한국근대소설과 부산의 시·공간성

김승환(Seung Hwan Kim) 한국현대소설학회 2012 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.49

The Times in Mildawon, a modern Korean short story, written by Donglee Kim in 1955, is a multi-text which has two story layers. First is the external text of Busan and second is the internal text of Munchong(文總). The narrator describes Busan as an alienated object with a long distance. Because of this reason, his descriptive stance is not a subject viewpoint ``now-and-here``, but is an object viewpoint ``then-and-there``. As said by Chatman, there are orders and layers in the story: Author - Implied Author - Narrator - Narratee - Implied reader - Reader. During the story description, the author, Kim, places himself outside of the text and gets an objective viewpoint. There are four relationships between writers: Author - Implied Author, Implied Author - Narrator, Narrator - Narrative Contents(story) - Inside Narrative Content - Narrative Content. The background, Busan, has been continuously marginalized as the story goes on. Kim gives an ordering: first, indirect narration - objectification of Busan; second, indirect narration - unfamilialization of Busan; third, indirect narration - symbolization of Busan; and fourth, indirect narration - alienation of Busan. This is a binary opposition inside Kim`s consciousness that is an invisible consciousness: Seoul centralization and Busan maginalization. It is originated from the theory of art for art`s sake. The Times in Mildawon has a strong anti-communism ideology which is backed by the ideology of pure literature.

<감자>에 나타난 정신사건과 물리사건의 인과관계

김승환 ( Kim Seung Hwan ) 현대문학이론학회 2019 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.79

이 논문은 <감자>의 핵심사건인 복녀살인사건을 정신사건과 물리사건으로 분석한 글이다. <감자>에는 복녀의 죽음이 명료하게 묘사되어 있지 않으며 그 때문에 정신사건인 원인(복녀의 원한)과 물리사건인 결과(복녀의 죽음) 사이의 인과관계가 맞지 않는다. 이 논문에서는 복녀살인사건의 인과관계 상치현상을 김재권(Jaegwon KIM)과 데이비슨(D. Davidson)의 사건이론(theory of event)으로 분석했다. 복녀살인사건은 ‘어떤 시간에[t] 복녀가 왕서방에 대하여[x] 원한을 품었다[P]’는 정신사건이자 복녀 자신이 죽는 물리사건이다. 현실의 물리사건과 달리 마음의 정신사건은 믿음, 의도, 욕망, 희망, 지각, 인식, 기억, 생각, 느낌, 감정, 결심, 각성 등이 구성한 사건이다. 소설의 정신사건은 소설텍스트에서 묘사된 허구적 사건이며 현실의 물리사건과 같은 조건[x, P, t]으로 구성된다. 따라서 소설의 정신사건을 단순한 상상으로 규정하기보다 이야기 전개의 필연적 요소로 보고, 플롯의 개연성을 보완하는 소설적 장치로 볼 필요가 있다. 그것은 물리사건만으로 복녀살인사건을 분석했을 때 생기는 여러 가지 불확실성과 불확정성을 없앨 수 있다는 뜻이다. 한편 미완의 텍스트는 창의적 독서의 주체인 독자가 완성한다. 이 과정에서 독자의 상상력이 작동하는데 이 역시 정신사건이다. 가령 ‘복녀는 왕서방에게 낫을 빼앗겼다.’로 묘사된 소설의 물리사건은 독자에게 ‘‘복녀는 왕서방에게 낫을 빼앗겼다.’고 믿는다.’로 바뀌면서 정신사건이 된다. 또한 ‘복녀는 왕서방의 낫에 찔려 죽었다.’와 같은 텍스트의 물리사건은 독자에게 ‘‘복녀는 왕서방의 낫에 찔려 죽었다.’고 믿는다.’로 바뀌면서 정신사건이 된다. 이 두 문장의 속성예화(exemplification)에서 보듯이 독자가 ‘믿는’ 독서행위 역시 일종의 정신사건이다. 이처럼 타르스키에 근거하여 대상언어(object language)와 메타언어(metalanguage)의 층위를 나눔으로써 김동인 특유의 생략과 비약이 낳은 텍스트를 완결된 이야기로 읽을 수 있다. 이처럼 소설텍스트에서도 정신사건이 존재하고 독자의 창의적 독서과정에서도 정신사건이 작용하며 작가의 창작과정에서도 정신사건이 작동한다. 물리사건과 정신사건의 이론적용은 <감자> 이외의 다른 작품에도 적용될 수 있다. This essay is to analyze kernel event of Gamza by mental event and physical event. Kernel event of Gamza is the death of Bokyne who was born with noble disposition but changed to bulger disposition according to the environment under the colony of Japanese Imperialism. In Gamza, death of Boknye has not described clearly. Climax of Gamza deviates on kernel event as in “Mr. Wang. Let you problem!” Boknye decides not to make a problem. It is anomalous causation. Actually, kernel event finished with a result of Boknye’s death. On the other hand, Boknye’s hatred[cause] - Boknye’s death[effect] is not matched. Moreover, mental event as a cause and physical event as an effect are not match well. Nobody doubt story line due to its natural story stream and organized possibility of cause and effect. We can classify as twofold; ‘①Bokyne desires to kill Mr. Wang.’, ‘②Bokyne killed Mr. Wang.’ In these structure, ①Bokyne desires to kill Mr. Wang.’ is mental event which could be or could not be happened in real world, ‘② Bokyne killed Mr. Wang.’ is physical event which could be happened in real world. The difference may be decided by synthetic predicate as;‘desires to kill’ and ‘killed.’ This synthetic difference results in the semantic difference. In event theory, mental event occurs in the human mind. Feature of mental event is not exist in real world and don’t have spatiotemporal location. Mental event in the possible world is event as well as in the actual world. Main theories of this essay based on the event theory by Jaegwon KIM and Donald Davidson. Death of Boknye consists of object[x], property[P] and time[t] as set [x, P, t]. It is twofold events; mental event and physical event. Unlike physical event, mental events are belief, purpose, perception, remember, decision, hope, recognition, thinking, feeling, awakening etc. Mental event must be read with relation to plot, causation and probability. If reader read with physical event, reader can’t get rid of uncertainty of story line. Mental event might be a good way to analyse Korean Modern short story. Mental event in Gamza is a fiction consisting of object(x), property(P), time(t) as well as in actual event. In this reason, mental event in short story is not only imagination, but necessary apparatus for plot, probability and story line. Within this theory, reader should read mental event with plot and story line. If reader read story with only physical event of Boknye’s death, reader can’t read chain of causation. There is uncertainty and unpredictability of who must be accused the killing. Reader, the subject of reading, may accomplish the text’s empty part written by writer. In the reading, reader’s imagination will work properly. As Tarski said, we can exemplify one event as object language and metalanguage. Metalanguage is language about original sentence as an event as follow; ‘Boknye was robbed of sickle by Wang’ could be rephrased as ‘Reader believes that ‘Boknye was robbed of sickle by Wang’’ It is property exemplification said by Jaegwon KIM. If we differentiate object language and metalanguage by Tarski Skema, we can read story completely. Imagination is mental event. As we see, mental event in short story is very important reading by reader, and mental event work in creative writing by writer.

다공 동축 버너를 이용한 순산소 연소에서 CO₂ 첨가가 화염에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험적 연구

김승환,박장희,이대근,신현동,Kim, Seung-Hwan,Park, Jang-Hee,Lee, Dae-Keun,Shin, Hyun-Dong 대한기계학회 2010 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.34 No.4

The use of oxy-fuel combustion and flue gas recirculation (FGR) for $CO_2$ reduction has been studied by many researchers. This study focused on the characteristics of oxy-fuel combustion and the effects of $CO_2$ addition from the point of view of oxygen feeding ratio (OFR) and the position of $CO_2$ addition in order to reproduce an FGR system with a triple concentric multi-jet burner. Oxy-fuel combustion was stable at all OFRs at a fuel flow-rate of 15 lpm, which corresponds to an equivalence ratio of 0.93; however, the structure and length of the flame varied at different OFRs. When $CO_2$ was added in oxy-fuel combustion, various stability modes such as stable, transient, quasistable, unstable, and blow-out were observed. The temperature in the combustion chamber decreased upon $CO_2$ addition in all conditions, and the maximum reduction in temperature was below 1800 K. $CO_2$ concentration with respect to height varied with the volume percent of $CO_2$ at the nozzle tip. 순산소 연소와 배가스 재순환(FGR : Flue Gas Recirculation) 기술은 $CO_2$ 저감 목적으로 많은 연구자들의 관심을 받아왔다. 본 연구는 다공 동축 버너를 이용하여 산소 공급비(OFR : Oxygen Feeding Ratio)에 따른 순산소 연소 특성과 동일 조건에서 FGR 시스템을 모사하기 위하여 공급 위치에 따른 $CO_2$ 첨가 효과의 특성을 비교하는 데에 초점을 맞추었다. 순산소 연소는 당량비 0.93 에 해당하는 연료 유량 15lpm 일 때 OFR 전 영역에서 안정적이었고, 화염 구조와 길이는 OFR 에 따라 변동하였다. 순산소 연소에 $CO_2$ 를 첨가할 때, 안정, 천이, 준평형, 불안정 그리고 날림 등의 다양한 안정화 모드가 관찰되었으며, 연소로 내의 전반적인 온도분포가 감소하였고, 특히 case 4 에서 1800 K 이하로 떨어져 최대 감소 효과를 보였다. 노즐 끝단으로부터 높이에 따른 $CO_2$ 농도는 첨가된 $CO_2$ 의 체적 비율에 따라 변동하였다.

공공도서관의 독서활동 활성화 없이 선진국이 될 수 있는가

김승환,Kim, Seung-Hwan 한국도서관협회 1996 圖協會報 Vol.37 No.1

The Number of Endothelial Progenitor Cells is Decreased in Patients With Non-Dipper Hypertension

김승환,김남호,Yong Kwon Kim,Jong Hyun Yoo,Seong Nam Shin,고점석,Yun Kyeong Kim,이상재,윤경호,이은미,유남진,오석규,정진원 대한심장학회 2012 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.42 No.5

Background and Objectives: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a key role in the maintenance of endothelial homeosta-sis and promote vascular repair. A reduced number of EPCs and the functional activity have been associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. However, the relationship between the number of EPCs and circadian rhythm of the blood pressure (BP) remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the circadian rhythm of the BP and EPCs in patients with essential hypertension. Subjects and Methods: A total of 45 patients with essential hypertension who were newly identified by outpatient BP measurements,underwent 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Among the 45 patients with essential hypertension, 20 were classified as dippers (12 men and 8 women; mean age 48±14 years) and 25 as non-dippers (14 men and 11 women; mean age 52±18 years). The EPC count was isolated from the peripheral bloodstream and quantified by flow cytometry. Results: The baseline clinical characteristics were similar between the dipper and non-dipper hypertensive patients. The circulating EPCs were statistically reduced in the non-dipper patients as compared to the dippers (104±60 vs. 66±47 EPCs per 106 mononuclear cells,p=0.027). The circulating EPC level correlated positively with the circadian changes in the systolic and diastolic BP (r=0.435, p=0.003, and r=0.310, p=0.038, respectively). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the EPC count was reduced in the peripheral bloodstream in non-dipper hypertensive patients.

도서관의 다양한 독서 프로그램 개발과 보급

김승환,Kim, Seung-Hwan 한국도서관협회 1993 圖協會報 Vol.34 No.3

독서교육과 현장지도

김승환,Kim, Seung-Hwan 한국도서관협회 1993 圖協會報 Vol.34 No.6

독서교육 전담 사서직 양성의 문제점과 대안

김승환,Kim, Seung-Hwan 한국도서관협회 1994 圖協會報 Vol.35 No.6

공공도서관의 독서활동 활성화 없이 선진국이 될 수 있는가

김승환,Kim, Seung-Hwan 한국도서관협회 1996 圖協會報 Vol.37 No.5

벤처트렌드 읽기

김승환,Kim, Seung-Hwan 벤처기업협회 2006 벤처다이제스트 Vol.96 No.-