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Bristle Maps: A Multivariate Abstraction Technique for Geovisualization
SungYe Kim,Maciejewski, R.,Malik, A.,Yun Jang,Ebert, D. S.,Isenberg, T. IEEE 2013 IEEE transactions on visualization and computer gr Vol.19 No.9
<P>We present Bristle Maps, a novel method for the aggregation, abstraction, and stylization of spatiotemporal data that enables multiattribute visualization, exploration, and analysis. This visualization technique supports the display of multidimensional data by providing users with a multiparameter encoding scheme within a single visual encoding paradigm. Given a set of geographically located spatiotemporal events, we approximate the data as a continuous function using kernel density estimation. The density estimation encodes the probability that an event will occur within the space over a given temporal aggregation. These probability values, for one or more set of events, are then encoded into a bristle map. A bristle map consists of a series of straight lines that extend from, and are connected to, linear map elements such as roads, train, subway lines, and so on. These lines vary in length, density, color, orientation, and transparencyâcreating the multivariate attribute encoding scheme where event magnitude, change, and uncertainty can be mapped as various bristle parameters. This approach increases the amount of information displayed in a single plot and allows for unique designs for various information schemes. We show the application of our bristle map encoding scheme using categorical spatiotemporal police reports. Our examples demonstrate the use of our technique for visualizing data magnitude, variable comparisons, and a variety of multivariate attribute combinations. To evaluate the effectiveness of our bristle map, we have conducted quantitative and qualitative evaluations in which we compare our bristle map to conventional geovisualization techniques. Our results show that bristle maps are competitive in completion time and accuracy of tasks with various levels of complexity.</P>
Semicollusion and Full Collusion in Procurement Auctions
( Sungyee Kim ) 한국산업조직학회 2022 産業組織硏究 Vol.30 No.2
We examine different types of bid rigging in multi-attribute procurement auctions, namely, price fixing (semicollusion), under which bidders collude on price only, and cover bidding and market division (full collusion), under which bidders collude on both price and quality. We also consider the timing of collusion formation and its association with bidder participation. All types of bid rigging have a significant impact on price, but no systematic differences in effect are found between them.