The Great Wall as Perilous Frontier for the Mongols in 16th Century

Temur Temule(테무르 테뮬) 고려대학교 한국사연구소 2016 International Journal of Korean History Vol.21 No.1

유목-정착 관계에 관한 기존의 연구는 유목민들의 농경사회에 대한 습격과 침입에 주목해 왔으며, 그 이유를 유목사회 안에서 찾고자 했다. 16세기 만리장성을 따라 형성된 명-몽골의 상호조응의 역사는 농경사회 역시 공격의 가능성을 갖고 있었음을 드러낸다. 유목민에 의한 많은 습격들은 사실 농경사회에 의한 도발과 습격에 대한 보복의 성격을 갖고 있었다. 유목-정착 그룹은 만리장성을 따라 상호작용하였고, 따라서 학자들은 오로지 유목사회의 내적 요인으로부터 그 이유를 찾고자 하는 것에서 벗어나 이러한 상호작용에 관심을 돌려야 한다. 만리장성을 넘어선 명의 귀족과 그들 가복(家僕)들의 침략은 정주사회가 말, 소, 고기, 양모, 가죽 등을 필요로 한다는 것을 보여준다. 명의 유목민 상품을 파는 시장은 명의 귀족과 그들의 가신들이 16세기 몽골에 대하여 수익성 있고, 위험이 있지만, 도발적이기도 한 침략을 추진시켰다. The existing scholarship in nomadic-sedentary relations has focused on the raids and invasions by nomads against agricultural society, and has attempted to seek internal reasons for this within the nomadic society. Interactive Ming-Mongol history along the Great Wall in the sixteenth century indicates that the agricultural society was also capable of offense. Many raids conducted by nomads were actually revenge for the provocation and raids by the agricultural society, hence they were retaliatory raids. Nomadic-sedentary groups interacted along the Great Wall area; therefore, scholars should turn their attention to this area rather than exclusively search for reasons from internal factors of nomadic society. The razzias upon the Mongols beyond the Great Wall by Ming generals and their retainers have shown that sedentary society were in need of horses, cattle, meat, wool, hides, etc. Ming China’s big market for the nomadic goods drove Ming generals and their retainers to do the profitable, risky, but provocative forays against the Mongols in 16<SUP>th</SUP> century.

The effects of microwave power and dielectric properties on the microwave-assisted decomposition kinetics of AIBN in n-butanol

Basak Temur Ergan,Mahmut Bayramoglu 한국공업화학회 2013 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.19 No.1

The effects of microwave power and solvent–reactant dielectric properties on the kinetics of the decomposition of AIBN in n-butanol were investigated. According to the kinetic data, k increases with increasing microwave power, the dependence becomes stronger at high temperature. The Arrhenius parameters (Ea,mw, k0,mw) were higher than thermal counterparts. To elucidate the nature of microwave effect on chemical reactions, various models to relate the Arrhenius parameters to temperature,microwave power and the dielectric properties of the reaction medium were developed, nonlinear regression analysis was performed to estimate the model parameters and statistical analysis was conducted for model evaluation.

명초(明初) 유배지로서 탐라 : 운남 몽골인의 타향살이 역정을 중심으로

T.테무르(Temur Temule) 제주학회 2017 濟州島硏究 Vol.48 No.-

원명 교체 이후 20여년은 동아시아와 동북아시아의 기존 질서가 깨어지고 새로운 질서가 만들어지는 과도기라 할 수 있다. 북원-명-고려의 상호 관계 및 그 변화의 과정은 많은 기복을 거치면서 매우 복잡 다변하게 이어져간다. 13세기 후기와 14세기 전기, 탐라는 대량의 외부에서 온 이민들을 받아들인다. 그들은 원나라 왕실의 제왕이거나, 정치관료 혹은 체포된 도적떼들이었다. 홍무15년(1382), 22년(1389), 그리고 25년(1392), 탐라는 세 차례 새로운 몽골 이민들을 차례로 맞이하게 된다. 이들은 명 황제에 의해 머나먼 운남에서 유배온 자들이었다. 명나라가 몽골의 제왕과 관련자들을 유배 보내면서 탐라를 선택했다는 것은 명나라와 고려의 관계가 이미 명확해졌으며, 명왕조가 동남아 대륙에서 패권적 지위를 확보했다는 것을 잘 설명해 주고 있다. 명나라는 원을 대신해 중국을 통치하면서도, 여전히 몽골 제왕 및 그 관련자들을 탐라로 유배 보내었다는 점은 또 다른 측면에서 원명(元明) 두 시대의 연속성을 증명하는 것이기도 하다. Twenty years since the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty were replaced, the existing order of orders in East Asia and Northeast Asia was broken and new orders were created. The relations North Yuan-Ming-Goryeo have led to a lot of ups and downs. During the late 13th century and the early 14th century, Tamna(Jeju Island) embraces many foreign immigrants. They were either the Monarch of the Yuan Dynasty, or the political bureaucrat or the arrested bandits. The new Mongolian exile came to Tamna in 1382, 1389,and 1392. They were exiles from Yunnan Province by Emperor Ming. It explains that the relationship between the Ming and Goryeo has already become clear and that the Ming dynasty secured a hegemonic position in the Southeast Asian continent. The Ming Dynasty ruled China instead of the Yuan Dynasty, but still banished the Mongol emperor and its associates to Tamna. It proves the continuity of the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty in another respect.

Resource Constrained Project Scheduling by Harmony Search Algorithm

Omer Giran,Rasim Temur,Gebrail Bekdaş 대한토목학회 2017 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.21 No.2

The construction industry is nonhomogeneous and also managing construction projects are more difficult in today's world. Construction projects are huge and contractors want to accomplish them within a short time in this fast changing era. Therefore, the time and resource have to be managed for a successful construction project management. Resource leveling is one of the primary tools used for managing resources. The target is leveling the resources within a minimum time period to complete the project successfully. Resource constrained project scheduling problems (RCPSP) are a Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) problem therefore heuristic methods can be used to solve it. This paper presents a harmony search method for solving the RCPSP. In order to compare the performance of the developed software three examples were chosen from the literature. Computational results indicate that the harmony search method is more effective, rapid and suitable for the RCPSP than existing solutions.

Analysis of trusses by total potential optimization method coupled with harmony search

Yusuf Cengiz Toklu,Gebrail Bekdaşa,Rasim Temur 국제구조공학회 2013 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.45 No.2

Current methods of analysis of trusses depend on matrix formulations based on equilibrium equations which are in fact derived from energy principles, and compatibility conditions. Recently it has been shown that the minimum energy principle, by itself, in its pure and unmodified form, can well be exploited to analyze structures when coupled with an optimization algorithm, specifically with a meta-heuristic algorithm. The resulting technique that can be called Total Potential Optimization using Meta-heuristic Algorithms (TPO/MA) has already been applied to analyses of linear and nonlinear plane trusses successfully as coupled with simulated annealing and local search algorithms. In this study the technique is applied to both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional trusses emphasizing robustness, reliability and accuracy. The trials have shown that the technique is robust in two senses: all runs result in answers, and all answers are acceptable as to the reliability and accuracy within the prescribed limits. It has also been shown that Harmony Search presents itself as an appropriate algorithm for the purpose.

Analysis of trusses by total potential optimization method coupled with harmony search

Toklu, Yusuf Cengiz,Bekdas, Gebrail,Temur, Rasim Techno-Press 2013 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.45 No.2

Current methods of analysis of trusses depend on matrix formulations based on equilibrium equations which are in fact derived from energy principles, and compatibility conditions. Recently it has been shown that the minimum energy principle, by itself, in its pure and unmodified form, can well be exploited to analyze structures when coupled with an optimization algorithm, specifically with a meta-heuristic algorithm. The resulting technique that can be called Total Potential Optimization using Meta-heuristic Algorithms (TPO/MA) has already been applied to analyses of linear and nonlinear plane trusses successfully as coupled with simulated annealing and local search algorithms. In this study the technique is applied to both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional trusses emphasizing robustness, reliability and accuracy. The trials have shown that the technique is robust in two senses: all runs result in answers, and all answers are acceptable as to the reliability and accuracy within the prescribed limits. It has also been shown that Harmony Search presents itself as an appropriate algorithm for the purpose.

Comparative Evaluation of the Risk of Malignancy Index Scoring Systems (1-4) Used in Differential Diagnosis of Adnexal Masses

Ozbay, Pelin Ozun,Ekinci, Tekin,Caltekin, Melike Demir,Yilmaz, Hasan Taylan,Temur, Muzaffer,Yilmaz, Ozgur,Uysal, Selda,Demirel, Emine,Kelekci, Sefa Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.1

Background: To determine the cut-off values of the preoperative risk of malignancy index (RMI) used in differentiating benign or malignant adnexal masses and to determine their significance in differential diagnosis by comparison of different systems. Materials and Methods: 191 operated women were assessed retrospectively. RMI of 1, 2, 3 and 4; cut-off values for an effective benign or malignant differentiation together with sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values were calculated. Results: Cut-off value for RMI 1 was found to be 250; there was significant (p<0.001) compatibility at this level with sensitivity of 60%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 75%, specificity of 93%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 88% and an overall compliance rate of 85%. When RMI 2 and 3 was obtained with a cut-off value of 200, there was significant (p<0.001) compatibility at this level for RMI 2 with sensitivity of 67%, PPV of 67%, specificity of 89%, NPV of 89%, histopathologic correlation of 84% while RMI 3 had significant (p<0.001) compatibility at the same level with sensitivity of 63%, PPV of 69%, specificity of 91%, NPV of 88% and a histopathologic correlation of 84%. Significant (p<0.001) compatibility for RMI 4 with a sensitivity of 67%, PPV of 73%, specificity of 92%, NPV of 89% and a histopathologic correlation of 86% was obtained at the cut-off level 400. Conclusions: RMI have a significant predictability in differentiating benign and malignant adnexal masses, thus can effectively be used in clinical practice.

A study on dynamic modulus of self-consolidating rubberized concrete

Mehmet Emiroğlu,Servet Yildiz,M. Halidun Keleştemur 사단법인 한국계산역학회 2015 Computers and Concrete, An International Journal Vol.15 No.5

In this study, dynamic modulus of elasticity of self-consolidating rubberized concrete is evaluated by using results of ultrasonic pulse velocity and resonance frequency tests. Additionally, correlation between dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength results is compared. For evaluating the dynamic modulus of elasticity of self-consolidating rubberized concrete, prismatic specimens having 100 x 100 x 500 mm dimensions are prepared. Dynamic modulus of elasticity values obtained by non-destructive measurements techniques are well agreed with those given in the literature.