Taiwan’s new hedging policy toward China and its evolving relations with Japan. Taiwan under President Ma Ying-jeou focused on hedging its bets against China’s rise through engagement, accommodation, and soft balancing. Meanwhile, Taipei and Tokyo are also forging a strategic partnership as they cautiously achieve low-commitment agreements for deeper cooperation, including signing an important fisheries agreement. Nevertheless, both international and domestic challenges may constrain the flexibility of Taipei’s hedging strategy. Given the uncertainty and complexity in East Asia, Taipei will continue its hedging strategy as a way to expand its external cooperation in the region.

Improvement of Bone Mineral Density and Markers of Proximal Renal Tubular Function in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Switched from Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate to Tenofovir Alafenamide

( Tse-ling Fong ),( Brian Lee ),( Andy Tien ),( Mimi Chang ),( Carolina Lim ),( Ho S. Bae ) 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1

Aims: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a novel prodrug that re-duces tenofovir plasma levels by 90% compared to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), resulting in decreased bone mineral density (BMD) loss and renal toxicity. We aimed to study changes in BMD and markers of renal function of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients previously treated with TDF who were switched to TAF. Methods: This was a prospective single-arm open-label study of 75 CHB patients treated with TDF 300 mg daily who were switched to TAF 25 mg daily and followed for 24 weeks. All patients had been treated with TDF for at least 12 months and had HBV DNA < 21 IU/mL at the time of switch. BMD and markers of renal function were taken on the day of switch and repeated after 12 and 24 weeks of TAF treatment. Results: BMD significantly increased after switch from TDF to TAF from baseline to week 12 and remained stable at week 24. Mean percent changes from baseline to week 12 in hip and spine BMDs significantly increased (+ 12.9% and +2.4%, respectively). There were significantly more patients with gains in hip (86%) or spine (76%) BMD than patients who experienced loss (11% and 25%, respectively). No significant change in BMD was seen between week 12 and 24. There was no significant difference in eGFR_CG from baseline to week 24. Significant improvement was observed in urinary beta-2 micro globulin/creatinine ratio between baseline and week 12 that remained through week 24 (median change from baseline to week 12 and 24; 1.5, 1.0 and 1.1 mcg/g respectively; P<0.01). Similar changes were observed with retinol binding protein/creatinine ratio at from baseline to week 12 and 24 (median change from baseline to week 12 and 24; 1.7, 1.3 and 1.4 mcg/g respectively; P<0.01). There was significant increase in fractional excretion of phosphate from baseline to week 24 (11.9 to 14.0; P<0.05). Phosphate threshold for renal tubular reabsorption decreased from baseline to week 12 (2.8 to 2.6 mg/dL). Conclusions: Switching from long-term TDF to TAF among CHB patients was associated with significant improvement in BMD and some markers of proximal renal tubular function. There was no improvement in urinary phosphate handling after the switch which suggests TDF has a direct effect on bone metabolism that is reversible. Longer term and larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.

多元文化幼稚園中文高效教學:理論與實踐

Tse Shek Kam,Lee Toi na,Hu Jin fang,Leung Cheong Yam,Lam Lu Sai,Liang zhi jun 단국대학교 한문교육연구소 2020 International Han-character Education Research Vol.2 No.1

홍콩의 비중국어권 유치원생들은 중국어 학습 과정 중에 많은 어려움을 겪게 된다. 개인적인 이유 외에도 교사와 학교 모두 자원, 교재, 경험 등의 부족으로 이들의 중국어 학습은 도전적 상황에 직면해있다. 최근 홍콩 평등기회위원회(香港平等機會委員會)는 중국어권 학습자와 비중국어권 학습자의 통합교육을 적극적으로 건의하였는데, 본래의 좋은 취지와는 다르게 여러 가지 새로운 문제점들이 제기되는 결과를 가져왔다. 이러한 어려움을 해결하기 위해 홍콩 경마자선기금(香港賽馬會慈善基金)과 관련 협력 기관에서는 큰 규모의 연구를 기획하고 실제 프로그램을 개발하여 비중국어권 유치원 교육을 지원하였다. 다양한 프 로그램 가운데, 본 연구는 언어 학습 이론과 효과적인 교육에 중점을 두고, 수업 현장 관찰, 수업 비디오 녹화, 교장과 교사 인터뷰, 학습자 언어 학습 평가와 같은 연구 방법을 사용하 여 연구를 진행하였다. 본 연구는 비중국어권 유아를 대상으로, 유아반에서 상위반까지의 언어학습 발달과정을 추적 하여 네 차례 언어학습 평가를 진행하였다. 학습자의 3년간의 언어 성적은 뚜렷한 성장을 보였는데, 이를 통해 학습이론과 실제 교육법 사이에 분명한 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구가 통합 정리한 10종의 언어학습이론은 홍콩의 중국어권 유아와 비중국어권 유아의 통합교육에 매우 적합했고, 본 연구에서 얻어진 여러 실제 사례들은 간단히 실행 가능할 뿐만 아니라 많은 자원이 투입되지 않는다는 사실도 도출해 내었다. 본 연구의 이론과 실제 성과가 학계 및 교육 실무자들에게 참고가 되기를 기대해 본다. Non-Chinese speaking kindergarteners in Hong Kong are usually faced with huge difficulties in learning Chinese attributing to inadaquacy of resources, teaching materials, and experiences by kindergartens and their teachers. Desegregation between Chinese speaking and Non-Chinese speaking had been strongly advocated by the Equal Opportunities Commission for years, however, some new issues were created even with the best intention. To solve the above problem, the Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust and institutions in collaboration designed intervention programmes, embedded with large scale research, in supporting non-Chinese speaking preschool education. Among the many intervention programmes, this study focused language learning theories and effective teaching. Research methods included on-site observation, video recording of lessons, interviews with principals and teachers, and children assessment of their language learning. aracters, the Liu shu and the Shuo wen chich tzu, and orthographic standardization. Language development of non-Chinese speaking kindergarteners was tracked longitudinally in each of their pre-school years that composed of four language assessments. Significant improvement of language learning results was observed during the three years, which proved the effects of learning theories and teaching practices. This study also consolidated ten language learning theories for the purpose of integration of Chinese speaking and non-Chinese speaking in the same classroom. Practical exemplars were also included. Educators could make ready use of them with minimum resources. This study aimed to share our theories as well as results of our practices with academics and practioners.

The Inconspicuous Acceleration in Qin Music: An Insider's View with Validation by a Perceptive Study

TSE.Chun-Yan 아시아음악학회 2007 Asian Musicology Vol.11 No.-

Qin, the musical instrument of the Chinese literati, is characterized by its subtle expressiveness. There is often a gradual acceleration of the tempo which is considered inconspicuous by insiders. To validate this inconspicuousness, a comparative perceptive study was done in an undergraduate music class. The students' impression on acceleration and their ability to identify correctly the tempo change of a section of a traditional qin piece and a traditional zheng piece (as control) were compared. Both pieces nearly doubled the tempo in the one minute section. Out of 16 students, 5 and 14 noted some acceleration, and 1 and 7 students measured the tempo change correctly, for the qin and zheng piece respectively (p value 0.004 and 0.07 respectively). The relative inconspicuousness of the acceleration in the qin piece is thus demonstrated. The psychoacoustic features of the inconspicuousness, the generalizability of the finding, and the aesthetic implications are analyzed.