알루미늄 전해엣칭 기술에 관한 연구

김홍대,박광자,김희국,강성군 한국표면공학회 1990 한국표면공학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.1990 No.-

국소진행 위암의 술중조사 2례

김경애,김성규,신세원,김명세,김홍진,권굉보,김홍대 영남대학교 의과대학 1988 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.5 No.1

수술중 방사선 치료는 우리 나라와 같이 위암환자가 많은 경우에 그 이용 범위가 넓고 특히 국소적으로 진행된 경우에 효과가 있으므로 앞으로 그 이용 가치가 높다고 하겠다. 저자들은 국소적으로 진행된 두 명의 위암환자에서 일반외과, 마취과, 치료방사선과가 합동으로 수술중 방사선 치료를 시행 하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Stomach cancer is the most popular tumor in Korea but the prognosis following extensive surgery and chemotherapy has not improved for many years. Conventional external radiotherapy also has some limitation, namely, a cancerocidal does can not be delivered to tumors because of low radiation tolerance of adjacent critical sensitive organs. In order to overcome these limitations of curative surgery and external radiotherapy, intraoperative radiotherapy was proposed in many centers and the results were excellent. We treated two cases of locally advanced gastric cancers with IORT by using NEC 18 MeV Linear Accelerator after standard subtotal resection of the stomach. After treatment, the patients are in good conditions so far, but in order to evaluate the effectiveness of IORT, a study will be performed on the survival rates between patients treated by IORT and those treated by surgery alone.

대장암의 보조항암요법

김홍대 대한종양외과학회 2008 대한임상종양학회 학술대회지 Vol.2008 No.11

외교와 미술 : 『조선왕조실록』에 기록된 대명 외교 관련 자료를 중심으로

김홍대(金弘大) 한국미술연구소 2017 美術史論壇 Vol.- No.45

This thesis examines the function and role of art in diplomacy. In diplomacy, art can be categorized into ‘Art as a gift’ and ‘Art as an art’. As ‘Art as a gift’, art was a symbol of peace between the two countries. The handicraft was widely used as a gift from both countries. Ming sent lots of silk and books, and Joseon used to send special handicrafts such as Joseon paper, silk and stone lanterns. As ‘Art as an art’, art was a good medium for relaxing diplomatic relations with diplomats, interacting with culture, and enhancing friendship. Diplomats sometimes drew pictures or created calligraphy, and sometimes enjoied art pieces together. This paper is examining how arts played a role in diplomacy of Joseon Dynasty. This study divided the characteristics of arts into four categories based on the contents recorded in the "Annals of the Joseon Dynasty": First, diplomats of both countries create artworks on the spot; second, that diplomats of Ming dynasty purchase artworks of Joseon; third, someone creates artworks to leave his or her name; and fourth, someone uses artworks for diplomatic activities. Through this categorization, the present study could see how the roles of arts are specifically revealed in the diplomatic process, and trace their significance and values. This is different from the research method and direction in previous studies, which have mainly focused on the types and contents of artwork that expresses foreign-related themes. The present study identified that the diplomacy between Ming and Joseon was unequal.

物的 流通管理近代化에 관한 硏究

김홍대 한국항만경제학회 1991 韓國港灣經濟學會誌 Vol.7 No.-

Peptide 첨가수준이 Mixed Protozoa 와 Mixed Bacteria 의 Peptide 대사 및 반추위 발효에 미치는 영향

김홍대,하종규,양승학,이세영 한국동물자원과학회 2001 한국축산학회지 Vol.43 No.3

This study was conducted to examine the in vitro fermentation pattern after incubation of rumen bacteria or protozoa with different levels of peptide as a substrate. Casein trypticase was used as peptide source and was added to the medium to make final concentration of 0, 0.2 and 0.4 %. 1. Ammonia concentration was significantly different between bacteria and protozoa. Before 6 hrs incubation, ammonia concentration was higher in bacteria than in protozoa, but after 12 hrs incubation, reversed effect was shown. A similar trend was observed in soluble protein concentration in the medium. 2. Peptidase activity was not significantly influenced by microbial type or peptide supplementation level. 3. Individual VFA and total VFA concentration were higher when bacteria were microbial source compared to protozoa. Acetate/propionate ratio was higher in protozoa when peptides were not supplemented. but higher in bacteria when peptides were added. 4. Gas production/total VFA was higher in protozoa at most incubation time which may imply the efficiency of energy production was lower in protozoa than in bacteria.

현대초기 상업교과목의 변천사적 고찰

김홍대 신라대학교 사회과학연구소 1999 사회과학연구 Vol.- No.3

貿易自動化를 위한 EDI 去來方式의 法律的 諸問題와 解決方案

김홍대,이상엽 新羅大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.44 No.1

Recently, according to development of the information and communication technique traditional paper style is being replaced with EDI(Electronic Data Interchange) style to speedily teletransmit data by computer network in office as the style of conducting trade affairs. Already EDI in the trade automation is using in developing countries for competitive power. Also UN is positively recommending that for the simplification of international trade procedure. So world wide proliferation of EDI is expected. Our EDI is nothing but an early stage with compared developing countries, nevertheless it is unavoidable that we proliferate EDI to trade with them or our competitive power. But when paper documents is replaced with electronic documents, it are forecasted that all sorts of legal problems occur as well as besides technical and practical problems. Because that it is weak that laws or international rules to control legal characters and responsibilities for electronic data in use of EDI at present. They are authentication question of electronic documents and signature, evidence question of contract contents, responsibility question of parties concerned EDI and security question of trade informations and so forth. The laws and rules of each country endeavor to solve the problems for acceptance of EDI, but they don't control in wholeness all problems yet. Therefore if these problems will be solved, the first of all it is necessary that the parties concerned EDI correctly understand the principle EDI, technical, practical and leagal problems. And the following will be required, namely the establishment of special law to accept new commercial practice, EDI, the amendment and supplement of existing laws and the establish of international uniform rules about EDI. But it will need a lot of time for the establish of laws or rules. So it is very important that the parties concerned conclude interchange agreement by consultation to prevent the dispute on legal problems before a thing takes place during the period of transition.

사지 연부조직 혈관종의 자기공명영상

김홍대 대한영상의학회 1995 대한영상의학회지 Vol.32 No.4

Purpose : To analyse the MR imaging characteristics of the soft tissue hemagiomas of the extremity. Materialsand Methods : We retrospectively reviewed histopathologically proven 18 cases of hemangiomas of the extremityincluding 15 cavernous hemangiomas, 2 venous hemangiomas and 1 capillary hemangioma. The lesions were frequent infemale and low extremity. We analyzed the site, extent, margin, signal intensity , enhancement pattern, thehomogeniety of internal architecture , and abnormal vessels near the lesion. Results : The extensive lesionsinvolving multiple muscle and tissue layers were more frequent than localized lesions (12/18). Twelve cases hadill defined margins. In most cases, the lesion was heterogeneous mass composed of nodular and septal comonents.The nodular component showed intermediate signal intensity in T1WI and hign signal intensity in T2WI. The setalcomponent showed mixed inconstant signal intensity. One case of capillary hemangioma showed relatively homogeneoussignal intensity than cavernous hemangioma and the main portion of 2 venous hemangiomas had mutilple tubularsignal voids. At least some portion of the lesion was enhanced in all enhanced cases. Conclusion : The soft tissuehemangiomas of the extremity showed characteristic MR findings and MRI would be an useful method in the diagnosisof the soft tissue hemangiomas of the extremity.

뇌종야의 관류 자기공명영상: 예비보고

김홍대,장기현,성수옥,한문희,한만청 대한자기공명의과학회 1997 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.1 No.1

Purpose: To assess the utility of magnetic resonance(MR) cerebral blood volume (CBV) map in the evaluation of brain tumors. Materials and Methods: We performed perfusion MR imaing preoperatively in the consecutive IS patients with intracranial masses(3 meningiomas, 2 glioblastoma multiformes, 3 low grade gliomas, 1 lymphoma, 1 germinoma, 1 neurocytoma, 1 metastasis, 2 abscesses, 1 radionecrosis). The average age of the patients was 42 years (22yr -68yr), composed of 10 males and S females. All MR images were obtained at l.ST imager(Signa, CE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin). The regional CBV map was obtained on the theoretical basis of susceptibility difference induced by first pass circulation of contrast media. (contrast media: IScc of gadopentate dimeglumine, about 2ml/sec by hand, starting at 10 second after first baseline scan). For each patient, a total of 480 images (6 slices, 80 images/slice in 160 sec) were obtained by using gradient echo(CE) single shot echo-planar image(EPI) sequence (TR 2000ms, TE SOms, flip angle $90^{\circ}$, FOV $240{\times}240mm,{\;}matrix{\;}128{\times}128$, slice-thick/gap S/2.S). After data collection, the raw data were transferred to CE workstation and rCBV maps were generated from the numerical integration of ${\Delta}R2^{*} on a voxel by voxel basis, with home made software (${\Delta}R2^{*}=-ln (S/SO)/TE). For easy visual interpretation, relative RCB color coding with reference to the normal white matter was applied and color rCBV maps were obtained. The findings of perfusion MR image were retrospectively correlated with Cd-enhanced images with focus on the degree and extent of perfusion and contrast enhancement. Results: Two cases of glioblastoma multiforme with rim enhancement on Cd-enhanced Tl weighted image showed increased perfusion in the peripheral rim and decreased perfusion in the central necrosis portion. The low grade gliomas appeared as a low perfusion area with poorly defined margin. In 2 cases of brain abscess, the degree of perfusion was similar to that of the normal white matter in the peripheral enhancing rim and was low in the central portion. All meningiomas showed diffuse homogeneous increased perfusion of moderate or high degree. One each of lymphoma and germinoma showed homogenously decreased perfusion with well defined margin. The central neurocytoma showed multifocal increased perfusion areas of moderate or high degree. A few nodules of the multiple metastasis showed increased perfusion of moderate degree. One radionecrosis revealed multiple foci of increased perfusion within the area of decreased perfusion. Conclusion: The rCBV map appears to correlate well with the perfusion state of brain tumor, and may be helpful in discrimination between low grade and high grade gliomas. The further study is needed to clarify the role of perfusion MR image in the evaluation of brain tumor. 목적: 뇌종양에서 자기공명 뇌혈류량지도(MR cerebral blood volume map)의 유용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 15예의 두개강내 종괴(다형성 교모세포종 2예, 저등급 교종 3예, 뇌농양 2예, 뇌수막종 3예, 신경세포종 1예, 배아종 1예, 방사선괴사 1예, 전이암 1예) 에서 관류 MR영상을 수술전에 시행하였다. 환자의 평균연령은 42세였고(22-68), 남자 10명, 여자 5명이었다. MR영상기기는 1.5T unit(Signa, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wisconsin)를 사용하였다. 조영제 주입후 조영제의 일차 통과시 나타나는 자화율을 얻었다. (조영제는 최오의 MR 촬영시작후 10초부터 시작하여, 총량 15cc 의 Gadopentate dimeglumine(Magnevist)를 약 2ml/sec의 속도로 손으로 주입하였다). 각 환자마다 160초 동안 6 slice에서 slice당 80 image씩 총 480 image를 얻었으며 interleaved single shot gradient EPI기법을 사용하였다. 영상변수는 TR 2000ms, TE 50ms, FOV $240{\times}240mm,{\;}matrix{\;}size{\;}128{\times}128$, slice thickness/gap 5/ 2.5mm, flip angle $90^{\circ}$로 하였다. 얻은 영상데이터는 GE workstation으로 전송한 후, 자체적으로 개발한 software에 의해 각 kvoxel마다 시간경과에 따른 신호크기의 로그변화곡선(${\Delta}R2^{*}=-In(S/S_0$)의 적분값을 구하여 국소뇌혈류량(rCBV)영상을 구성하였다. 이의 시각적 해석을 용이하게 하기 위해 정상 뇌백질의 관류정도를 기준으로 하여 상대적인 RGB 색수치로 변환하여, color rCBV map을 얻었다. 관류의 정도와 조영증강정도를 중심으로 관류 MR 영상소견과 조직학적 소견을 관련지어 분석하였다. 결과: 조영증강 T1강조MR영상에서 환상조영증강을 보이는 다형성 교보세포종 2예에서는 변연부 외륜이 고관류를, 중심부의 괴사부위는 저관류로 나타났다. 저등급 교종은 경계가 불분명한 저관류부위로 보였다. 뇌농양 2예는 변연부 외륜이 경도의 고관류를, 중심부는 저관류로 나타났다. 뇌수막종은 미만성의 균일한 중등도 혹은 고도의 고관류로 보였으며, 임파종과 배아종은 경계가 명확한 저관류부위로 나타났다. 신경세포종은 종괴\ulcorner 일부에 중등도 혹은 고도의 고관류부위가 관찰되었고, 전이암은 다수병변중 일부에서 중등도의 고관류를 보였다. 방사선괴사는 저관류부위내에 국소적 고관류부위를 보였다. 결론: 관류 MR영상은 뇌종양의 관류상태를 비교적 잘 반영하며, 조직학적 특성을 예측하는데에 도움을 주 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 뇌종야에서의 관류MR영상의 분명한 역할을 규명하기 위해서는 앞으로 더 많은 임상적 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.