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Picard, Nathalie,Ali, Hasrat,Van Lier, Johan E.,Klarskov, Klaus,Paquette, Benoit Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.2
With the aim to develop improved dual-action sensitizers suitable for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and radiotherapy, we prepared a series of metal and metal-free cationic porphyrins, brominated either on $\beta$- or N-allyl positions. Photo- and radiosensitizing efficacy was evaluated in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells incubated with $1\;{\mu}M$ porphyrin and treated with graded doses of visible light or 0.6 Gy of $^{60}Co$ gamma irradiation. Metabolic activity after PDT or cell survival after gamma irradiation were estimated by a colorimetric (MTT) or clonogenicity assay, respectively. The highest photo- and radiosensitizing activities were observed with the porphyrins substituted with bromines on N-allyl positions. The non-metalated N-allyl bromoporphyrin exhibited the highest photocytotoxicity ($LD_{50}=4.1{\pm}0.6\;J\;cm^{-2}$, compared to $15.3{\pm}2.2\;J\;cm^{-2}$ for the non-brominated analog). The radiosensitizing capacity of the cationic porphyrins was also affected by these substitutions with the non-metalated N-allyl bromo analog showing the best improvement ($LD_{50}=1.2{\pm}0.4\;Gy$ vs. $3.6{\pm}0.9\;Gy$ for the non-brominated analog). The increased photodynamic and radiosensitizing potencies due to bromine addition hold potential for the development of new, improved drugs for cancer treatment in combination with photodynamic and radiation therapy.
Minimality as a Universal Principle of Phonological Change
Marc Picard 세종대학교 언어연구소 2007 Journal of Universal Language Vol.8 No.2
The minimality of phonological change is a tried-and-true principle that is meant to ensure that any proposed regular sound change will obey the all-important and fundamental criterion of naturalness by severely constraining the types of modifications that segments can undergo. It has shown itself to be an indispensable aid in setting up the most plausible and realistic reconstructions and relative chronologies by establishing clearcut demarcations between observed sound correspondences and actual sound changes. However, the validity and usefulness of this principle has recently been called into question by Scheer (2004) who argues that its application can lead to scenarios in which an inordinate number of steps can be proposed to link one historical segmental stage to another, or where no evidence, dialectal or otherwise, can be adduced to set up some intermediate stage that the principle of minimality would require to exist between two diachronically corresponding sounds. To this end, he aduces data involving (1) the velarization of dental stops in Cologne German, (2) the assibilation and fronting of velar stops in French, and (3) the Second German Consonant Shift. In this paper, I will review the cases described by Scheer in order to show that they do not contravene or 62 Minimality as a Universal Principle of Phonological Change invalidate the principle of minimality in any way.
Seeking to Understand Hiddenness: Marginalization and Social Punishment
( Paige T. Noah ),( Louis A. Picard ) 한국정책학회 2020 International Journal of Policy Studies Vol.11 No.1
This article suggests that additional research is needed into the impact of marginalization on societies that are socially divided or engrossed by conflict. This marginalization often results in social punishment or political submission. Two crosscutting issues need to be considered in any discussion of marginalization, namely, the role of gender as an overarching issue in hiddenness and the issue of liberal governance as a policy issue in addressing social punishment as a societal threat or deterrent. The focus here is on Africa, with examples from Uganda throughout the text.
Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests
Liang, Jingjing,Crowther, Thomas W.,Picard, Nicolas,Wiser, Susan,Zhou, Mo,Alberti, Giorgio,Schulze, Ernst-Detlef,McGuire, A. David,Bozzato, Fabio,Pretzsch, Hans,de-Miguel, Sergio,Paquette, Alain,H&eac American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2016 Science Vol.354 No.6309
<P>The biodiversity-productivity relationship (BPR) is foundational to our understanding of the global extinction crisis and its impacts on ecosystem functioning. Understanding BPR is critical for the accurate valuation and effective conservation of biodiversity. Using ground-sourced data from 777,126 permanent plots, spanning 44 countries and most terrestrial biomes, we reveal a globally consistent positive concave-down BPR, showing that continued biodiversity loss would result in an accelerating decline in forest productivity worldwide. The value of biodiversity in maintaining commercial forest productivity alone-US$166 billion to 490 billion per year according to our estimation-is more than twice what it would cost to implement effective global conservation. This highlights the need for a worldwide reassessment of biodiversity values, forest management strategies, and conservation priorities.</P>