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How to define, treat and prevent learning disabilities
Siegel, Linda S. 국립특수교육원 2002 국제세미나 자료집 Vol.- No.9
Specific learning disabilities, sometimes called specific learning difficulties, are defined as significant difficulties in reading, arithmetic (mathematics) and/or written language in spite of average or above average intelligence. These specific learning difficulties are not due to emotional problems, mental retardation or sensory deficits.
Siegel David,Byelousova Anastasiya,Gupta Parth,Liu Amy H,Pizzi Elise,Sanchez Michael,Shengelia Lela,Unapkoshvili Mariana,Wang Lyndsey,Wierschke Katherina 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2022 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.13 No.1
When an institution is not easily accessible—for example, it is geographically far—it can be hard for institutional trust to develop. The institution is not only unavailable, but it can also be seen as inappropriate, non-affordable, unapproachable, and unacceptable. In this paper, we examine whether reducing distance to medical facilities and professionals can improve trust in the maternal healthcare system. We do so by focusing on developments in Georgia. Since 2013, the government has aggressively closed the distance to service access not by building more facilities or hiring more staff per se, but by upgrading and funding existing facilities and professionals in a national network to better coordinate service provisions at the local levels. Employing an original survey, we match GPS coordinates to measure distance and use regression analysis to demonstrate how ensuring every woman has access to maternal healthcare at the right place at the right time has improved institutional trust in the system. The implications highlight results that are generalizable beyond both the country and maternal healthcare.
Decentralization, legitimacy, and democracy in post-Soviet Central Asia
Siegel David 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2022 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.13 No.1
During the 1990s, a conventional wisdom emerged, based on literature going back decades, that political decentralization might be among the most effective forces for democratization. If ordinary people could participate in autonomous local governments, democracy would be built from the ground up, ultimately shaping the entire political system. Once decentralization reforms were implemented across the world, however, the results were disappointing. Authoritarianism not only thrived at the local level, it could also undermine democratization at the national level. Thus, local-national transference still held, but sometimes as a poison. In this context, the case of post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan is an anomaly. Here, the relative success of political decentralization—rather than its failure—nevertheless failed to spur democratization at the national level. I argue that this is because decentralization allowed national authorities to appease international donors while they consolidated their own power. Moreover, while decentralization empowered local communities, it did so in ways that personalized local authority and pitted local and national authorities against one another, resulting in intense localism and antagonistic center-local relations that undermined any democratic transference. The case study findings are based on ten months of field research, which includes interviews with local and national officials, ordinary villagers, and representatives of NGOs and international organizations.
Preferences and Defaults for Definiteness and Number in Japanese to German Machine Translation
( Melanie Siegel ) 한국언어정보학회 1996 국제 워크샵 Vol.1996 No.-
A significant, problem when translating Jpanese dialogues into Ger-man is the missing information on number and definiteness in the Japanese analysis output. The integration of the search for such information into the transfer process provides an efficient solution. General transfer rules, prefer-ence rules and default rules are combines. The transfer includes conditions to make it possible to consider external knowledge. Thereby, grammatical and lexical knowledge of the source language, knowledge of lexical restric-tions on the target language, domain knowledge and discourse knowledge are accessible.