소장내용물의 위내역류 및 위내용물 배출시간에 관한 연구

김진호,박승철,이형호,안일민,박영태,김열흥,이창흥 대한내과학회 1986 대한내과학회지 Vol.30 No.2

Radionuclide enterogastric scintigraphy was done with (99m)Tc-DISIDA and (111)In-DTPA in 35cases; control group 5, gastric ulcer group 6, subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth g group 5, and functional gastrointestinal disorder group with or without grossly mixed bile in the gastric juice 19 cases. The results were: 1) Enterogastric reflux was very significantly increased in the subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth II group (p$lt;0, 001), 2) Gastric emptying was significantly delayed in the functional gastrointestinal disorder groups with or without grossly mixed bile (p$lt;0.05, p$lt;0. 001). 3) Enterogastric reflux was not significantly increased in the gastric ulcer group. 4) Enterogastric reflux was not significantly different between the functional gastrointestinal groups with or without grossly mixed bile in the gastric juice. 5) Inverse correlation between the gastric emptying indices and the enterogastric reflux indices was not proved (r=-0.37).

위점막의 Bicarbonate 분비에 관한 연구 : 정상인과 십이지장궤양 환자에서 기초상태와 Pentagastrin 부여후의 분비량에 관하여 Basal secretion rate and effect of pentagastrin in normal adults and in patients with duodenal ulcer

김영훈,김진호,박영태,이창홍,최인석 대한내과학회 1986 대한내과학회지 Vol.31 No.4

Bicarbonate secretion by the stomach may play a role in gastric mucosal protection, but there is limited information on the amount of bicarbonate secretion. We have therefore examined bicarbonate secretion in 9 normal adults and in 9 patients with duodenal ulcer, using a recently validated method utilizing measurements of gastric juice volume, hydrogen ion concentration and osmolality of gastric juice and plasma. The results are as follows: 1) In 9 healthy subjects, basal gastric bicarbonate secretion rate was 1.5±0.2 mmol/hr(mean±1 SE). After pentagastrin injection(6 mg/kg), the gastric bicarbonate secretion rate increased to 2.5±0.7 mmol/hr but the difference was not significant. 2) In 9 patients with duodenal ulcer, basal gastric bicarbonate secretion rate and gastric bicarbonate secretion after pentagastrin injection were 1.9±0.4 mmol/hr respectively. The difference was not significant, either. 3) The gastric bicarbonate secretion rates were not significantly different in the two groups either basally or after pentagastrin injection.

박래겸의 『심사일기』 연구

박동욱 ( Dong Wuk Bak ) 온지학회 2013 溫知論叢 Vol.0 No.36

박래겸(朴來謙, 1780∼1842)은 본관은 밀양(密陽), 자는 공익(公益), 호는 만오(晩悟)·탑서(塔西)이다. 저서로는 『탑서유고초(塔西遺稿抄)』, 『만오유고(晩悟遺稿)』 등이 있다. 그는 자신의 개인적인 공무 체험을 담은 3종의 일기를 남겼다. 평안남도 암행어사의 체험을 담은 『서수일기(西繡日記)』, 함경도 북평사(北評使) 때의 공무를 기록한 『북막일기(北幕日記)』, 그리고 심양문안사(審陽問安使)의 서장관으로 임명되어 심양(瀋陽)을 견문한 내용을 담은 『심사일기(瀋사日記)』가 그것이다. 『심사일기』는 1829년 4월 20일 심양문안사의 서장관으로 임명된 때부터 동년 10월 24일 집으로 돌아올 때까지의 기록을 담고 있다. 여기에는 98일간 심양문안사로 갔던 견문들이 매우 상세히 기록되어 있다. 우선, 상행(上行), 체류(滯留), 하행(下行)의 모든 기록이 날짜별로 정리되어 있어서 이동 경로, 소요 시간, 일정 등을 매우 상세히 파악할 수 있었다. 심양의 이국적인 풍경이나 풍속은 그의 눈길을 사로잡기에 충분했다. 이를테면 태평거(太平車), 창녀, 바둑, 전족(纏足), 상례(喪禮), 원숭이 재주 등은 외지(外地)에게는 낯선 풍속들이었다. 그뿐 아니라, 청나라의 유서 깊은 장소들을 꼼꼼히 탐방하고 기록을 남겼다. 오랜 연행을 통해서 현지 중국인들과 인적 네트워크를 연결하고 있기도 했다. 앞서 다녀온 선배들이 후배들에게 현지인을 추천하기도 하고, 현지인들이 자신의 지인을 소개하기도 했다. 체류 기간 내내 필담을 통해 의사소통을 하고 시와 선물을 주고받았다. 대부분은 예부(禮部)와 관련된 인물이라는 한계가 있긴 하지만 자유롭게 서로의 거처나 숙소를 내왕했다. 그 중에 무공은(繆公恩)은 박래겸과의 교유뿐 아니라, 한중 교류에서 주목할 만한 인물이다. 한 달 동안의 심양 체류 기간에서 가장 중요한 행사는 역시 황제를 친견하는 것이다. 실시간으로 예부를 통해 황제의 동정(動靜)이 보고되고 이에 따라 연행사의 동선(動線)이 결정되었다. 다만 수많은 인원과 물자가 소요되는 행사치고는 황제와의 접견이나 대면은 싱겁게 끝이 났다. 황제가 직접 참석하여 제를 올리는 오운제(烏雲祭)와 환원제(還願祭)와 같은 것은 다른 데에서 흔히 찾아볼 수 없는 소중한 기록이다. 또, 황제가 주최하는 여러 연회의 모습도 상세하게 그려져 있다. 다만 『계산기정(계山紀程)』, 『담헌서(湛軒書)』, 『노가재연행일기(老稼齋燕行日記)』, 『연원직지(燕轅直指)』 등의 기록들을 지나치게 의존해서 특정 장소에 대해 설명하고 있는 것은 아쉬운 부분이기는 하지만, 그렇다고 이 기록의 가치를 평가 절하 할 수는 없다. 이 논문을 통해 연경과는 분명히 구분되는 심양의 연행 체험이 구체화되고, 박래겸의 일기에 대한 총체적이고 종합적인 연구가 이어지길 기대한다. The family clan of Bak Raegyeom(朴來謙, 1780∼1842) is Milyang. The name in his childhood is Gongik(公益), and his pen name is Mano(晩悟) and Tapseo(塔西). His books include 『Tapseoyugocho(塔西遺稿抄)』 and 『Manoyugo(晩悟遺稿)』. 『Simsailgi』 wrote about the story from when he was appointed as Seojanggwan in Simyangmunansa on April 20, 1829 until when he returned home on Oct. 24 in the same year. The book described the details about the experience while he worked in Simyangmunansa for 98 days. The exotic scenery or customs in Simyang was enough to attract his attention. Taepyeonggeo, prostitutes, Baduk, foot-binding, funeral rites and skills of monkeys were strange custom for foreigners. Moreover, he visited every corner of historic sites in Qing dynasty and wrote details about them. He also made the human network with the Chinese through the visit as an envoy. The senior people who visited Qing recommended their juniors to the Chinese or the Chinese introduced their acquaintances to the envoys. He communicated in writing and exchanged poems and gifts all throughout his stay in China. The most important event during his stay in Shenyang for one month was to meet the emperor. Every activity of the emperor was reported through Ministry of Rites in real time and so the activities of envoys were determined in accordance with such activity of the emperor. Furthermore, he descried the details on a variety of feasts hosted by the emperor. It is expected that this paper explains the details about the journey to Shenyang as the envoy which is clearly differentiated from Yanqing and the diary of Bak Raegyeom is generally and extensively investigaged.

생 루이(1214-1270)와 그의 유언에 드러난 ‘평화의 정치학’

박동찬(Dont chane Bak)(Don Tchane Bak) 서울여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2016 인문논총 Vol.30 No.-

생 루이(1214-1270)는 카페왕조의 그리스도교도인 왕들 가운데 가장 신앙심이 깊은 왕 중의 한 사람이었다. 그러나 일생동안 그는 크고 작은 수많은 전쟁을 치렀다. 그는 전쟁을 통해 자신의 정의를 실현하려고 했다. 자신에게 맞서는 봉건영주들을 하나씩 제압하면서 프랑스 왕국을 대내적으로 안정시켰고, 잉글랜드 헨리3세와의 노르망디를 사이에 둔 힘겨루기에서도 밀리지 않았다. 그리고 그리스도교 세계를 대표하여 이교도를 물리치기 위하여 두 차례 십자군 원정을 떠났다. 전쟁으로 이어진 삶을 산 생 루이의 내면에는 평화를 향한 큰 소원이 있었다. 생 루이가 제8차 십자군원정을 떠나기 전에 쓴 것으로 추정되는 그의 유언장에는 아들 필립에게 남기는 가르침들이 있다. 생 루이는 여기에서 첫째로 아들에게 무엇보다 먼저 올바른 그리스도교도의 삶을 살아야한다며 신앙과 윤리를 가르쳤다. 그리고 두 번째로는 왕으로서 통치의 첫 원칙이 정의임을 가르쳤다. 생 루이는 왕은 약자의 편에 우선 서야하며, 진실을 밝혀 악은 징계하고 선은 보상하는 것을 강조했다. 왕은 자신의 의견을 관철하기 위해 왕의 위세로 신하들을 억눌러서는 안 된다고 말하며 매우 민주적인 의사소통의 방법을 가르쳤다. 그리고 마지막으로 생 루이는 원숙함을 갖춘 왕으로서 그리스도교 신앙을 가진 군주가 어떻게 전쟁을 피하고 평화를 추구해야 하는지를 아들에게 가르치고 있다. 7차 십자군 원정에서 돌아온 루이 9세는 ‘정의로운 전쟁’을 뛰어넘어 새로운 생각을 하게 된 것을 볼 수 있다. 왕의 역할은 전쟁과 싸움을 종식시키는 평화의 중재자가 되는 것이라고 말하고 있다. 우리는 생 루이의 ‘유언’에서 중세 그리스도교 국가들의 대표적인 이데올로기였던 ‘정의로운 전쟁론’을 넘어서서 ‘평화의 정치학’을 추구하는 한 군주의 모습을 본다. Saint Louis(1214-1270) was one of the deepest religious kings among the Christian kings of the Capetian dynasty. However, he had confronted many great and small wars in his entire life. He dedicated himself to realize his justice through wars. Domestically, he stabilized the Kingdom of France by suppressing the feudal lords against him and also, had never failed in measuring his strength with Henry III of England in Normandy. Moreover, as a representative of the Christian world, he went on two Crusades to defeat heathen pagans. Although his life was filled with big and small wars, in his heart, he had a big hope for everlasting peace. There was a written lesson to his son, Phillippe, in his will, which is presumed to be written before he left for his 8th Crusade. First, He taught his son a religious belief and ethics, giving his son a lesson to live by as a proper Christian above everything else. Second, he emphasized that the very first principle which a king should follow is justice. He also stressed that the king should side with the weak, reveal truths, discipline evil doings and compensate good. He taught his son democratic communication skills, encouraging him not to suppress retainers with the authority of king. Lastly, he gave a lesson to his son on how a good Christian king can avoid wars and seek peace. After returning from the 7th Crusade, Louis IX began to stir a new concept beyond ‘Just War’. He mentioned that a king should be an arbitrator of peace to put an end to wars. From the will of Saint Louis, we have discovered a king who desires for the ‘Politics of Peace’ going beyond the ‘Just War Theory’, which was the major ideology among Christian countries during the medieval times. Saint Louis(1214-1270) a laissé à son fils aî̂né, Philippe, les enseignements vers l’an 1270. Joinville décrit une scène dans laquelle Saint Louis dit des enseignements à son fils à l’approche de la mort. Mais scène est illusoire. En fait Saint Louis a écrit à sa main deux ou trois enseignements pour ces enfants. Les enseignements que fit Monsieur Saint Louis à son fils aî̂né Philippe en est un. Ce texte est un testament dans lequel nous pouvons percevoir l’idéal de la vie chrétienne au Moyen Age, ce qui est l’amour de Dieu, la charité envers des pauvres et la haine du péché. Saint Louis y enseigne aussi l’art de gouverner, en tant que roi chrétien. Le bon art de gouverner selon Saint Louis, c’est de s’entourer de bons confesseurs. C’est spécifique du Moyen Age français. Finalement Saint Louis enseigne à son fils de ne pas avoir guerre avec nul chrétien. Saint Louis qui a fait la guerre avec ses barons révoltés, le roi d’Angleterre et les musulmans de l’Orient, recommande a son héritier de ne faire la guerre que pour le but de convertir les paï̈ens.

Implementation of an LBE spallation target in an accelerator-driven molten salt subcritical reactor

Bak, Sang-In,Hong, Seung-Woo,Kadi, Yacine Atomic Energy Society of Japan 2017 Journal of nuclear science and technology Vol.54 No.8

<P>An accelerator-driven system (ADS) combined with a subcritical molten salt reactor (MSR) is a type of hybrid reactor originally designed to use Th/U (or U/Pu ) fuel cycles. In most accelerator-driven molten salt reactor (AD-MSR) concepts, the salt material is also used as a target for inducing spallation neutrons. Although a neutron source is an important component in the design of ADS, only a few studies have addressed the effects of the neutron spallation source in the AD-MSR. Incidentally, there is no quantitative study on how much the beam power can be reduced by installing a spallation target in a sodium chloride-based fast reactor. We studied the proton and the neutron source efficiencies of an AD-MSR with chloride fuels by considering an Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) spallation target. This LBE target is found to increase the proton source efficiency significantly. The required beam power for an AD-MSR can be reduced by 33 % and 16 % for NaCl-Th/U-233 and NaCl-U/Pu fuels, respectively, relative to the AD-MSR without the LBE spallation target by keeping the same k(eff). The energy gain can be increased up to 1.5 times and 1.2 times for NaCl-Th/U-233 and NaCl-U/Pu fuels, respectively. Thus, incorporating a spallation target module in an AD-MSR can significantly reduce the burden on the accelerator.</P>

Neuroprotective effects of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol against glutamate-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PC12 cells

BAK, DONG-HO,KIM, HYUNG DON,KIM, YOUNG OCK,PARK, CHUN GEUN,HAN, SEUNG-YUN,KIM, JWA-JIN D.A. Spandidos 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE Vol.37 No.2

<P>Ginseng (<I>Panax ginseng</I> C.A. Mey.) is commonly used in traditional oriental medicine for its wide spectrum of medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, adaptogenic and anti-aging properties. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), the main intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, is one of the active ingredients in ginseng. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of PPD on PC12 cells; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We examined cell viability by MTT assay and the morphological changes of PC12 cells following glutamate-induced cell damage and evaluated the anti-apoptotic effects of PPD using Hoechst 33258 staining, western blot analysis and Muse™ Cell Analyzer and the antioxidant effects of PPD using FACS analysis and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, PPD exerted protective effects on PC12 cells via the inhibition of mitochondrial damage against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity using immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and FACS analysis. We demonstrate that treatment with PPD suppresses apoptosis, which contributes to the neuroprotective effects of PPD against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in PC12 cells. Treatment with PPD inhibited nuclear condensation and decreased the number of Annexin V-positive cells. In addition, PPD increased antioxidant activity and mitochondrial homeostasis in the glutamate-exposed cells. These antioxidant effects were responsible for the neuroprotection and enhanced mitochondrial function following treatment with PPD. Furthermore, PD inhibited the glutamate-induced morphological changes in the mitochondria and scavenged the mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by glutamate. In addition, mitochondrial function was significantly improved in terms of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and enhanced mitochondrial mass compared with the cells exposed to glutamate and not treated with PPD. Taken together, the findings of our study indicate that the antioxidant effects and the enhanced mitochondrial function triggered by PPD contribute to the inhibition of apoptosis, thus leading to a neuroprotective response, as a novel survival mechanism.</P>

Holographic micro thermofield geometries of BTZ black holes

Bak, Dongsu,Kim, Chanju,Kim, Kyung Kiu,Song, Jeong-Pil Institute of Physics Pub 2017 The journal of high energy physics Vol.2017 No.6

Anti-apoptotic effects of human placental hydrolysate against hepatocyte toxicity <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>

Bak, Dong-Ho,Na, Jungtae,Choi, Mi Ji,Lee, Byung Chul,Oh, Chang Taek,Kim, Jeom-Yong,Han, Hae Jung,Kim, Moo Joong,Kim, Tae Ho,Kim, Beom Joon D.A. Spandidos 2018 International journal of molecular medicine Vol.42 No.5

<P>Apoptosis and oxidative stress are essential for the pathogenesis of acute liver failure and fulminant hepatic failure. Human placental hydrolysate (hPH) has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, the protective effects of hPH against D-galactosamine (D-GalN)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis were investigated <I>in vivo</I>. In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-apoptotic activities of hPH against D-GalN-induced cell death <I>in vitro</I> were examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with D-GaIN/LPS with or without the administration of hPH. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after D-GaIN/LPS intraperitoneal injection, and the blood and liver samples were collected for future inflammation and hepatotoxicity analyses. Changes in cell viability, apoptosis protein expression, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species generation, and the levels of proteins and mRNA associated with a protective mechanism were determined in HepG2 cells pretreated with hPH for 2 h prior to D-GalN exposure. The findings suggested that hPH treatment effectively protected against D-GalN/LPS-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by reducing the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and increasing the level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. It was also found that hPH inhibited the apoptotic cell death induced by D-GalN. hPH activated the expression of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, which were further upregulated by the Kelch-like ECH2-associated protein 1-p62-nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway, a component of oxidative stress defense mechanisms. Furthermore, hPH markedly reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and rescued mitochondrial loss and dysfunction through the reduction of damage-regulated autophagy modulator, p53, and C/EBP homologous protein. Collectively, hPH exhibited a protective role in hepatocyte apoptosis by inhibiting oxidative stress and maintaining cell homeostasis. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and minimization of the autophagy progress.</P>

Measurement of Reactor Antineutrino Oscillation Amplitude and Frequency at RENO

Bak, G.,Choi, J. H.,Jang, H. I.,Jang, J. S.,Jeon, S. H.,Joo, K. K.,Ju, K.,Jung, D. E.,Kim, J. G.,Kim, J. H.,Kim, J. Y.,Kim, S. B.,Kim, S. Y.,Kim, W.,Kwon, E.,Lee, D. H.,Lee, H. G.,Lee, Y. C.,Lim, I. T American Physical Society 2018 Physical review letters Vol.121 No.20

Transparentizing black holes to eternal traversable wormholes

Bak, Dongsu,Kim, Chanju,Yi, Sang-Heon Springer-Verlag 2019 Journal of high energy physics Vol.2019 No.3