「사정변경의 원칙」 적용론 - 대상판결: 대법원 2021. 6. 30. 선고 2019다276338 판결 -

장보은(Chang, Bo-Eun) 한국민사법학회 2021 民事法學 Vol.97 No.-

사정변경의 원칙은 신의칙에 근거한 계약법상 법리로, 계약준수의 원칙에 대한 예외로 이해된다. 그동안 우리 법원은 법리로서 사정변경의 원칙이 인정된다는 것을 분명히 하면서도, 실제 사안에서 사정변경을 이유로 계약의 해제 또는 해지를 인정하는 데에는 매우 인색하였다. 그런데 지난 해 대법원에서는 사정변경의 원칙을 이유로 임대차계약의 해지를 인정한 바 있고, 대상판결도 같은 취지로 계약의 해지를 인정하였다. 이러한 경향은 하급심으로도 이어지고 있는바, 이러한 일련의 판결을 통해 사정변경의 원칙이 더 이상 이론적인 법리에 불과한 것이 아니라 실천적인 규범이라는 점을 확인할 수 있다. 사정변경의 원칙은 기술의 발전이나 전염병의 발생 등으로 예상하기 어려운 현대 사회에서 더 많은 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 사정변경의 원칙을 적용하면, 계약을 그대로 이행하여야 한다거나 불능이 되었으므로 이에 대한 책임을 전부 면한다고 하는 것에 비하여, 다양한 방식의 문제 해결이 가능할 것이다. 다만, 급변하는 환경에 시의적으로 대응하기 위해서는, 한편으로는 신의칙에서 근거하는 만큼 유연성을 유지하면서, 다른 한 편으로는 실제로 이 원칙이 문제를 해결하는 실효성을 가질 수 있도록 그 요건과 효과를 더욱 구체화할 필요가 있다. 이 글에서는 대상판결을 계기로, 사정변경의 원칙과 인접한 법적 개념들을 구별함으로써 사정변경의 원칙이 고려될 수 있는 경우를 분명히 하고, 사정변경의 원칙을 적용하는 경우 그 요건과 효과와 관련하여 관련된 쟁점들을 두루 살펴보고자 하였다. 향후 사정변경의 원칙과 관련하여, 구체적인 사건에의 적용을 염두에 둔 보다 실질적인 논의가 계속되기를 기대한다. The doctrine of change of circumstances is a legal doctrine under the contract law based on the principle of good faith. It is recognized as an exception to the principle of contract compliance (Pacta Sunt Servanda). In the meantime, while the Supreme Court has made it clear that the “doctrine of change of circumstances” is recognized as a legal principle, but in actual cases, it has been very stingy in accepting the termination of a contract on the grounds of change of circumstances. However, in a case decided in 2020, it reached conclusion of the termination of a contract in a specific case in accordance with this doctrine. The Supreme Court Decision, 2019da276338 rendered on June 30, 2021, also admitted the termination of a contract based upon the change of circumstances. Now it could be faily mentioned that the principle of change of circumstances is no longer just a theoretical legal declaration, but a practical norm. In principle the contract must be fulfilled even if there has been some change, because that was the parties’ intention. However, it could be a different story if the situation occurred was not covered and completely unexpected in the contract. We cannot predicate that the parties’ intention was to force the contract to be complied with in its original form even if it seemed excessively onerous. In these exceptional circumstances, the change of circumstances doctrine will be considered. The change of circumstances may also suggest more flexible and reasonable solutions, other than the both ends of termination of the contract as a whole or maintenance of the original contract as it is. In our society where things are changing rapidly and unpredictably, the doctrine may play a role in solving problems. I order to respond in a timely manner to the rapidly changing environment in the future society, while it should be flexible to cover various changes as a general doctrine, it needs to further refine the doctrine so that it can be effective in solving problems in practice.

조직변화 유형과 Appreciative Inquiry(AI) 기반 조직변화모델에 관한 연구

장석인 ( Sug-in Chang ) KNU기업경영연구소 2021 기업경영리뷰 Vol.12 No.3

오늘날의 기업경영환경은 과거보다 지식이나 기술 등의 급속한 변화에 따라 많은 도전에 직면하고 있다. 많은 기업이 조직의 효율 극대화를 가능하게 하는 조직구조로써 팀제를 선택하고 있다. 기존의 도구나 방법으로는 해결하기 어려운 상황과 변화 때문에 영향을 받는 21세기 조직의 경우 결함 기반의 모델(model based on deficit)은 산업화 시대에 주로 사용된 조직개발 방법으로써 적합하지 않다. 이에 대한 대안으로 오늘날 기업은 긍정적 탐색 혹은 긍정 혁명이라 불리는 강점기반(Appreciative Inquiry: AI) 의 조직변화 모델에 주목하고 있다. 강점기반 조직변화 모델(Organizational Change Model based on Appreciative Inquiry)은 현재조직를 개선하고 미래의 비전을 구상하기 위한 수단으로서 조직구성원에게 조직 내에서 가장 좋았던 경험, 성공 이야기, 그리고 긍정적인 성과 등을 생각나게 하는 질문을 제시하는 접근방식이다. 본 연구는 조직변화와 강점기반 조직변화 모델(Organizational Change Model based on Appreciative Inquiry) 을 탐구하는 데 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 첫째, 조직변화 유형과 조직변화모델을 고찰하고자 한다. 둘째, 강점기반 모델(Appreciative Inquiry Model)의 원리와 프로세스에 대한 살펴보고, 마지막으로 연구 결과와 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. Today’s business environment faces many challenges due to rapid changes in knowledge and technology than in the past. Many companies are choosing the team system as an organizational structure that enables maximiza-tion of organizational efficiency. For organizations in the 21st century that are affected by changes and situations that are difficult to solve with existing tools or methods, the model based on deficit is not suitable as an organiza-tion development method mainly used in the industrialization era. As an alternative to this, today’s companies are paying attention to the organizational change model of Ap-preciative Inquiry (AI) called positive search or positive revolution. Organizational Change Model based on Ap-preciative Inquiry is a means to improve the present organization and envision a future vision. This model is an approach that asks members of the organization questions that remind them of their best experiences within the organization, success stories, and positive outcomes. The purpose of this study is to explore organizational change and the Organizational Change Model based on Appreciative Inquiry. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, first, the types of organizational change and organizational change models are to be investigated. Second, the principle and process of the Appreciative In-quiry Model will be reviewed, and finally, research results and implications will be drawn.

중국의 사회구조변화와 여성: 소강사회건설과 여성의 정치 사회참여

장공자 ( Gong Ja Chang ) 국제지역학회 2005 국제지역연구 Vol.9 No.2

중국은 16전대에서 전면적으로 소강사회를 건설하고 중국특색의 사회주의의 새로운 국면을 열자 라는 정치보고를 통해 향후 20년간 국내총생산의 4배 증가를 실현시키고 1인당 국민소득을 3000달러에 달하게 하여 전면적인 소강사회를 건설할 것이라는 국가목표를 제시했다. 그리고 이어 10전인대를 통해 60대 전후의 제4세대 지도부로 세대교체를 마무리했다. 중국의 개혁 개방은 정치, 경제, 사회뿐 아니라, 생활방식과 가치관에 이르기까지 여러 측면에서 기존의 틀을 크게 변화시켜 사회구성원들에게 자유로운 활동의 공간을 열어주었다. 특히 계획경제체제에서 시장경제체제로 전환됨에 따라 이러한 변동과 변화는 중국사회의 계층구조의 급격한 변화를 초래했다. 이러한 변화를 결정하는 것은 단일 정치적인 요소가 아니라, 경제적인 요소 즉 소득수준과 사회적 요소라 하겠다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 구조 속에서 여성들은 어떤 사회적 신분변화를 보이게 되었는지, 그리고 직업유동과 지역유동, 소득격차 등이 여성들에게 어떤 변화를 주었으며 여성들의 정치사회참여는 어떻게 이뤄지고 있고 향후 부각되는 문제점은 무엇인지 규명해 보고자 한다. The reform and opening of China has altered the traditional paradigm in many aspects, not only politics, economy, and society but also life style and value system. This change allowed its people a living capacity with more freedom. The change from a controlled economy to a free market system has caused drastic change in the status and class of the Chinese people. This is not solely caused by political factors but economic factors, such as difference in income, and social factors as well. Therefore, in this paper, the change in female status due to this change in society will be observed. Also, the influence that vocational and regional mobility and income difference had on females will be inquired. Lastly, I will shed light on how females are participating in society and politics and focus on the problems that these change are causing.

한국사상(韓國思想)사학(史學) : 정쟁을 통해 본 유소와 성균관 장의의 기능

장재천 ( Jae Cheon Chang ) 한국사상문화학회 2013 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.70 No.-

조선시대에 성균관에서는 재학 중인 유생들에게 자치기구인 재회(齋會)라는 학생회가 있었으며, 이들을 대표하는 장의(掌議)라는 직책이 있었다. 장의의 선출은 총학생회의 회의를 통해서 하였는데, 주로 생원들이 거재하는 동재의 유생들을 대표하는 동재장의와 주로 진사들이 거재하는 서재의 유생들을 대표하는 서재장의 등 독단적인 운영을 막기 위해서 복수제로 2명을 선출하였다. 성균관 장의의 교체는 춘추석전을 기준으로 임기 기한을 삼았으며, 특별한 상황에 따라 국왕의 특별한 교지가 있게 되면 즉시 교체하였다. 그런데 성균관 장의는 성균관 유생들뿐만이 아니라 서울의 4학 유생들, 그리고 전국 각지의 유생들을 대표하는 것으로서 매우 막중하고 영광스러운 위치였다. 그러나 항상 주목을 받는 영광스러운 위치였기 때문에 오히려 여러 가지 수난도 많이 당하였다. 아직 벼슬이 없는 전국 모든 유생들의 상소는 반드시 성균관 장의의 승인을 거쳐서 승정원에 올라가야 했기 때문에 그 기능을 잘못 사용하거나 남용하였을 때는 벌을 받거나 정거를 당하였으며, 조정대신이나 국왕과 대립할 경우에도 많은 경우 정거를 당하거나 유배를 당하거나 서인으로 전락 당하였고, 원점을 삭점 당해 과거응시에 불리한 처분도 받았다. 또한 특권을 부여 받아 단독으로 사용하는 방인 장의방에서 내쫓기기도 하였고, 절도(絶島) 즉 육지에서 멀리 떨어진 외딴 섬으로 유배를 가는 경우도 있었으며, 심한 경우는 영거(永擧)를 당하거나 유적(儒籍)에서 이름이 삭적 당하는 치욕스러운 경우까지도 있었다. 그러므로 성균관 장의의 수난은 그만큼 학생으로서의 유생들의 지위가 약화되거나 성균관 교육이 대체로 부실해지거나 정쟁으로 인하여 파당싸움이 심해질수록 더 많은 수난을 당하게 되었던 것이라고 할 수 있다. In the Joseon Dynasty, Sungkyunkwan enrolled students were autonomous organizations, student council, student body president, a position that represent them were through a meeting of the student body, was elected student body president of two people in order to prevent the operation of dogmatic. Replace the chairman of the Student Center, based on the Spring and Autumn Sukjun(釋奠), If you have special circumstances, according to the king``s command and were replaced immediately. Sungkyunkwan representatives Sungkyunkwan students as well as chairman of the glorious position was very heavy and is representative of students in Hanyang, and students across the country. Always receives attention because it was a glorious position, however, but rather several Passion Party. Receives recognition Sungkyunkwan student body president, the government official does not have the national appeal of all larvae Seungjeongwon(承政院) to go up because incorrect use or abuse of its powers, when punished or stops per exam, and government officials and the king and confrontation in many cases, even if you want to regress to the average person stops per exam or go to exile origin, were mowed per exam was unfavorable disposition. In severe cases, also was put out of machines and how to use the privilege granted solely an isolated island, far away from the land, if you are going into exile, lifelong exam larvae of his name deleted from the list, or being able if there were. SungKyunKwan student body president, passion, much weakened or status as a student, Sungkyunkwan education or stale due to partisan politics partisanship has been put to the sufferings, the more severe.

EEG, fMRI, EAV 및 SQUID장치(裝置)를 이용(利用)한 기공현상(氣功現狀) 측정(測定)

장경선 ( Kyeong Seon Jang ),정찬원 ( Chan Won Jeong ),최찬헌 ( Chan Hun Choi ),윤유식 ( Wu Sik Yoon ),소철호 ( Cheal Ho So ),나창수 ( Chang Su Na ) 대한경락경혈학회 2004 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.21 No.2

Objectives: Human physiological changes in the state of qigong has been measured using EEG(Electroencephalography), functional MRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Image), EAV(Electro-Acupuncture according to Voll) and SQUID(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) measurements. Methods & Results: EEGs were measured to study the differences between Qigong masters and Qi receiver on the changes of EEG. During Qigong, an alpha waves were increased. The power spectra indicate that the peak frequency of alpha waves increased during Qigong. Qi receiver`s EEG signals seemed to affected by the state of himself. Brain activation did not observed when qigong master concentrates the Qi at Laogong(P8). But a localization of fMRI signal in the sensory cortex was observed by electric acupuncture stimulation at Laogong(P8). Five phase deviation of EAV were clearly changed in the both cases of Qigong master and Qi receiver. When a Qigong master concentrates the Qi at Yintang, Laogong(P8), Qihai(CV6) meridian points during Qigong state, the change of magnetic field around acupoints Yintang, Laogong points has been measured using 40-Channel DROS-SQUID apparatus. After smoothing process of the continuously measured magnetic signal around acupoints for a few minutes, we could observe that a series of peaks, magnitude of -1.0~2.5pT appeared. But there was no significant difference in changes of magnetic signal around acupoints. Physical signals of magnetocardiogram has been measured by using 2-Channel DROS SQUID(Magnetocardiogram). Physical signals of magnetocardiogram were clealy changed at the ST segments after S-wave when qigong master concentrates the Qi.

한국사상(韓國思想) 사학(史學) : 실록에 나타난 조선후기 성균관 장의의 영예

장재천 ( Jae Cheon Chang ) 한국사상문화학회 2013 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.67 No.-

조선시대에 성균관에서는 재학 중인 유생들을 대표하는 장의(掌議)라는 직함이 있었다. 유생들의 자치기구인 재회(齋會)라는 학생회가 있었으며, 이 학생회의 전체회의를 통해서 선출된 장의는 동재장의와 서재장의 2명의 복수 제였다. 그 이유는 1인체제의 독단적인 운영을 막기 위해서였다. 춘추석전을 기준으로 교체하는 기한을 삼았으며, 국왕의 특별한 교지가 있으면 즉시 교체하였다. 성균관 유생들뿐만이 아니라 4학 유생들, 그리고 전국 각지의 유생들을 대표하는 성균관 장의는 매우 영광스러운 위치였다. 아직 벼슬하지 않은 전국 유생들의 상소는 모두 성균관 장의의 근실을 받아서 승정원에 올려 보내야 했고, 장의가 성균관 유생들을 감독하고 통솔하고 잘못된 것들을 시정하는 일도 처리했다. 그래서 자치적으로 유생들을 벌주는 유벌은 장의가 먼저 발론을 시작해야 했으며, 유생들의 이름을 유적에서 삭적하는 일이나 복적하는 일도 전권을 가지고 담당하였고, 새로운 거재유생을 받아들이고 내보내고 하는 일도 장의가 책임을 가지고 있었다. 성균관 장의는 성균관뿐만이 아니라 전국 유생들을 대표하여 국왕을 자주 접견하였고, 국왕에게 올리는 전문과 가요도 책임을 졌으며 국왕 앞에서 낭독하는 일까지도 맡았다. 뿐만 아니라, 성균관 장의는 각종 의례의 진행과 안내, 국왕이나 왕세자들의 알성 행사나 대사례 행사 때에도 큰 책임을 맡았다. 중국 사신들의 영접이나 배웅, 교관과 유생들 상호간의 상읍례, 식당출입 질서유지, 국왕의 궁궐 밖 행차 시 지영이나 지송을 하기 위한 성균관 유생들의 인솔과 통솔도 성균관 장의의 역할이었다. 그러므로 성균관 장의의 영예는 국가와 성균관이 인정하고 각별히 예우하는 것으로서 성균관을 책임진 대사성 못지않은 매우 특별한 것이었다. In the Joseon Dynasty, Sungkyunkwan was the title of the representatives attending larvae(儒生) called student council(齋會) that larvae of autonomous organizations, student government, through the entire meeting of the student congress elected 2 person. The Council and was the second person plural. The reason was to prevent the operation of one body of dogmatic. And made the deadline to replace the spring and autumn sukjun(釋奠) If you have a special decree of the king and was replaced immediately. Sungkyunkwan larvae, as well as part 4 Hakdang(學堂) larvae, and larvae of all over the country, which represents the location was very glorious. Sincerely customized Sungkyunkwan student representative of appeals did not extradite the country larvae Seungjeongwon (承政院) in place to send and supervise and preside Sungkyunkwan larvae and the representative to correct the wrong things, nothing processed. So yubeol(儒罰) autonomous larvae punish by representative first had to start vallon(發論), the larvae of name from the ruins sakjeok(削籍) or repeatedly that nothing has carte blanche responsible, and involve export accepting new geojae(居齋) larvae have a responsibility was. Sungkyunkwan representative nationwide larvae on behalf of the King Center, as well as frequent interviews were read before the king took responsibility king to raise the jeonmun(箋文) and song(歌謠). Sungkyunkwan representative, as well as the progress of the various ritual and guide the exercise of the king or crown prince alseong(謁聖) vs. case when the big events was responsible. Chinese envoys welcomed or drop-off of the instructor and larval phase of mutual euprye(揖禮), dining room access the maintenance of order, out of the king`s palaces, the procession for jiyoung(祗迎) or jisong(祗送) to Sungkyunkwan larvae of leading and presided role Sungkyunkwan representative. Sungkyunkwan to recognized national and Sungkyunkwan and special courtesies which was responsible principal, a representative of the honor was very special as.

ICT 산업분야 신생기업의 IPO 이후 인수합병과 산업 집중도에 관한 연구

장영봉(YoungBong Chang),권영옥(YoungOk Kwon) 한국지능정보시스템학회 2020 지능정보연구 Vol.26 No.3

Now, it is a stylized fact that a small number of technology firms such as Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, Amazon, Facebook and a few others have become larger and dominant players in an industry. Coupled with the rise of these leading firms, we have also observed that a large number of young firms have become an acquisition target in their early IPO stages. This indeed results in a sharp decline in the number of new entries in public exchanges although a series of policy reforms have been promulgated to foster competition through an increase in new entries. Given the observed industry trend in recent decades, a number of studies have reported increased concentration in most developed countries. However, it is less understood as to what caused an increase in industry concentration. In this paper, we uncover the mechanisms by which industries have become concentrated over the last decades by tracing the changes in industry concentration associated with a firm’s status change in its early IPO stages. To this end, we put emphasis on the case in which firms are acquired shortly after they went public. Especially, with the transition to digital-based economies, it is imperative for incumbent firms to adapt and keep pace with new ICT and related intelligent systems. For instance, after the acquisition of a young firm equipped with AI-based solutions, an incumbent firm may better respond to a change in customer taste and preference by integrating acquired AI solutions and analytics skills into multiple business processes. Accordingly, it is not unusual for young ICT firms become an attractive acquisition target. To examine the role of M&As involved with young firms in reshaping the level of industry concentration, we identify a firm’s status in early post-IPO stages over the sample periods spanning from 1990 to 2016 as follows: i) being delisted, ii) being standalone firms and iii) being acquired. According to our analysis, firms that have conducted IPO since 2000s have been acquired by incumbent firms at a relatively quicker time than those that did IPO in previous generations. We also show a greater acquisition rate for IPO firms in the ICT sector compared with their counterparts in other sectors. Our results based on multinomial logit models suggest that a large number of IPO firms have been acquired in their early post-IPO lives despite their financial soundness. Specifically, we show that IPO firms are likely to be acquired rather than be delisted due to financial distress in early IPO stages when they are more profitable, more mature or less leveraged. For those IPO firms with venture capital backup have also become an acquisition target more frequently. As a larger number of firms are acquired shortly after their IPO, our results show increased concentration. While providing limited evidence on the impact of large incumbent firms in explaining the change in industry concentration, our results show that the large firms’ effect on industry concentration are pronounced in the ICT sector. This result possibly captures the current trend that a few tech giants such as Alphabet, Apple and Facebook continue to increase their market share. In addition, compared with the acquisitions of non-ICT firms, the concentration impact of IPO firms in early stages becomes larger when ICT firms are acquired as a target. Our study makes new contributions. To our best knowledge, this is one of a few studies that link a firm’s post-IPO status to associated changes in industry concentration. Although some studies have addressed concentration issues, their primary focus was on market power or proprietary software. Contrast to earlier studies, we are able to uncover the mechanism by which industries have become concentrated by placing emphasis on M&As involving young IPO firms. Interestingly, the concentration impact of IPO firm acquisitions are magnified when a large incumbent firms are involved as an acquirer. This leads us to infer

양식넙치 ( Paralichthys olivaceus ) 의 생리조건에 미치는 연속적인 수온 급강하의 영향

장영진(Young Jin Chang),이복규(Bok Kyu Lee),강덕영(Duk Young Kang),박명룡(Myong Ryong Park) 한국수산과학회 1999 한국수산과학회지 Vol.32 No.5

Physiological responses of cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on lowering seawater temperature sharply and continuously were studied with 4 experiments of temperature changes (Exp.I∼IV). In Exp.I, the temperature was decreased from 18℃ to 9℃ by the rate of 1℃/hr, threafter back to the initial temperature after 5 day. With the same conditions of temperature rate and 5 days interval, the temperature changes for Exp.II, III and IV were 20℃ to 17℃, 23℃ to 14℃ and 23℃ to 17℃, respectively. Serum cortisol and glucose were measured during whole experiments. Hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured in the Exp.I, and osmolality, electrolytes (Na^+, Cl^-, K^+, Ca^(2+)), total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of serum, in Exp.II∼IV. Serum cortisol levels were significantly increased by the lowering temperature sharply during whole experiments, while serum glucose levels were increased only in Exp.III and IV. Ht, RBC and Hb were decreased as the water temperature was lowered, but MCHC was increased. The serum osmolality was reduced and the unstable changes of electrolytes were shown by the changes of seawater temperature. No significant changes in total protein, ALT and AST activity were observed.

이야기의 서사적 변이 연구

장영창(Jang, Young-Chang) 우리문학회 2018 우리文學硏究 Vol.0 No.59

이 논문은 이야기가 ‘소박한 모티프’에서 시작하여, ‘단순한 이야기’로 진행되다가, 점차 ‘변이된 이야기’로 변화한다는 가정을 바탕으로 하여, 서사의 변이를 살펴보았다. 구체적으로, 쌀이 무한정 나왔으면 좋겠다는 ‘소박한 모티프’에서 시작하여, 〈쌀바위〉전설의 ‘단순한 이야기’로 변모한 사례 1과 예쁜 각시와 행복하게 살아 보고 싶다는 ‘소박한 소망’에서 ‘다양한 서사의 이야기’로 변모한 〈우렁각시〉 설화의 사례 2를 중심으로 서사변이의 원리를 살펴보았다. 2장에서는 60여 편의 〈쌀바위〉 전설 각 편의 이야기를 중심으로, 이야기의 변이를 유발하는 주요소를 ‘① 주요 인물 ② 이야기의 배경 공간 ③ 쌀이 나오는 양 ④ 욕심을 내는 이유 ⑤ 많이 나오게 하는 수단과 방법 ⑥ 행위의 결과 ⑦ 전승명’을 중심으로 연구하였다. 그리하여 어느 부분에서 변이가 많이 생기고, 왜 그러한지 원인을 살펴보았다. 그리고 41편의 〈우렁각시〉 설화를 대상으로 ‘① 만나는 장소 ② 보관 장소 ③ 변신 ④ 방해자의 변이 요소’를 살펴보았다. 또한 〈우렁각시〉 설화는 단순한 소재의 변이 보다는 ‘시련-극복-죽음’이라는 분기점에 의해, 각 편이 ‘①원형’에서 ‘⑪동반 죽음형’으로 서사가 유형화 되는 것을 분석하였다. 3장에서는 서사 변이의 담화 유형과 변이의 의미를 살펴보았다. 〈여자농부 아랑이〉는 〈쌀바위〉 전설보다 내용의 변화가 많다. ‘등장인물 수의 확대, 액자구성으로의 변이, 도구의 효율성과 경제적 생산성 추구’ 등의 변화를 통해, 서사의 변화를 견인하고 있다. 그리고 〈우렁각시〉 설화 41편은 각 편의 이야기 분기점, 즉 ‘시련의 있고 없음, 극복으로 인한 재결함과 좌절로 인한 분리, 죽지 않음과 죽음, 총각만 죽음과 각시도 죽음’이라는 기준에 따라 ‘①원형’에서 ‘⑪동반 죽음형’으로 서사 유형이 다양하게 유형화 되는 것을 살펴보았다. 그리고 각각의 분기점 내에서 유형화된 이야기가 ‘강화와 일탈의 원리’로 분화 발전함을 살펴 볼 수 있었다. 그 결과 〈쌀바위〉 전설은 각 편의 변이가 크게 나타나지 않는 일반형 서사 구조의 특징이 나타나고, 〈우렁각시〉 설화는 각 편이 분기점에 의해 이야기가 달라지는 다양한 서사 구조가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. The story begins with “the simple Motif,” continues with “the simple story,” and changes into “a different story.” Based on these changes, we looked into the idea of “epic variation”. Starting with “the simple motif”, which means that it wants to have an endless supply of rice, it transforms into “the simple story” of the legend of “Rice Rock”. The tale of “the Mud Snail Bride” changes from a simple wish to live happily with the pretty bride to “the diverse narrative story.” It revolves around the legend of “Rice Rock” and the tale of “the Mud Snail Bride.” We examined the principle of these epic variations. In Chapter 2, it is based on more than 60 legends of “Rice Rock”. The main factors causing variation in the story were ① the background of the story, ② major characters, ③ how the amount of rice was produced, ⑤ the method, and ⑥ the result of the act of the study. Thus we investigated where variations occurred and why. Moreover they analyzed 41 tales of the “Mud Snail Bride” ① meeting place ② the storage place where people meet, ③ the transformation of the place where they are stored. Also, the tale of the “Mud Snail Bride” is changed by the junction of ‘The trial-Overcoming-Death’. The type of story is divided into the ‘① prototype ⑪ death’. In Chapter 3, we looked at the types of variations and their meanings. “Female Farmer A-rang” is more transformative than the legend of “Rice Rock”. There is a change in “the number of characters, frame composition, efficiency of tools, and the pursuit of economic productivity.” These factors lead to the epic changes. Moreover the 41 stories in the tale of the “Mud Snail Bride” have a narrative point. ① whether or not there is an ordeal, ② a decision made by overcoming obstacles, ④ separation from death to death, ⑤ death to death. Accordingly, various types of epic stories in ① ~ ⑪ are divided. The patterned story divides into ‘Principles of Reinforcement and Deviance’. As a result, the legend of “Rice Rock” features a ‘general epic structure’, with no significant variation on each side. The Tale of the “Mud Snail Bride” has many different epic structures in which the story varies.

세 가지 표징(출 4:1-9)에 대한 시청각적 연구

장석정(Sok-Chung Chang) 연세대학교 신과대학(연합신학대학원) 2013 신학논단 Vol.71 No.-

?;?;Exodus 4:1-9 is a first example of Moses' protest concerning Israel's disbelief and YHWH's signs to assure him Israel's belief. Moses is worrying that Israel will not believe him and say YHWH does not appear to him. These worries are about Moses' delivering the words of YHWH to Israel. They include the aural elements and the visual elements together. In his protest, Moses actually asked YHWH to give him a visual evidence that could make Israel believe in his words.<br/> ?;?;In YHWH's response to Moses' protest, three sings were given. First, the staff changed into a snake. This sign shows 100% of the visual elements. The second sign was to make his hand infected with a skin disease. However, Moses had to put his hand into his bosom, so he could not see the process of change. That is why this sign has only 50% of the visual elements. The last sign was told to Moses and he could not experience it because he had to take some water from the Nile and pour it upon the land. It is supposed to change into blood. He will be able to try it when he actually goes to Egypt. So this third sign shows 0% of the visual elements. What these three signs mean is that the aural elements are more important than the visual elements. Moses has to deliver the words of YHWH through his mouth, that is, the aural elements.<br/> ?;?;Also the identity of ‘they’ in the protest of Moses in 4:1 has to reveal because the text does not say anything about them. Traditionally, the scholars have thought that ‘they’ are ‘the people of Israel.’ However, this study shows that not only the people of Israel but also the king of Egypt could be included in the category of ‘they.’ In order to realize Exodus, Israel had to get a permission from the Egyptian king. Moses needed to have signs to persuade him to make Exodus happen. The awkward connection between v. 8 and v. 9 proves that the third sign was prepared for the king of Egypt. As the three signs deliberately shows the importance of the words, here again the text indicates that only aural elements could make the people of Israel and the king of Egypt believe what Moses said in the name of YHWH. ?;?;Exodus 4:1-9 is a first example of Moses' protest concerning Israel's disbelief and YHWH's signs to assure him Israel's belief. Moses is worrying that Israel will not believe him and say YHWH does not appear to him. These worries are about Moses' delivering the words of YHWH to Israel. They include the aural elements and the visual elements together. In his protest, Moses actually asked YHWH to give him a visual evidence that could make Israel believe in his words.<br/> ?;?;In YHWH's response to Moses' protest, three sings were given. First, the staff changed into a snake. This sign shows 100% of the visual elements. The second sign was to make his hand infected with a skin disease. However, Moses had to put his hand into his bosom, so he could not see the process of change. That is why this sign has only 50% of the visual elements. The last sign was told to Moses and he could not experience it because he had to take some water from the Nile and pour it upon the land. It is supposed to change into blood. He will be able to try it when he actually goes to Egypt. So this third sign shows 0% of the visual elements. What these three signs mean is that the aural elements are more important than the visual elements. Moses has to deliver the words of YHWH through his mouth, that is, the aural elements.<br/> ?;?;Also the identity of ‘they’ in the protest of Moses in 4:1 has to reveal because the text does not say anything about them. Traditionally, the scholars have thought that ‘they’ are ‘the people of Israel.’ However, this study shows that not only the people of Israel but also the king of Egypt could be included in the category of ‘they.’ In order to realize Exodus, Israel had to get a permission from the Egyptian king. Moses needed to have signs to persuade him to make Exodus happen. The awkward connection between v. 8 and v. 9 proves that the third sign was prepared for the king of Egypt. As the three signs deliberately shows the importance of the words, here again the text indicates that only aural elements could make the people of Israel and the king of Egypt believe what Moses said in the name of YHWH.