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Women and Political Participation in India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam
Peggy Spitzer Christoff,Nancy Davis Lewis,Min-Huei Lu,Jamie M. Sommer 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2017 Asian Women Vol.33 No.2
Our study examines the various ways transnational advocacy networks (TANs) may impact the ability of women to increase their social standing in local communities in India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam through climate change adaptation (CCA) programs. We analyze programs in each of the four nations and interview data from non-governmental organizers, local journalists, a social entrepreneur in India, one program manager who worked both in Vietnam and Thailand, and one strategic planner. While the programs we examine in this study are relatively new, and thus their long-term effects are as yet unknowable, our preliminary findings indicate that through technology and innovation, practical skills enhancements, and connections with local non-governmental organizations (NGO)-centered CCA projects, women have the potential to increase their political involvement and social status within their communities. While these experiences should provide women with more skills to enhance their social status, multiple structural factors in the regions on which we focused may impede women’s political participation. We find that work-around strategies introduced in CCA programs may enable women to achieve greater autonomy. Correspondingly, NGO programs and interventions should be more successful when the state officially acknowledges gender equality and women’s rights.
Ernest Spitzer,Benjamin Camacho,Blaz Mrevlje,Hans-Jelle Brandendburg,Claire B. Ren 한국심초음파학회 2023 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.31 No.3
BACKGROUND: Global longitudinal strain (GLS) is an accurate and reproducible parameter of left ventricular (LV) systolic function which has shown meaningful prognostic value. Fast, user-friendly, and accurate tools are required for its widespread implementation. We aim to compare a novel web-based tool with two established algorithms for strain analysis and test its reproducibility. METHODS: Thirty echocardiographic datasets with focused LV acquisitions were analyzed using three different semi-automated endocardial GLS algorithms by two readers. Analyses were repeated by one reader for the purpose of intra-observer variability. CAAS Qardia (Pie Medical Imaging) was compared with 2DCPA and AutoLV (TomTec). RESULTS: Mean GLS values were −15.0 ± 3.5% from Qardia, −15.3 ± 4.0% from 2DCPA, and −15.2 ± 3.8% from AutoLV. Mean GLS between Qardia and 2DCPA were not statistically different (p = 0.359), with a bias of −0.3%, limits of agreement (LOA) of 3.7%, and an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.88. Mean GLS between Qardia and AutoLV were not statistically different (p = 0.637), with a bias of −0.2%, LOA of 3.4%, and an ICC of 0.89. The coefficient of variation (CV) for intra-observer variability was 4.4% for Qardia, 8.4% 2DCPA, and 7.7% AutoLV. The CV for inter-observer variability was 4.5%, 8.1%, and 8.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In echocardiographic datasets of good image quality analyzed at an independent core laboratory using a standardized annotation method, a novel web-based tool for GLS analysis showed consistent results when compared with two algorithms of an established platform. Moreover, inter- and intra-observer reproducibility results were excellent.
Multimodality Imaging for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Severity Grading: A Methodological Review
Maaike Alkema,Ernest Spitzer,Osama I. I. Soliman,Christian Loewe 한국심초음파학회 2016 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.24 No.4
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), defined by an increase in left ventricular mass (LVM), is a common cardiac finding generally caused by an increase in pressure or volume load. Assessing severity of LVH is of great clinical value in terms of prognosis and treatment choices, as LVH severity grades correlate with the risk for presenting cardiovascular events. The three main cardiac parameters for the assessment of LVH are wall thickness, LVM, and LV geometry. Echocardiography, with large availability and low cost, is the technique of choice for their assessment. Consequently, reference values for LVH severity in clinical guidelines are based on this technique. However, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography (CT) are increasingly used in clinical practice, providing excellent image quality. Nevertheless, there is no extensive data to support reference values based on these techniques, while comparative studies between the three techniques show different results in wall thickness and LVM measurements. In this paper, we provide an overview of the different methodologies used to assess LVH severity with echocardiography, CMR and CT. We argue that establishing reference values per imaging modality, and possibly indexed to body surface area and classified per gender, ethnicity and age-group, might be essential for the correct classification of LVH severity.
Does Religious Freedom Affect Country Risk Assessment?
Ilan Alon,John Spitzer 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2003 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.10 No.2
Investors and lenders, when evaluating the risks of a country, generally base their assessment on the political and social environment of a country. Accordingly, a number of studies examining the economic and political factors affecting country risk assessment have surfaced, but no known researches have studied the impact of religious freedom, which is an influential element in the political and social environment of a country, on international business. This study analyzes the relationship between religious freedom and the three measures of country risk: ICRG, Institutional Investor and Euromoney. Although the empirical results are mixed, this article maintains that religious freedom is likely to affect the international business environment.
Experimental Generation and Computational Modeling of Intracellular pH Gradients in Cardiac Myocytes
Swietach, P.,Leem, C.H.,Spitzer, K.W.,Vaughan-Jones, R.D. Biophysical Society ; Published for the Biophysica 2005 Biophysical journal Vol.88 No.4
It is often assumed that pH<SUB>i</SUB> is spatially uniform within cells. A double-barreled microperfusion system was used to apply solutions of weak acid (acetic acid, CO<SUB>2</SUB>) or base (ammonia) to localized regions of an isolated ventricular myocyte (guinea pig). A stable, longitudinal pH<SUB>i</SUB> gradient (up to 1pH<SUB>i</SUB> unit) was observed (using confocal imaging of SNARF-1 fluorescence). Changing the fractional exposure of the cell to weak acid/base altered the gradient, as did changing the concentration and type of weak acid/base applied. A diffusion-reaction computational model accurately simulated this behavior of pH<SUB>i</SUB>. The model assumes that H<SUB>i</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> movement occurs via diffusive shuttling on mobile buffers, with little free H<SUP>+</SUP> diffusion. The average diffusion constant for mobile buffer was estimated as 33x10<SUP>-7</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>/s, consistent with an apparent H<SUB>i</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> diffusion coefficient, D<SUB>H</SUB><SUP>app</SUP>, of 14.4x10<SUP>-7</SUP>cm<SUP>2</SUP>/s (at pH<SUB>i</SUB> 7.07), a value two orders of magnitude lower than for H<SUP>+</SUP> ions in water but similar to that estimated recently from local acid injection via a cell-attached glass micropipette. We conclude that, because H<SUB>i</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> mobility is so low, an extracellular concentration gradient of permeant weak acid readily induces pH<SUB>i</SUB> nonuniformity. Similar concentration gradients for weak acid (e.g., CO<SUB>2</SUB>) occur across border zones during regional myocardial ischemia, raising the possibility of steep pH<SUB>i</SUB> gradients within the heart under some pathophysiological conditions.
A Tetra(Ethylene Glycol) Derivative of Benzothiazole Aniline Enhances Ras-Mediated Spinogenesis
Megill, Andrea,Lee, Taehee,DiBattista, Amanda Marie,Song, Jung Min,Spitzer, Matthew H.,Rubinshtein, Mark,Habib, Lila K.,Capule, Christina C.,Mayer, Michael,Turner, R. Scott,Kirkwood, Alfredo,Yang, Jer Society for Neuroscience 2013 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.33 No.22
<P>The tetra(ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline, BTA-EG<SUB>4</SUB>, is a novel amyloid-binding small molecule that can penetrate the blood–brain barrier and protect cells from Aβ-induced toxicity. However, the effects of Aβ-targeting molecules on other cellular processes, including those that modulate synaptic plasticity, remain unknown. We report here that BTA-EG<SUB>4</SUB> decreases Aβ levels, alters cell surface expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and improves memory in wild-type mice. Interestingly, the BTA-EG<SUB>4</SUB>-mediated behavioral improvement is not correlated with LTP, but with increased spinogenesis. The higher dendritic spine density reflects an increase in the number of functional synapses as determined by increased miniature EPSC (mEPSC) frequency without changes in presynaptic parameters or postsynaptic mEPSC amplitude. Additionally, BTA-EG<SUB>4</SUB> requires APP to regulate dendritic spine density through a Ras signaling-dependent mechanism. Thus, BTA-EG<SUB>4</SUB> may provide broad therapeutic benefits for improving neuronal and cognitive function, and may have implications in neurodegenerative disease therapy.</P>