鄕吏制度의 變遷과 腐敗에 關한 一考察 : A Study on the Change and Corruption of Hyang-Ree System

李鍾恒 慶北大學校 1963 論文集 Vol.7 No.1

Ⅰ. Here I considered the cause of Corruption of the Hyang-Ri (The Local Officers in Lee Dynasty), which was said that the main reason of decline and fall of the Lee Dynasty. I concluded the cause of corruption of the Local Officers into three: 1. Under Lee's regime, the government did not paid the salary to the local officers for keeping their living at all. In Silla and Koryo period all local officers were paid the salary though was not so much but still enough to keep their living, while in Lee Dynasty government did not care for the local officers living through her all period. So we can easily imagine that this was a main cause to the local officers to run quickly be corrupted. 2. In Lee dynasty all high ranking officers, who were mainly chosen by very strict national examination, were quite unacquainted with the loca1 business because these high ranking officers were selected among the small size of high class, and also they were forced to study from their childhood only confucian classics and poems, which was the course of the national examination. Usually the county chief. who is appointed from central government, is amateur in dealing with the local business while local officers who are well trained to be low ranking officers from their childhood were very skilful to managing all their daily duteis. This let them took the power to handle the business and gave them the chance to be corrupted endlessly 3. Usually the term of high ranking officers were very short so they did not had the time to accustomed to their duties. This also offer the chance to the local officers to be powerful in dealing the county business and the local officers could do anything they wish. Ⅱ. I traced to the origin of this kind of local officers in the middle part of Silla Period, According to the Samkuk-Yusa(unauthorized three countries history)we can find an anecdote of one local officer whose name is An-Kil(安吉), and this is only prove that there were Hyang-Ri in Silla also, but except this example there are no records on the local officers. And at the end of Silla Period most of local provinces and counties were apart from the central governmental control and became a kind of automonous body. Then we can imagine that in that most of loc포1 officers were also absorbed by these automonous body. After Koryo founded there arose a new local officers which was a ill treated low class and it continued through the Lee Dynasty. So I concluded the direct ancestor of the Hyang-Ri in Lee Dynasty is in the early part of Koryo though its origin is in Silla. Conclusion : The corruption of the Hyang-Ri in Lee period was a main cause of the decline and fall of the Lee dynasty. Seeing this example in the modern time the corruption of low rank officers will be a cause of hampering the progress of the democratic state, because even in now the low ranking officers are huge in number and is doing very important duties to earring out the democratic state.

<明善錄>의 반주자학적 논거의 李濟馬의 四象人臟理論과의 관련성에 대하여

이항재,최승훈 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.2 No.1

This study are performed to reveal the origin of the Sasang constitutional theory made by Lee-jae-ma(李濟馬), confucianist as well as famous oriental doctor, who succeeded to Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism. Han wrote a book named Myung-Suen-Lock(明善錄) which criticized Neo-Confucianism formed at times of Song dynasty in China and proposed a new doctrine i.e Anti-Neo-Confucianism. He asserted that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature, and that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. These two assertions clearly contrasted with pre-existing Neo-Confucianism led Lee-jae-ma to successively organize Sasang constitutional theory. This study is aimed to illuminate this point : How under the effects of Han's new doctrine Lee-jae-ma could find four general constitutions due to the variation of the four organs. At first, Lee indicated four organs as the very general basement providing human nature for all men including The Sacred. In consequence, he justified one of the Han's assertions that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature. Secondly, Lee indicated the Mind as the actual center which bring forth the individual spontaneity. As far as this individual spontaneity is rightly aimed, which means harmonize his own's with the actual process of the Universe, all men could be The Sacred. So he come to justify the other of Han's assertions that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. Therefore, it is clearly verified that the Lee-jae-ma's Sasang doctrine is the successive achievement origined from Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism abundantly represented in his own book, Myung-Suen-Lock.

<명선록(明善錄)>의 반주자학적 논거의 이제마(李濟馬)의 사상인장이론(四象人臟理論)과의 관련성에 대하여

이항재,최승훈,Lee, Hang-Jae,Choi, Seung-Hoon 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

This study are performed to reveal the origin of the Sasang constitutional theory made by Lee-jae-ma(李濟馬), confucianist as well as famous oriental doctor, who succeeded to Han- suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism. Han wrote a book na mod Myung-Suen-Lock(明善錄) which criticized Neo-Confucianism formed at times of Song dynasty in China and proposed a new doctrine i.e Anti-Neo-Confucianism. He asserted that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature, and that The Acatul Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately These two assertions cleary contrasted with pre-existing Neo-confucianism led Lee-jae-ma to successively organize Sasang constitutional theoy. This study is aimed to illuminate this point : How under the effects of Han's new doctrine Lee-jae-ma could find four general constitutions due to the functional variation of the four organs. At first, Lee indicated four organs as the very general basement providing human nature for all men including The Sacred. In consequence, he justified one of the Han's assertions that The Sacred and Ordinary Men are all the same in nature. Secondly, Lee indicated the Mind as the actual center which bring forth the individual spontaneity. As far as this individual spontaneity is rightly aimed, which means harmonize his own's with the actual process of the Universe, all men could be The Sacred. So he come to justify the other of Han's assertions that The Actual Mind of Universe and The Actual Mind of Human also are all the same ultimately. Therefore, it is clearly verified that the Lee-jae-ma's Sasang doctrine is the successive achievement origined from Han-suck-jie(韓錫地)'s Anti-Neo-Confucianism abundantly represented in his own book, Myung-Suen-Lock.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)

김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1

In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.

Occurrence of Off-type Plants in japonica/indica Hybrid Rice Cultivars

Lee,Jeom-Ho,Jeon,Yong-Hee,Hwang,Hung-Goo 한국자원식물학회 2004 Plant Resources Vol.7 No.2

Frequent occurrence of off-type plants in a given cultivar has been a serious problem in both breeder s and farmer s fields. An experiment was designed to examine the differences in rate of occurrence of off-type plants among Tongil-type cultivars (high yielding cultivars derived from indica/japonica hybridization) from which the possible cause of higher occurrence of off-type plant in a specific cultivar was deduced. Among five Tongil-type cultivars examined for morphological variant in the field, only one cultivar, Dasanbyeo, had off-type plants. When analyzed with SSR markers, off-type plants showed different band patterns from original cultivar, having several extra bands in addition to cultivar-specific band, suggesting that off-type plants were originated from Dasanbyeo, rather than originated from mixing or mishandling of seed materials with other cultivars. The possible cause of off-type occurrence seems to be natural pollination with other cuItivars adjacent to the original cultivar during seed multiplication. This was supported from the observation that self-crossed progeny of the off type plants showed a wide range of variation of agronomic traits which could not be observed when there was a smaller introduction of genes to the fixed germplasm as happened in the case of cultivar mutation. Another evidence supported this idea that Dasanbyeo showed much of difference in floral organ and behavior to other cultivar to be subjected to higher out-crossing than other cultivars examined.

과학 실험 평가 도구 개발을 통한 탐구 능력 평가의 타당화에 관한 연구

우종옥,이항로,김승훈 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 1997 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument, applicable to high school Earth Science class experiment. In advance of developing items, I was selected 14 inquiry process skills and specified evaluative objectives for each of them to develop scales and criteria for them. I developed 28 evaluation items for 5 experiment subjects among those of high school Earth Science class. The first field trial was performed a sample of 5 high school students, and the second one using a sample of 25 high school students. The results are as follows. (1) The content validity and reliability(Cronbach α) of the developed items were 82.7% and .86, respectively, the developed instrument in this study is considered valid and reliable. (2) The average difficulty index was .69 and the discrimination index was .30. (3) Answer sheets based on the reported results were rated 5 teachers and Inter-rater Reliabilitiy and Inter-rater Consistency were analyzed, its indices were .80 and .76, respectively. (4) The developed items show a low coefficient of .45 with TESIS, a set of paper-and-pencil test items developed by Lee, Hang-Ro(1991). That the experiment assessment is solely subject to the rater's viewpoint has been one of the major problems raised concerning the matter. This research, however, shows that a set of more specified scales and criteria for the evaluation will make it more valid, reliable and efficient.

Expression, crystallization, and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of peptide deformylase from Acinetobacter baumanii

Thien-Hoang Ho,Kyoungho Jung,Inho Lee,Kim-Hung Huynh,Diem-Quynh Nguyen,Hyunjae Park,Sang Hee Lee,Lin-Woo Kang 한국구조생물학회 2017 Biodesign Vol.5 No.1

The emergences of multi-drug resistant bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumanni have emphasized the necessity of new antibiotics. Peptidyl deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the removal of the formyl group from the N-terminal formylated methionine residue present in all nascent polypeptides in bacteria. In this study, the PDF gene from Acinetobacter baumannii K0420859 was cloned and its protein was overexpressed in E. coli, purified, and crystallized. The purified protein was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method and the crystal diffracted to 2.4 Å resolution. The crystal belonged to the trigonal space group P3 2 with unit cell parameters of a = b= 39.4 Å and c = 187.9 Å. Two protomers were presented in the asymmetric unit with a corresponding V M of 2.10 Å 3 Da -1 and a solvent content of 41.5%.

洋弓競技에서 화살깃의 方向이 記錄에 미치는 影響

李亢龍 건국대학교 교육대학원 1988 敎育論叢 Vol.9 No.-

To examine how the records are influenced by the direction of the feather of an arrow in Archery. I made six archel in both sexes an object of this study. And I analyzed the records in 90meter-game, 70meter-game, 50meter-game and 30meter-game, in male, and in 70meter-game 60meter-game 50meter-game and 30meter-game in female in to the right pitch the left Pitch and the straight. The results are as follows; (1) In the case pf 90meter-game 50meter-game and 30meter-game in male I could find that the records of each right pitch were higher than those of each left pitch and of the straight There was a significant difference among them(P<0.05) (2) In the case of 70meter-game in male the fact showed that the records of each right pitch were higher than those of each left pitch and of the straight and there was a significant difference(P<0.01) (3) In the case of 70meter-game 50meter-game and 30meter-game in female it could be said that the records of each right pitch were higher than those of each left pitch and of the straight and there was a significant difference(P<0.05) (4) In the case of 60meter-game in female each right pitch showed outstanding records but in such a case they had nothing to do with the direction of the feather of an arrow.

實踐을 中心으로 한 敎育管理의 理論的 基底(I)

李與九 淑明女子大學校 1973 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

Ⅰ. PROBLEMS The Educational Management is viewed by the writer as an educational order covering the whole area of educational activities. From such a point of view, the educational problem that the education of today has to solve is how to establish such an educational order. Accordingly, the problems of educational management is offered here as one of the most important tasks of modern education, since the establishment of an educational order comes under the category of the problems of educational management. Ⅱ. PRUPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is not to create a new method in the educational activities to be realized hereafter but to provide a basis for the establishment of an educational order by giving a theory on how to manage education by means of an analysis of the existing educational practice. Ⅲ. OUTLINE OF THE STUDY The fact that the task of educational management has as its subject, the public education which symbolizes the education in modern society gives rise to a variety of the problems. However, the public education is distinct from the educational system in absolutism or that in feudalistic society. That is to say in a social system in which the basic right of man is regarded as the sovereignty, education is freed from the power of the monarch or the church and transferred in the hands of the people. In order words, modern eduction should be carried out as an endeavour to serve the interests of the society or community, with the welfare of an individual as its goal. Nevertheless, the development of public education having been attained through many a difficulties, it is a question whether the public education can be liberated from either a national or political control as well as other systems of power. Consequently, public education will take on different forms according to the social system. Therefore the question must be how to manage it. On these grounds, were reasoned (1) the strategical problems regarding the management of public education. (2) administrative problems regarding the management of compulsory education as the compulsory education is the basis of public education. (3) problems of administrative techniques according to the educational system as operated by the modern countries. (4) the scope of management for the practice of education.

민간부문 건설사업관리 활성화방안

이정희,장홍진,구교진,김옥규,현창택,김양현 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.24 No.1

Since, korean government introduced Construction Management system by the law in 1997, only a few public construction projects have been adopted the system Nevertheless there are many laws which are related in public construction projects, Construction Management is positively carried out by non-government. About the activation plan of Construction Management questionnaire was inquired by experts in construction. The purpose of this study is to give a solution by finding out the problem of the laws, reconstructions remodelings.