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Analysis of silicon terahertz diffractive optics
E. D. Walsby,S. M. Durbin,D. R. S. Cumming,R. J. Blaikie 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.2-4
Simulations of silicon diractive lenses for terahertz frequencies have been performed using a Fraunhofer wave propagationmodel to show how the lens eciency can be aected by dierent fabrication defects. A general model is presented to illustrate theoperating bounds which must be adhered to when fabricating a lens using a multiple level process. From these simulations it ispossible to ascertain for a specic lens design with known processing inaccuracies what level of design complexity will gain the mostbenet. It is shown that for a 1 THz lens fabricated using an eight level process the lens eciency is reduced by less than 20% forrealistic values of etch non-uniformity, inter-level misalignment and surface roughness.
CUMMINGS, JENNIFER E.,BARRETT, CONOR D.,LITWAK, KENNETH N.,DI BIASE, LUIGI,CHOWDHURY, PUNAM,OH, SEIL,CHING, CHI KEONG,SALIBA, WALID I.,SCHWEIKERT, ROBERT A.,BURKHARDT, J. DAVID,DE MARCO, SHARI,ARMAGAN Blackwell Publishing Inc 2008 Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology Vol.19 No.6
<P><I>Introduction:</I> Evaluation of luminal temperature during left atrial ablation is used clinically; however, luminal temperature does not necessarily reflect temperature within the esophageal wall and poses a risk of atrioesophageal fistula. This animal study evaluates luminal esophageal temperature and its relation to the temperature of the external esophageal tissue during left atrial lesions using the 8 mm solid tip and the open irrigated tip catheters (OIC).</P><P><I>Methods and Results:</I> A thermocouple was secured to the external surface of the esophagus at the level of the left atrium of the dogs. Luminal esophageal temperature was measured using a standard temperature probe. In four randomized dogs, lesions were placed using an 8 mm solid tip ablation catheter. In six randomized dogs, lesions were placed using the 3.5 mm OIC. The average peak esophageal tissue temperature when using the OIC was significantly higher than that of the 8 mm tip catheter (88.6°C ± 15.0°C vs. 62.3°C ± 12.5°C, P < 0.05). Both OIC and 8 mm tip catheter had significantly higher peak tissue temperatures than luminal temperatures (OIC: 88.6°C ± 15.0°C vs 39.7°C ± 0.82°C, P < 0.05) (8 mm: 62.3°C ± 12.5°C vs 39.0 ± 0.5°C, P < 0.05). Both catheters achieved peak temperatures faster in the tissue as compared to the lumen of the esophagus, although the tissue temperature peaked significantly faster for the OIC (OIC: 25 seconds vs 90 seconds, P < 0.05) (8 mm: 63 seconds vs 105 seconds, P < 0.05).</P><P><I>Conclusion:</I> Despite the significant difference in actual tissue temperatures, no significant difference was observed in luminal temperatures between the OIC and 8 mm tip catheter.</P>
Immune correlates of protection for dengue: State of the art and research agenda
Katzelnick, Leah C.,Harris, Eva,Baric, Ralph,Coller, Beth-Ann,Coloma, Josefina,Crowe Jr., James E.,Cummings Jr., Derek A.T.,Dean Jr., Hansi,de Silva Jr., Aravinda,Diamond Jr., Michael S.,Durbin Jr., A Elsevier 2017 Vaccine Vol.35 No.36
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Dengue viruses (DENV1-4) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses estimated to cause up to ∼400 million infections and ∼100 million dengue cases each year. Factors that contribute to protection from and risk of dengue and severe dengue disease have been studied extensively but are still not fully understood. Results from Phase 3 vaccine efficacy trials have recently become available for one vaccine candidate, now licensed for use in several countries, and more Phase 2 and 3 studies of additional vaccine candidates are ongoing, making these issues all the more urgent and timely. At the “<I>Summit on Dengue Immune Correlates of Protection</I>”, held in Annecy, France, on March 8–9, 2016, dengue experts from diverse fields came together to discuss the current understanding of the immune response to and protection from DENV infection and disease, identify key unanswered questions, discuss data on immune correlates and plans for comparison of results across assays/consortia, and propose a research agenda for investigation of dengue immune correlates, all in the context of both natural infection studies and vaccine trials.</P>