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The Offset of the South Korean Vertical Datum from a Global Geoid
Christopher Jekeli,양효진,권재현 대한토목학회 2012 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.16 No.5
Accurate orthometric heights in a national vertical datum can be determined economically using GPS heights and gravimetrically computed geoid undulations. If this national vertical datum should be tied to a global geoid, then both the datum offset as well as the difference between the GPS ellipsoid and the globally best-fitting ellipsoid should be known. This paper elaborates on the theory and procedures to obtain the datum offset for South Korea’s national vertical datum on the basis of the global model, EGM08. Among several GPS/leveling data sets slightly different estimates are obtained, with the estimate, 26.5 +/- 1.3 cm (above the global zero-tide geoid) obtained using over 800 data points distributed in South Korea. The uncertainty is a level of precision, not absolute accuracy,and the discrepancies between estimates using different subsets of the data indicate the presence of small unsolvable biases among them. An alternative procedure to determine orthometric heights using the modern principles is also proposed that makes the vertical datum completely independent of the global geoid in the traditional way and obviates the estimation of these offsets.
Christopher Irvin,박성만 한국영어어문교육학회 2021 영어어문교육 Vol.27 No.1
The aim of this study was to investigate specific examples and suggestions related to the personal experiences of university students during remote courses. A total of 148 first-year students completed a semi-structured qualitative survey composed of 13 questions to determine their reflections and perspectives towards their first semester of remote learning; then, the data was analyzed through thematic, descriptive, and inductive analysis procedures with non-statistical analysis. Key findings are as follows: First, students felt that interactions could be completed more effectively if multiple modes of communication were utilized. Second, efforts should be made by the professor to encourage more student interactions, with students suggesting that an increase in verbal communications, better organizations, more coordination, and improved monitoring of students could be accomplished through holding more synchronous classes, expanding the number of speaking activities, and employing more teacher demonstrations and so on. Third, students realize more personal efforts and ownership of student-to-student and student-to-teacher interactions are needed to interact with a larger number of peers in their classes, but also there is presently a large desire to include more real-time and verbal interactions. Specific comments and examples related to what students experienced and suggested for improving future online classes are discussed.
The Crisis in US-China Bilateral Security Relations
Christopher Yung 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2021 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.Special No.-
Although the US and Chinese security relationship has been tense for over three decades, the last three years has seen it slide into acute crisis. The two countries are in a full-blown security dilemma, going after each other’s “core interests,” using their alliances and partnerships to attempt to weaken or restrain the other, and pushing aside confidence-building measures designed to help manage the competitive relationship. Before deriving new policy measures that can foster habits of cooperation between the two countries, the United States and China must create a new strategic consensus around which the bilateral security relationship can be defined.
Energy policy in Germany and the European Union with special focus on “renewable Energy”
Christopher Stehr,Timo Herold 동아대학교 동아시아연구원 2009 동아시아 : 비교와 전망 Vol.8 No.2
The article describes the energy policy within the European Union (EU) and especially in Germany. It demonstrates how concrete approaches regarding renewable energies work. A special focus is on the feed-in tariff law for renewable energies in Germany. The practicability of political intervention will be analyzed. In this context the ecological and economical success of the energy policy of the EU and Germany are reviewed. The effect of such policies on the market shares will be discussed. With this, the energy policy of the EU and Germany will be evaluated and challenges for future interventions will be displayed. Another goal of the article is to show options for other countries and regions to adopt parts of the energy policy.
Traditional Processes and Modern Products
Christopher Barrie Wilson 啓明大學校 産業技術硏究所 1989 産業技術硏究所 論文報告集 Vol.11 No.-
現代建築에 있어서 實用性 爲主로 잘못받아 들여진 모더니즘에 對한 覺醒은, 그에 따른 놀랄만한 程度의 多樣한 反發을 일으켰다. 이러한 反發로 因하여 過去의 樣式을 再評價·在活用 하는 움직임이 나타났다. 한便, 最近까지 傳統이 强하게 維持되어 왔던 社會에서는 現代的 建物에 傳統的 要素와 이미지를 附與하고저 하는 傾向이 보인다. 過去 建築樣式을 引用하던지, 特定 地域(國家)의 傳統的 要素를 在活用하던지 간에 現代建築은 사람들에게 所屬感을 주지 못하고 共同體를 造成하는 데 要請되는 組織도 磨鍊하지 못하고 있는 實情이다. 現代建築의 이러한 失敗의 原因은 建物의 視覺的 效果에 對해서는 지나친 關心을 사는 反面, 建物이 뒷받침하고 對應해야 하는 個人的·社會的 作用들에 대해서는 無關心하는 데에 있다. 여기서 要請되는 것은 建築을 物體로 (또는 製品으로) 論하는 것이 아니라, 造形過程으로 그리고 特히 建築家·社會·커뮤니티 간의 關係로 論하는 것이다. 그렇게 하므로서 傳統과 現代性을 連結하는 줄기를 찾게 되고 더불어 個人과 커뮤니티가 自己 可能性을 遺憾없이 發揮하게 해줄 建築이 어떤 것인가를 提示하게 될 것이다. The current disillusionment with the utilitarian buildings of a degraded Modernism and the extraordinary plurality of reactions against it (many of them dependent upon appropriating history) are being paralleled in societies that were more recently fully traditional by attempts to incorporate traditional architectural elements and images in an otherwise modern architecture. Drawing selectively upon history and re-using local traditions are not the same thing, but neither seems to be producing an architecture that creates a sense of place and an adequate frame for community development. The reason for this failure lies in an obsession with the visual architectural object and a corresponding neglect of many of the processes (personal and social) that buildings should properly both support and respond to. It is here that a shift in the debate away from architecture as objects (products) towards archetecture as process, and particularly to the relationships between architect, society and communety, significantly widens the possibilities both of finding a viable strand of continuity between tradition and modernity and of outlining an architecture through which individuals and communities can develop their fullest potentials.